REPRODUCTION
IN VERTEBRATES
LIFE SCIENCES
GRADE 12
BY:M.SAIDI
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Introduction
Fertilization
External or internal fertilization
Ovipary, ovovivipary, vivipary
Amniotic egg
Precocial and altricial
development
Parental care
Diversity of reproductive strategies
The role of the following reproductive strategies in
animals in maximizing reproductive success in
different environments, relevant examples must be
used
Fertilization: this is when the haploid nucleus of the
sperm fusses with the haploid nucleus of the ovum
to form a diploid zygote.
OR
The process of fusing the male gamete, or sperm,
with the female gamete, or ovum to form a zygote.
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION:
is a mode of reproduction in which a male
organism's sperm fertilizes a female organism’s
ovum outside of the female's body
Egg cells are generally inside the egg structures.
The female lays her eggs and the male deposits
his sperm cells over the eggs.
Examples are frogs and many species of fish.
Ovum fuses with the sperm cell inside the
female’s body.
In mammals, copulation takes place, Fertilization
takes place in the fallopian tubes. (internal), most
reptiles and all bird species,
ADVANTAGE OF INTERNAL FERTILIZATION.
Increase chance gametes meet and greater
change of successful fertilization.
1. Oviparous: Eggs with shells are laid
outside the female’s body into a nest and
continue to develop, hatching when
development is complete. Eg birds, some
reptiles
the embryo develops inside the uterus, and
obtains nutrients from the mother’s body
through the placenta.
The female gives birth to live young when the
gestation period is complete. Eg mammals
The development of the embryo is inside the
mothers body, but the embryo obtains nutrients from
the egg yolk. The mother only act as protection
(shelter for developing embryo).
eggs are hatched within the body of the parent
The fertilized eggs remain in the oviduct of the
female. The eggs have no shell eg some snakes,
Duck Bill Platypus
More protection against outside environments
and predators, and therefore a higher chance of
surviving until birth.
AMNIOTIC EGG:
the amniotic egg has a porous leathery or hard
egg shell that provides protection for the
developing embryo and allows water retention
while still being permeable to gas exchange.
Amnion-(protects embryo
during development)
Chorion-(transfers
nutrients from the albumen
to the embryo)
Allantois-(respiration and
for waste disposal from
embryo).
Yolk sac (yolk)- provide
nutrients to embryo
these are called
extraembryonic
membranes
Examples: reptiles, birds,
and mammals all have
amniotic eggs
PRECOCIAL: young are mature and able to
move directly after birth or hatching.
They are able to defend for themselves and
feed without parental care, have feathers and
are able to fly, Eyes are open. Eg. Ducks
,peacocks.
ALTRICIAL: young are born helpless,
cannot protect, feed themselves or
defend for themselves.
Young have downy feathers.
Eyes are closed Eg. finches and
swallows.
Parents look after offspring to provide comfort, warmth, to
feed and protect them
Precocial and altricial birds –parental care and
mammals–long periods of protective nurturing where
social behaviour and survival techniques are taught.
1) increase offspring survival during the
stage in which parents and offspring are
associated,
(2) improve offspring quality in a way that
leads to increased offspring survival
and/or reproduction in the future when
parents are no longer associated with
offspring, and/or
(3) directly increase offspring reproductive
success when parents and offspring
remain associated into adulthood.
By M.SAIDI
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