Lecture 17- Fluid Mechanics (CH0102)
Mahendra Kumar Pal, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT BHU, Varanasi
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Course Content
Introduction Week#1
Fluid Statics Week#2
Fluid Kinematics Week#3
Viscous Flow Week#4
Fluid Dynamics Week#5
Flow Through pipes Week#6
Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulics Similitude Week#7
Boundary Layer Flow Week#8
Recap of the Previous Lecture
Fluid Dynamics
Euler’s Equation:
Stroke’s Equation:
Bernoulli's Equation:
Kinematics and Momentum Correction Factors
Impulse Momentum Relationship and its Application
Recap of the Previous Lecture
Momentum Correction Factors
Defined as the ratio of momentum per second based on actual velocity to
the same on the based on average velocity
For laminar flow, and for Turbulent flow,
Kinetic Correction Factors
Defined as the ratio of kinetic energy per second based on actual velocity
to the same on the based on average velocity
For laminar flow,
Recap of the Previous Lecture
Fluid Dynamics
Impulse Momentum Relationship and its Application
Impulse due to all forces acting on body is equal to the change
in the momentum of the object.
Recap of the Previous Lecture
Impulse Momentum Relationship and its Application
A ball of 1.3 Kg is coming towards a soccer player at 13 m/s
who kicks the ball exactly in the opposite direction at speed of
22m/s with an average force of 1200N. How long is his foot
and ball in contact?
Content of the Lecture
Recap of Previous Lecture
Flow Through Pipes
Major and Minor Losses in pipes
Hagen-Poiseuilli Law
Hydraulic Gradient and Total Energy Line
Connections of Pipe: Series and Parallel
Branched Pipe and Equivalent Pipe
Power Transmission Through Pipes
Pipe Fitting and Valves
Summary of Lecture
Newtonian Fluid: Navier-Stoke’s Equation
For a infinitesimal system,
For the case of frictionless flow, , above equation reduces to Euler’s Equation
Euler’s Equation in Streamline Coordinate
For steady flow, streamline and pathline coincide.
Applying Newton’s 2nd law and neglecting the viscous forces
Euler’s Equation in Streamline Coordinate
Applying Newton’s 2nd law and neglecting the viscous forces
Euler’s Equation in Streamline Coordinate
For steady flow, neglecting body force
For incompressible flow, decrease in velocity is accompanied by increase in velocity
and vice versa.
Euler’s Equation in normal direction
Euler’s Equation in Streamline Coordinate
Euler’s Equation in normal direction
Centripetal acceleration:
For steady flow in horizontal plane:
Indicates that pressure increases in the direction outward normal from the center of curvature of the
streamline
Bernoulli's Equation from Euler’s Equation
Euler’s Equation for steady flow along streamline
Multiplying above equation by ds
Or
along s
Integration of the equation gives
Bernoulli's Equation as an Energy Equation
Integration of the equation gives
Energy due to pressure: Kinetic Enegegy: Potential Energy:
Dividing by g
Here, H is total head of the flow
In graphical representation, we define H to be Energy Grade Line (EGL)
Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line
Energy Grade Line
EGL=
Hydraulic Grade Line
HGL=
From above two equations
EGL-HGL=
Which is dynamic pressure term
Summary of the Lecture
Flow Through Pipes
Derivation of Bernauli’s equation from Euler’s Equation
Interpretation of Bernauli’s Equation as Energy Equation
Major and Minor Losses in pipes
Hagen-Poiseuilli Law
Hydraulic Gradient and Total Energy Line
Connections of Pipe: Series and Parallel
Branched Pipe and Equivalent Pipe
Power Transmission Through Pipes
Pipe Fitting and Valves
Reference Books
Fox and McDonald Dr. R. K. Bansal
Fluid Dynamics
Forces acting on surfaces
𝜕𝜏 𝑑𝑦
𝜏 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝜎 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝜎 𝑑𝑥
𝜎 + (− ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝜎 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝜏 𝑑𝑦
𝜏 + (− ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑦 2
