NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Management Sciences

Introduction to public management

Anti- Corruption

Group 3: Trần Hữu Lợi

Trịnh Kim Anh
Tòng Thu Thủy
Bùi Việt Tú
 I. Introduction
1. Define.
According to Clause 1, Article 3 of the 2018 Law on Anti-Corruption,
corruption is defined as the act of a person with a position or power who abuses such
position or power for personal gain. However, to better understand the nature of
corruption, we should consider definitions from international organizations:

- World Bank (2020): "The abuse of public office for private gain"
- Transparency International (2023): "The abuse of entrusted power for
private gain"
- UNDP (2023): "The misuse of public power, office or authority for
private benefit through bribery, extortion, influence peddling, nepotism,
fraud, speed money or embezzlement"

The Importance of Anti-Corruption Efforts.

- Protecting and Strengthening Public Trust in the Party and State
- Promoting Sustainable Economic Development
- Ensuring Social Justice
- Improving the Efficiency of State Governance
- Fulfilling International Commitments, such as the United Nations
Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), helping Vietnam enhance its
reputation and achieve deeper integration into the global community
Scope of the Presentation
- The research focuses on the period from 2018 to the present.
- It centers on corruption in the public sector (state administrative
agencies and state-owned enterprises) and the private sector (businesses
and partners associated with the government)

According to the Vietnam Development Institute's survey (2023):

- 78% of citizens consider corruption one of the most serious issues

affecting trust in state apparatus
- 65% believe anti-corruption efforts have improved in recent years
 - 45% report increased confidence in government institutions due to anti-
corruption campaigns

The World Bank's Vietnam Economic Report (2023) indicates:

- Corruption reduces developing countries' GDP by 0.5-1% annually

- In Vietnam, estimated losses due to corruption account for 3-4% of
annual GDP
- Corruption increases business costs by approximately 10% (Ministry of
Finance, 2023)
2. Common Forms of Corruption.
Material Corruption: This type of corruption aims to satisfy personal material
needs, such as money or assets.
Power Corruption: This occurs when individuals abuse their personal power to
place trusted associates or relatives into public agencies, political or social
organizations, or economic and financial units for personal gain.
Political Corruption: This involves the misuse of delegated political power for
private gain, with the purpose of increasing personal power or wealth.
Administrative Corruption: This form of corruption is common in public
administrative management. Public officials abuse administrative powers and
procedures to create difficulties for citizens or organizations, aiming to profit
personally. Manifestations include harassment or obstruction in executing procedures
or decisions that citizens or organizations are entitled to, as well as favoritism in law
enforcement.
Economic Corruption: This type occurs in economic activities, such as
production, business operations, services, procurement of public assets, or asset
management. It is perpetrated by individuals in positions of authority within the
government’s economic management or state-owned enterprises. Manifestations
include illegal appropriation of public or private assets for personal gain, issuing
unlawful or biased economic decisions for personal benefit, exploiting legal loopholes
or violating laws for profit, and causing losses to the state and society.
II. Anti-corruption campaign in Vietnam

1. Statistics and Major Corruption Cases

According to a report by the Central Internal Affairs Commission, during the 2021–
2023 period:
- Authorities prosecuted and investigated over **4,200 corruption cases**.
- Approximately 250 trillion VND and various assets linked to corruption cases
were recovered.
- Disciplinary actions were taken against more than 2,700 Party members for
corruption or deliberate wrongdoing.
Some notable cases handled include:
- The Việt Á case
- The AIC Group case
- The Vạn Thịnh Phát case
- The SCB case
Impact on the Economy
Reduced Efficiency of Public Investment:
- Cost overruns in public projects
- Poor quality of infrastructure and construction
- Delays in project completion
Negative Impact on the Business Environment:
- Increase in unofficial costs for businesses
- Unfair competition
- Decline in investor confidence
Loss of State Budget:
- Tax revenue loss
- Waste of public assets
- Reduced resources for development
Impact on Society
Social Inequality:
- Widening gap between the rich and the poor
- Inequitable access to public services
- Erosion of trust in institutions
Moral Decline:
- Negative impact on work culture
- Setting a bad example for younger generations
- Reduced social cohesion
Decline in Public Service Quality:
- Education
- Healthcare
- Social welfare
Top 5 các quốc gia trong sạch nhất và tham nhũng nhất, theo đánh giá điểm CPI của
Tổ chức Minh bạch Quốc tế. Nguồn: TI

2. Campaign “ Đốt lò”.

The "Đốt lò" Campaign is an unofficial nickname and phrase widely used by
the public to refer to the large-scale anti-corruption campaign initiated by Vietnamese
Communist Party leader Nguyễn Phú Trọng from 2013 in his capacity as General
Secretary of the Vietnamese Communist Party and Head of the Central Steering
Committee for Anti-Corruption. This "Đốt lò" campaign was seen by observers as a
Party effort to regain power and prestige as well as strengthen people's trust in the
government and party leadership. The campaign was continued by his successor, Tô
Lâm, after Trọng's death in July 2024.
 Since Nguyễn Phú Trọng was elected as General Secretary of the Communist
Party at the 11th National Congress in 2011, he has repeatedly demonstrated his
determination to fight corruption. Notably, during a meeting with Hà Nội voters on
October 6, 2014, he affirmed the Party and State's consistent policy of resolutely
fighting corruption, waste, negativity, and internal deterioration. However, he
emphasized that immediate handling must consider long-term implications and
maintain stability for national development. "Phải bình tĩnh tỉnh táo, rất khôn ngoan,
có con mắt chiến lược. Bác Hồ dạy rồi, cha ông ta dạy rồi, đánh con chuột đừng để
vỡ bình, làm sao diệt được chuột mà bảo vệ được bình hoa. Tức là phải giữ cho được
cái ổn định."

Particularly when Nguyễn Phú Trọng was re-elected as General Secretary at

the Party's 12th National Congress in 2016, he launched a comprehensive anti-
corruption campaign, turning determination into concrete actions. In his speeches,
Nguyễn Phú Trọng often used the imagery of "firewood and furnace" to represent the
anti-corruption effort. He first mentioned the concept of "Đốt lò" on July 31, 2017, in
Hà Nội, while chairing the 12th session of the Central Steering Committee for Anti-
Corruption. "Now that the furnace is hot, even fresh firewood will burn. Dry wood,
medium wood burns first, then the whole furnace heats up, all agencies get involved,
no one can stand outside. And no one can stand outside. No individual can choose not
to participate - that's what success means." On July 26, 2019, while chairing the 16th
session of the Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption, Nguyen Phu Trong
stated: "This must become routine, there's no choice. The furnace is burning, no one
can stand outside. If you go against it, your true nature will be revealed immediately."

Nguyen Phu Trong's anti-corruption directive ideology was systematized in the

book "Determination to Prevent and Push Back Corruption" published by the National
Political Publishing House Truth, collecting 31 speeches, articles, and interviews by
the General Secretary, State President, and Head of the Central Steering Committee
for Anti-Corruption Nguyen Phu Trong from after the Party's 11th National Congress,
especially from the 12th Congress onwards.

In January 2023, the book "Resolutely and Persistently Fighting Against

Corruption and Negativity, Contributing to Building an Increasingly Clean and Strong
Party and State" by Nguyen Phu Trong was launched. The book was introduced by
Nguyen Thai Hoc, Deputy Head of the Central Internal Affairs Committee, at the
launch ceremony as "systematizing General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong's direction
in his capacity as the head of our Party and as Head of the Central Steering Committee
for Anti-Corruption and Negativity, expressing our Party's consistent and thorough
ideology on anti-corruption and negativity work, Party building and rectification, and
moral cultivation and lifestyle of officials and Party members, so that officials, Party
members, and the people understand clearly, thoroughly grasp, and effectively
implement this work."

Results At the 15th session of the Central Steering Committee for Anti-
Corruption on January 21, 2019, summarizing 2018, party committees and inspection
committees at all levels disciplined more than 650 Party members for corruption and
intentional wrongdoing. The Central Committee, Politburo, Secretariat, and Central
Inspection Committee disciplined 38 officials and Party members under central
management. Inspection and audit agencies recommended recovering and handling
nearly 108,000 billion VND and over 1,000 hectares of land; recommended
disciplinary action against 2,080 collectives and many individuals; transferred 101
cases with 151 subjects to investigative agencies. From the beginning of the term to
early 2019, cases under the Steering Committee's monitoring and direction had
brought 36 cases/498 defendants to first-instance trial. In 2018 alone, investigation
was completed for 23 cases/222 accused (43.75% increase in cases compared to
2017); 20 cases/251 accused were prosecuted (66.7% increase in cases compared to
2017); first-instance trials were held for 23 cases/304 defendants (nearly 5 times the
number of cases compared to 2017).

According to the Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption's report at

the 16th session on July 26, 2019, in the first half of 2019, party committees and
inspection committees at all levels disciplined 123 Party organizations and 7,923 Party
members for violations; including 256 Party members disciplined for corruption and
intentional wrongdoing (21 more cases than the same period in 2018). The Politburo,
Secretariat, and Central Inspection Committee disciplined 1 Party organization and 13
Party members under Politburo and Secretariat management, both current and retired
officials. From the beginning of the term to mid-2019, over 70 officials and Party
members under Politburo and Secretariat management were subject to Party discipline
and criminal prosecution. 24 cases were verified and resolved; investigation was
expanded and 5 new cases were initiated, 4 cases were reopened, and 26 additional
suspects were prosecuted; investigation was completed for 3 cases/19 accused,
indictments were issued for 6 cases/27 accused; first-instance trials were held for 9
cases/21 defendants, and appellate trials for 10 cases/149 defendants.

Notable Cases:

- The Vinashin case

- The Dinh La Thang and Trinh Xuan Thanh case at PVN
- The online gambling case in Phu Tho
- The Dong A Bank case
- The Mobifone case
- Cases involving senior officials such as Nguyen Van Hien, Vu Van Ninh,
Nguyen Van Binh
- The Viet A company case related to COVID-19 test kits
- The "rescue flights" case during COVID-19 that led to the resignations of two
Deputy Prime Ministers and the State President
- The Phuc Son Group case that led to State President Vo Van Thuong's
resignation in March 2024
- The Thuan An Group case that led to National Assembly Chairman Vuong
Dinh Hue's resignation in April 2024
- The Van Thinh Phat case that led to disciplinary action against former Ho Chi
Minh City Party Secretary Le Thanh Hai

III. Legal Framework and Institutional Analysis

1. Anti-Corruption Law
The Anti-Corruption Law in Vietnam is a legal framework aimed at preventing,
detecting, and addressing corrupt practices by both public and private entities. The
core content of this law includes:
- Scope of Application: The law applies to state agencies, organizations, and
certain areas of the private sector.
- Corrupt Acts: This includes actions involving abuse of power, such as bribery,
misusing positions for personal gain, and exploiting authority for individual
benefits.
- Preventive Measures:
Transparency: Financial activities, recruitment, public procurement, and
bidding must be transparent to prevent corruption.
 Asset Declaration: Officials are required to declare assets and income to
ensure there are no unexplained wealth accumulations.
Conflict of Interest Management: Prohibits and manages activities that
could lead to personal conflicts of interest.
- Organizational Responsibilities:
Establish internal regulations to control corruption.
Organize training and raise awareness of anti-corruption measures
among staff.
- Penalties: Offenders may face disciplinary actions, compensation for damages,
administrative penalties, or criminal prosecution. Assets derived from
corruption are to be confiscated.
- Role of Society: Encourages community involvement, media, and social
organizations in monitoring and identifying corrupt behaviors. (Law on Anti-
Corruption 2018)

2. Anti-Corruption Agencies
Vietnam's Anti-Corruption Law has designated three specialized anti-corruption
bodies: the Government Inspectorate, the Ministry of Public Security, and the
Supreme People's Procuracy.
2.1. Government Inspectorate:
- A government agency responsible for inspecting, monitoring, and auditing
government bodies and organizations.
- Conducts investigations to uncover and address corruption within the
government while advising the government on anti-corruption policies and
measures.
2.2. Anti-Corruption, Economic, and Smuggling Investigation Police Department
(C03):
- Under the Ministry of Public Security, this unit specializes in investigating and
prosecuting corruption-related cases.
- Handles the investigation of corruption, economic offenses, and smuggling
violations.
2.3. Supreme People's Procuracy:
- Oversees law enforcement during the investigation, prosecution, and trial of
corruption cases.
 - Monitors compliance with legal standards by investigative agencies in the
resolution of corruption cases.

3. Current Policies and Strategies

Vietnam’s anti-corruption policies and strategies focus on preventing,

detecting, and strictly handling corrupt practices. Key policies and strategies include:
3.1. National Anti-Corruption Strategy Until 2030:
- Approved by the government to develop a comprehensive, transparent, and
effective anti-corruption system covering both public and private sectors.
- Sets specific objectives to enhance transparency, minimize corruption risks,
improve the effectiveness of oversight tools, and establish an appropriate legal
framework.
3.2. Central Resolution No. 4 (XII Congress) on Party Building and Rectification:
- Emphasizes controlling power and preventing corruption within Party and state
agencies.
- Establishes measures to strictly handle Party members and officials engaging in
corrupt practices.
3.3. Anti-Corruption Law 2018:
- Expands scope to include private sector entities, with preventive measures like
asset declarations, financial transparency, conflict-of-interest controls, and
penalties.
- Detailed regulations on public financial management, bidding, and
procurement.
3.4. Enhancing Transparency in Financial Disclosure and Asset Declaration:
- Expands asset declaration obligations to include leaders in both public and
private sectors.
- Asset declarations are rigorously examined, and violations are strictly
penalized.
3.5. Conflict of Interest Control and Power Monitoring:
- Prohibits officials from engaging in activities that create personal conflicts of
interest.
- Establishes mechanisms to monitor and inspect power, especially in senior
leadership positions.
3.6. Increasing the Role of Institutions and the Media in Anti-Corruption Supervision:
- Enhances the role of social organizations and media in monitoring and
reporting corruption.
- Encourages public participation in monitoring and reporting corruption cases to
the authorities.
3.7. Policies to Reward and Protect Whistleblowers:
- Implements reward policies for individuals who expose corrupt acts.
- Establishes measures to protect the rights and safety of whistleblowers to
encourage public engagement in anti-corruption efforts.

IV. Problem Identification and Root Cause Analysis

In Vietnam’s anti-corruption efforts, there are multiple challenges and
obstacles that need to be addressed. Understanding the root causes and influential
factors aids in building effective solutions. Key factors include challenges, deep-
rooted causes, and influences from socio-cultural, institutional, economic, and
technological perspectives:

1. Challenges in Anti-Corruption Efforts

- Law Enforcement: While the law provides clear definitions of corrupt acts and
associated penalties, enforcement can be challenging. In some cases,
enforcement may be lax or lack decisive action.
- Institutional Capacity: Anti-corruption agencies may lack resources or
personnel with high levels of expertise. Anti-corruption investigations require
specialized skills and modern technology, which can be limited within some
agencies.
- Transparency: Financial and operational transparency in public activities is a
significant barrier. When information is not made public, corrupt practices are
easier to carry out and more challenging to detect.
- Public Participation: Public engagement in anti-corruption monitoring remains
limited due to a lack of information, fear of retaliation, and a reluctance to
report corrupt practices.

2. Deep-Rooted Causes and Influencing Factors

- Socio-Cultural Factors:
 - Cultural Avoidance and Avoidance of Confrontation: The cultural
tendency to avoid confrontation makes it challenging for people to speak
out about corruption, especially if it involves relatives or acquaintances.
- Social Acceptance of Corruption: In some cases, corruption is viewed as
“commonplace,” receiving little reaction from the community, which
reduces societal pressure and tacitly increases acceptance.
- Low Legal Awareness: Some citizens lack knowledge of laws and their
rights, making them unaware of reporting mechanisms and the
importance of reflecting corrupt actions.
- Institutional Factors:
- Weak Oversight Mechanisms: Supervision regulations may lack rigor,
or inspection processes are not strictly implemented, creating gaps for
corruption.
- Lack of Independence in Monitoring and Power Control: Overlapping
and lack of independence among monitoring agencies can limit effective
corruption investigation and prosecution.
- Incomplete Whistleblower Protection Mechanism: Whistleblowers may
face threats or retaliation, leading to a reluctance to report, reducing
society’s proactive role.
- Economic Factors:
- Income Disparities and Unequal Development Opportunities: The
disparity in income and benefits between various population groups,
especially between public and private sectors, can motivate individuals
to exploit their power for personal gain.
- Personal Financial Pressure: Officials in positions of power with
insufficient income may resort to corruption to cover expenses.
- Lax Economic Management: Inefficiencies in public financial
management and budgeting can result in non-transparent spending and
increased opportunities for corruption.
- Technological Factors:
- Lack of Consistent Technological Management: Information technology
tools are not comprehensively used in financial and public
administration, creating challenges in monitoring and detecting
corruption in a timely manner.
 - Lack of Clear Data Storage and Tracking Systems: The lack of clear
data storage and tracking systems makes it challenging to audit decision-
making processes and track violations.
- Lack of Cybersecurity Infrastructure: Some agencies lack effective
cybersecurity measures, creating vulnerabilities for digital corruption.

3. Solutions for Improving Anti-Corruption Efforts

Enhance Capacity of Anti-Corruption Agencies: Provide specialized training
for staff, use information technology for management and investigations, and improve
investigation and inspection effectiveness.
Promote Transparency and Accountability: Disclose financial information,
policies, procedures, and activities in public agencies, build public trust, and reduce
corruption risks.
Protect Whistleblowers and Encourage Public Participation: Create effective
protections for whistleblowers to encourage the public to speak out.
Increase Legal Education and Social Awareness: Incorporate legal knowledge
into general education and media programs to promote legal awareness and
responsibilities in anti-corruption.
Establish and Improve Legal Frameworks and Power Control Mechanisms:
Adjust and improve regulations and oversight mechanisms to prevent excessive power
concentration and ensure fairness and transparency in public activities.
Tổng Thanh tra Chính phủ Đoàn Hồng Phong trao chứng nhận và tặng hoa
chúc mừng ông Nguyễn Hữu Quý, Trường Sĩ quan Lục quân I. Ảnh: VGP/Lê
Sơn

V. Solutions

First, continue to improve specialized legal systems prone to corruption and

negativity. When evaluating current anti-corruption laws, many legal experts assess
that we have a relatively complete, specific, and unified legal framework to effectively
implement anti-corruption work. However, to prevent corruption and negativity, we
need to continue improving other specialized laws prone to corruption and negativity
(such as laws on public asset management, procurement law, land law, etc.) towards
transparency, openness, strictness, and synchronization, ensuring a fair and equal
competitive business environment. On this basis, gradually overcome limitations and
move towards eliminating the possibility of corruption and negativity in
administrative procedures.
 Competent authorities need to study and amend criminal law, criminal
procedure law, civil judgment enforcement law, etc., in the following directions:

- Using digital technology to control assets and income of officials and civil
servants
- Processing and recovering unexplained additional assets
- Strengthening responsibilities and powers of supervisory, inspection, and audit
agencies in applying measures to seize, temporarily hold, inventory, and freeze
assets of individuals showing signs of corruption
- Flexibly regulating the timing of applying account freezing measures, asset
inventory, quantity, and value of inventoried assets

Second, strengthen the supervision mechanism of the people, socio-political

organizations, and associations. According to President Ho Chi Minh, "fighting
corruption is democracy". He taught that "the movement against corruption, waste,
and bureaucracy must rely on the mass force to succeed". This fight must mobilize the
masses, practice democracy, make the masses understand clearly, and make the
masses participate more widely for more complete and rapid success. Openness and
democracy are among the effective measures to prevent corruption, allowing people to
participate in monitoring the activities of those with positions and powers. This
monitoring doesn't just stop at preventive measures but follows through when
corruption cases are detected, investigated, and processed. Additionally, measures
need to be strengthened to monitor income sources and asset changes of those with
duties and powers to prevent and detect corruption, with mechanisms to encourage
people to provide information denouncing corruption and ensure protection for
whistleblowers.

Third, raise awareness about anti-corruption responsibility among officials,

civil servants, and the general public. To promote the role and collective strength of
the people in fighting corruption and negativity, first, there must be solutions to raise
awareness about anti-corruption responsibility among officials, civil servants, and the
general public. It's important to prioritize and promote the dissemination and
education of anti-corruption laws; explain and guide people to understand their rights
and obligations in this work. Additionally, there must be continuous innovation in
information and propaganda work about anti-corruption laws for officials, civil
servants, and all classes of people. Corruption is the behavior of people with positions
and powers who have abused those positions and powers for personal gain. Since the
subjects are people with positions and powers, measures need to focus on these
targets.

Fourth, accelerate the progress of salary reform. On November 7, 2023, the

Government issued Resolution No. 185/NQ-CP on the regular Government meeting in
October 2023, in which the Government assigned the Ministry of Home Affairs to
lead and coordinate with agencies and localities to continue reviewing, improving, and
institutionalizing Party and National Assembly regulations on salary reform policies,
ensuring feasibility, quality, and timeliness. Officials and civil servants are subjects
belonging to the state agency system, holding particularly important positions and
roles in social development and management due to their job positions and specific
labor nature. Therefore, paying salaries to officials and civil servants according to
their functions, duties, and job requirements is implementing investment for
development, creating motivation for economic development and improving the
quality of leadership, management, public service performance, and public service
delivery, contributing to purifying and improving the effectiveness and efficiency of
state apparatus operations. The salaries of officials and civil servants need to be placed
in relation to market sector wage levels, which will help improve their lives, create
motivation, promote labor productivity, improve state management effectiveness and
efficiency, while improving the effectiveness of anti-corruption work.

Fifth, strengthen the participation of citizens and civil society The anti-
corruption law continues to improve current legal provisions to encourage and ensure
active, positive, and effective participation of society in anti-corruption, including:

- Recognizing and emphasizing the role and responsibility of social associations,

press, businesses, and citizens in anti-corruption
- Having specific provisions to encourage and ensure social participation
- Clearly stipulating the right to access information of agencies, organizations,
and citizens; specific mechanisms to implement this right
- Stipulating basic contents about denouncing corruption acts. The institution of
corruption denunciation is an important part of the Anti-Corruption Law. This
is also the most important mechanism for citizens to directly participate in
detecting corruption acts.

Sixth, based on recognizing the principles of respecting independence,

sovereignty, territorial integrity, and mutual benefits, the Anti-Corruption Law
stipulates the responsibilities of state agencies in international cooperation on anti-
corruption as follows:

- The Government Inspectorate coordinates with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Ministry of Public Security, and relevant agencies to implement international
cooperation activities on research, training, policy development, information
exchange, financial support, technical assistance, and experience exchange in
anti-corruption.
- The Supreme People's Procuracy, Ministry of Justice, and Ministry of Public
Security, within their duties and powers, perform international cooperation
tasks on judicial assistance in anti-corruption.

VI. Conclusion

Through analysis, it can be concluded that corruption is a complex problem,

intertwining many factors and negatively impacting social development. To overcome
this problem, coordinated cooperation is needed from many sides, from the state to
businesses, social organizations, and citizens. There is no single solution but rather a
need for a comprehensive system of solutions, including improving the legal
framework, strengthening law enforcement, raising awareness, and changing behavior.
This is a long-term process requiring constant effort from the whole society. With
political determination, active participation of all social classes, and support from the
international community, we can build a clean, civilized, and sustainably developing
society.

To achieve effective anti-corruption goals, focus should be on the following

solutions:

For the State:

- Continue to improve the legal system, ensuring transparency, clarity,

and feasibility
- Strengthen law enforcement agencies' capacity, strictly handle
corruption cases
- Build effective power control mechanisms, prevent abuse
- Transparency in information, especially regarding assets and income of
officials
 - Invest in technology to enhance transparency and efficiency in state
management

For Businesses:

- Build clean, transparent corporate culture

- Implement social responsibility, participate in community activities

For Citizens:

- Raise awareness about corruption's harm and their role in the anti-
corruption fight
- Courageously denounce corrupt acts
- Participate in monitoring state agencies and business activities

For Social Organizations:

- Support citizens in protecting legitimate rights and denouncing

corruption
- Propagate and educate about anti-corruption
- Social monitoring of state agencies and business activities

Research Directions: To develop more effective solutions in the future,

continued in-depth research is needed on:

- Impact of anti-corruption policies: Evaluate the effectiveness of

implemented policies for adjustment and improvement
- New forms of corruption: Monitor and study emerging forms of
corruption for timely prevention and handling
- Role of technology in anti-corruption: Assess potential and limitations
of new technologies in anti-corruption
- International comparison: Compare anti-corruption models of other
countries to learn experiences and apply to practice
REFERENCES

1. Luật Phòng, chống tham nhũng 2018.

2. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/chinh-sach-phap-luat-moi/vn/ho-tro-phap-luat/tham-
nhung/39829/tham-nhung-la-gi-cac-hanh-vi-tham-nhung
3. Cổng thông tin điện tử Đảng Cộng Sản Việt Nam Lạng Sơn,
https://dangcongsan.org.vn/tinhuylangson/lists/xaydungdang/vi
ew_detail.aspx?itemid=2242
4. Trang thông tin nội chính tổng hợp ban nội chính Trung Ương,
https://noichinh.vn/hoi-dap-phap-luat/201511/cac-dang-tham-
nhung-pho-bien-299154/
5. Khởi tố hơn 1.800 vụ án tham nhũng, chức vụ, tăng gần
64% so với cùng kỳ, https://vov.vn/chinh-tri/khoi-to-hon-
1800-vu-an-tham-nhung-chuc-vu-tang-gan-64-so-voi-cung-
ky-post1094905.vov
6. Chỉ số cảm nhận tham nhũng năm 2023: Những điểm nổi bật,
https://thanhtra.com.vn/quoc-te/chi-so-cam-nhan-tham-nhung-nam-2023-
nhung-diem-noi-bat-220526.html
7. Hơn một thập kỷ "đốt lò tham nhũng" của Tổng Bí thư Nguyễn Phú
Trọng, https://cand.com.vn/van-de-hom-nay-thoi-su/hon-mot-thap-ky-dot-
lo-tham-nhung-cua-tong-bi-thu-nguyen-phu-trong-i738349/