Lecture 01- Fluid Mechanics (CH0102)
Mahendra Kumar Pal, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT BHU, Varanasi
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Course Content
Introduction Week#1
Fluid Statics Week#2
Fluid Kinematics Week#3
Viscous Flow Week#4
Fluid Dynamics Week#5
Flow Through pipes Week#6
Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulics Similitude Week#7
Boundary Layer Flow Week#8
Content of the Lecture
Basic Definitions
Fluid Vs Solid
Concept of Virtual Fluid Balls
No-Slip Conditions
Classification of Fluid Flow
Summary of the Lecture
Basic Definitions
Mechanics: Response of the body (stationary or moving) in the
presence of external disturbance
Static: when body is at rest
Dynamics: When body is in the motion
Fluid Mechanics: Behavior of fluids at rest or in motion, its
interaction with solid or other fluids at boundaries
Fluid Dynamics: Fluid is in motion
Basic Definitions
Hydrodynamics: Motion of the fluids that can be approximated
as incompressible
Hydraulics: Sub-category of Hydrodynamics which deals with
flow in pipe and open channels
Gas Dynamics: Behaviour of fluids which undergo significant
density change i.e. compressible flow
Aerodynamics: Behaviour of gases passing over the body such
as aircraft and automobiles
Meteorology, Oceanology, Hydrology: Deals with naturally
occurring flows
Basic Definitions
Stress- Normal Stress and Shear Stress
Pressure: Normal stress on the fluid at rest
Fluid: Fluid deforms continuously in the influence of shear stress,
no matter how small the value of shear stress is.
In solid, stress is proportional to strain but in fluid stress is
proportional to strain rate
Classification of Fluids
Newtonian Fluids: Shear stress is directly proportional to rate of
deformation
Non-Newtonian Fluids: is used to classify all he fluids in which
shear stress is not directly proportional to shear rate
Virtual Fluid Balls
Fluid balls are different in size, shape and mass
Numbers of VFB depends on the complexity of fluid flow problem
Fluids balls may dis-integrate or integrate to represent the flow
complexity i.e. density change
No Slip Conditions
A fluid in direct contact with a solid surface sticks to the surface
ans there is no slip.
Zero velocity at boundary
Classification of Fluid Flow
Viscous Flow: Flows in which viscous force is dominating
Inviscid Flow: Regions where viscous forces are negligible small
compared to inertial or pressure force
External Flow: Flow of the unbounded fluid over a surface
Internal Flow: Flow in which fluid is completely bounded by solid
surfaces
Classification of Fluid Flow
Steady Flow: No change at a point with time
Unsteady Flow: change at point with time
Periodic Flow: Unsteady flow in which flow oscillate about a
steady means
Forced Flow: Fluid is forced to flow over s surface or in pipe
through an external force such as pipe
Natural Flow: Fluid motion due to natural means such as
buoyancy effects or gravity
Classification of Fluid Flow
Laminar Flow: Ordered fluid flow motion characterized by
smooth layers of the fluid flow
Turbulent Flow: Highly disordered fluid motion which often
occurs at higher velocities and characterized based upon velocity
function
Transient Flow: Flow alternatively between laminar and turbulent
flow
Classification of Fluid Flow
Compressible Flow: Density of the fluid changes during the flow
High speed gas flow
Incompressible Flow: Density of flowing fluid remains nearly
constant throughout
Mac Number: expression for flow speed which is ratio of speed of
flow and Speed of sound
Reference Books
Fox and McDonald Dr. R. K. Bansal
