Correct Answers and Explanations for 60 One-Mark Questions:

1. (a) Resistor Explanation: A bilateral circuit allows current to flow in both directions;
resistors are bilateral, unlike diodes or transistors.
2. (b) Linear Explanation: Superposition theorem applies to linear circuits, where current is
directly proportional to voltage.
3. (c) 7.07V Explanation: RMS value of a sine wave is peak value divided by √2, so
10V/√2 = 7.07V.
4. (a) XL = XC Explanation: Resonance occurs when inductive reactance (XL) equals
capacitive reactance (XC).
5. (c) VAR Explanation: Reactive power is measured in volt-ampere reactive (VAR).
6. (c) Line voltage = √3 × Phase voltage Explanation: In a balanced three-phase system,
the line voltage is √3 times the phase voltage.
7. (b) Weber Explanation: Magnetic flux is measured in Weber (Wb).
8. (b) Breather Explanation: The breather in transformers absorbs moisture from the air.
9. (c) Induction motor Explanation: Induction motors are AC motors, not DC motors.
10. (c) Both Explanation: The frequency of an alternator depends on the number of poles and
the speed of rotation.
11. (b) Slip = 1 Explanation: Maximum torque in an induction motor occurs when slip
equals 1.
12. (a) Split-phase motor Explanation: Split-phase motors are commonly used in ceiling
fans due to their starting torque.
13. (c) Pelton Explanation: Pelton turbines are ideal for high-head, low-flow hydroelectric
plants.
14. (c) Both Explanation: Diesel engines can be started using compressed air or electric
starters.
15. (b) Sunlight Explanation: Solar power generation relies on sunlight as the primary
energy source.
16. (a) Pumped storage Explanation: Pumped storage uses gravitational potential energy by
pumping water to higher elevations.
17. (b) Kelvin Bridge Explanation: Kelvin Bridge measures small resistances with high
accuracy.
18. (c) Capacitive sensor Explanation: Capacitive sensors work on the principle of variable
capacitance.
19. (a) Weighted resistor type Explanation: A weighted resistor DAC converts digital
signals to analog signals.
20. (b) ADC Explanation: Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) handle analog signals in a
microprocessor.
21. (c) Both Explanation: Feedback in control systems improves both stability and accuracy.
22. (d) All of the above Explanation: A PID controller includes proportional, integral, and
derivative gains.
23. (c) Commutation circuit Explanation: A thyristor requires a commutation circuit to turn
off.
24. (b) DC to AC Explanation: Inverter circuits convert DC to AC.
25. (a) Overcurrent Explanation: Fuses protect circuits by breaking the connection during
overcurrent conditions.
26. (b) Uses vacuum to extinguish arc Explanation: A vacuum circuit breaker extinguishes
arcs in a vacuum.
27. (b) Differential relay Explanation: Differential relays provide protection from phase
faults by comparing the current entering and leaving the system.
28. (d) Both (a) and (c) Explanation: Lightning arresters provide protection from
overvoltage and surges.
29. (c) Tension in the conductor Explanation: Sag in overhead lines is influenced by
conductor tension and other factors like temperature and weight.
30. (d) Both (b) and (c) Explanation: Load forecasting helps ensure supply meets demand
and optimizes power consumption.
31. (a) Radial system Explanation: Radial distribution systems are commonly used in rural
areas due to their simplicity and low cost.
32. (c) Improve system efficiency Explanation: Power factor correction improves the
efficiency of the distribution system by reducing losses.
33. (d) LED Explanation: LEDs have the highest luminous efficacy among the listed light
sources.
34. (d) Plan view Explanation: Plan views in electrical drawings provide a top-down layout
of equipment.
35. (a) DC motor Explanation: DC motors are commonly used for variable speed
applications due to easy speed control.
36. (b) Series motor Explanation: DC series motors are ideal for electric trains due to their
high starting torque.
37. (a) High-voltage AC lines Explanation: The proximity effect occurs in high-voltage AC
lines due to the skin effect.
38. (b) Load flow analysis Explanation: The Y-bus matrix is used for load flow analysis in
power systems.
39. (c) Fast-acting voltage regulators Explanation: Fast-acting voltage regulators improve
transient stability in power systems.
40. (b) Improve power factor Explanation: Shunt capacitors are used in transmission
systems to improve power factor.
41. (a) 3D shapes on 2D planes Explanation: Orthographic projection represents 3D objects
on 2D planes.
42. (b) Compare project profitability Explanation: NPV is used to compare project
profitability by considering the time value of money.
43. (a) Equal to the line current Explanation: In a star connection, the phase current equals
the line current.
44. (b) Increased torque Explanation: In an induction motor, increasing slip results in
increased torque up to a certain point.
45. (c) Brushless excitation Explanation: Brushless excitation is more commonly used in
modern alternators for reduced maintenance.
46. (c) Both (a) and (b) Explanation: Both open circuit and short circuit tests are used to
determine losses in a transformer.
47. (a) η=(Output/Input)×100 Explanation: Transformer efficiency is the ratio of output
power to input power, expressed as a percentage.
48. (a) Maximum Explanation: In a parallel RLC circuit at resonance, the impedance is
maximum.
 49. (d) Both (a) and (c) Explanation: A low power factor causes more losses and increases
reactive power.
50. (b) Speed Explanation: The frequency of a synchronous generator is directly
proportional to its speed.
51. (b) √3 times phase voltage Explanation: In a delta connection, line voltage is √3 times
the phase voltage.
52. (a) Series generator Explanation: Series generators have the poorest voltage regulation
among DC generators.
53. (a) Thyristor Explanation: Thyristors are used for controlling the speed of DC motors by
adjusting the voltage applied to the motor.
54. (a) By adding a damper winding Explanation: Synchronous motors achieve starting
torque by using damper windings.
55. (b) Reducing current Explanation: Power factor improvement aims at reducing current
to decrease energy losses and optimize performance.
56. (c) Field current Explanation: The power generated in a synchronous generator is
directly proportional to the field current.
57. (b) Rotor and synchronous speed Explanation: Slip in an induction motor is the
difference between rotor speed and synchronous speed.
58. (c) Provide a low reluctance path Explanation: The transformer core provides a low
reluctance path for magnetic flux to improve efficiency.
59. (d) All of the above Explanation: Synchronous condensers, shunt capacitors, and tap-
changing transformers are used for voltage regulation.
60. (a) Dashed line Explanation: Dashed lines in electrical drawings represent hidden
details.

Correct Answers and Explanations for 20 Two-Mark Questions:

1. (a) 231V
Explanation: In a star connection, phase voltage = line voltage/√3, so 400V/√3 ≈ 231V.
2. (c) 24W
Explanation: Total power dissipated is calculated using P = V²/Rtotal, where Rtotal =
(R1 × R2) / (R1 + R2). Total power = 12²/2.4 = 24W.
3. (a) 97.09%
Explanation: Efficiency = (Output Power / (Output Power + Losses)) × 100. Efficiency =
10,000 / (10,000 + 300) × 100 ≈ 97.09%.
4. (a) Series
Explanation: Series DC motors are best suited for applications requiring high starting
torque, such as electric traction.
5. (c) Kaplan
Explanation: Kaplan turbines are suitable for low-head, high-flow applications.
6. (a) Solar power
Explanation: Solar power is a non-conventional energy source, as it relies on renewable
sunlight.
7. (b) Schering bridge
Explanation: Schering bridge is used for measuring capacitance in AC circuits.
8. (c) Watt-hour meter
Explanation: A watt-hour meter measures the total electrical energy consumed over time.
9. (c) Snubber circuit
Explanation: Snubber circuits protect power semiconductor switches by suppressing
voltage spikes.
10. (b) Lower
Explanation: Full-wave rectifiers have lower Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
compared to half-wave rectifiers.
11. (d) Gas Circuit Breaker (SF6)
Explanation: SF6 gas circuit breakers are best suited for high-voltage outdoor
applications.
12. (c) Earth fault relay
Explanation: Earth fault relays detect ground faults by measuring the current imbalance.
13. (a) Reduces current losses
Explanation: High voltage reduces current, which in turn reduces I²R losses in long-
distance transmission lines.
14. (d) System voltage
Explanation: Sag in transmission lines is not affected by system voltage, but by factors
such as conductor material, temperature, and length of the span.
15. (b) DC series motor
Explanation: DC series motors are used in electric traction due to their high starting
torque.
16. (b) Luminous flux
Explanation: The luminous efficacy of an LED is primarily affected by the luminous
flux, which measures the total visible light output.
17. (b) Characteristic impedance for long lines
Explanation: Surge impedance refers to the characteristic impedance of long transmission
lines, used for surge analysis.
18. (a) Equal Area Criterion
Explanation: The Equal Area Criterion is used for stability analysis in power systems by
analyzing the swing equation.
19. (b) Gantt chart
Explanation: Gantt charts are commonly used for project scheduling and tracking
progress.
20. (b) NPV
Explanation: Net Present Value (NPV) is used to compare project alternatives by
considering the time value of money.