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·On
PERIODIC TABLE

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Periods,Groups And their properties

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metals
normall
-
+1 +
GPSection metals
200
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PERIODIC TABLE
Periods,Groups And their properties
 Co - Na Nat
Eq

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 h -

Periodic table
-

1. The periodic table is a list of elements arranged in order of

=
increasing proton number.( Atomic number)
The periodic table divides the elements in periods and groups.

Elements are arranged in order of proton numbers

 Vertical columns of elements are called groups -

 Horizontal rows of elements are called periods

Group

1. A group is a vertical column.

2. The periodic table consist of 8 groups of elements numbered from I to VII
I
I
and group 0 element called group VIII.
3. The group run from top to bottom.
4. All elements of same group have same number of valence electrons in
the outermost shell.
-

Example:
O
Lithium (Li) : 2,1
Sodium ( Na) : 2,8,1
Potassium (K): 2,8,1
 example

GROUP GROUP I GROUP II GROUP VI

ELEMENT Sodium Na Magnesium Mg Oxygen

ELECTRONIC 2,8,1 2,8,2 2,6

CONFIGURATION
=

VALENCE ELECTRON 1 2 6
-
-

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ION +1 +2 -2
Periods
-

1. A period is horizontal row of elements.

2. The periodic table consist of 7 periods of elements numbeed from 1 to 7.
3. The period runs from left to right
4. All of the elements in a given period will have same number of shells of
electrons.
EXAMPLE :
↑ Na = 2,8,1
Mg =2,8,2
Al = 2,8,3 they all are from same periods and contain same number of
shells.
 -

8 2,8
2 ,

DQG
A
-

L E
~
40 35 5
.

Ca = 2 ,8 ,8 , 2 Cl
17
= 2, 8 7
,
20
Group= 2
Group = 7
Period Y 3
=
Period
=

19 20
F Ne 28
I 2 ,7
9 10
D

Group = 7
Group =
Period = 2 Period = 2
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

 Across the period, the elements change from metals to non-metals

-

 Elements close to the staircase line, like silicon or germanium, can

have some properties of the metals and of the non-metals --
-

-
-

> metalloids
-

 Metals always form positive ions while non-metals always form

negative ions
PERIODIC TREND
decreases
-
 Q.How do the metallic properties of elements change across a
period? + 1
-
-
# #3 -

2 -

S
How do metallic properties of
elements change down a group? -
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 Going down a group #

• Proton number increases T

• Atoms become bigger

• The property of metallic becomes more metallic. T
This is because on going down a group element lose electrons
more easily. 9 .

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Check point

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 I
Properties of elements non melal
-

Metals
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i) Transition Group



Group I and II metals
Group I : alkali metals
mi
i e
halgers
 Group II: alkaline earth metals well
Group 0

reactive
noblgases
 .

 reactivity increases down the group

METALLOIDS

 Metalloids- elements close to the staircase line

 have properties of both metals and non-metals
 metalloids beneath the staircase line are called Poor Metals (eg tin
and lead)
NON-METALS

 Non-metals
 often gases (except Br, P, S, C, B, Se)
 low melting points
 poor conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite)
 LAB ACTIVITY

Properties Transition metals Group 1 (metals)

Physical Properties solid solid.

i) Appearance ily
boiling point
Point and
melting
low
i) Melting and Boiling high melting
and
boiling
.
point
(Mas water
i) Density high density low
density floats
K , Li on

Colour colourful Colorless

in form Compounds Compounds
"hardness/suftene hard ~ Soft Can be cut
and
with

easily
unife
-

-
Cubig >
- blue
Nall colourless
Fells >
- Green
 Identify the transition metals in your periodic table.
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E
 e
TRANSITION METALS
iy -
I

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~
Transition Elements

All transition elements are metals and have typical metallic

properties..
-

Transition elements are found in the middle part of the periodic

table.Between Group II and Group III elements
-

 Transition elements are also called transition metals.

TRANSITION ELEMENTS
 Typical metals
 Strong and hard
 Good conductors of heat and electricity
 High melting points
 Many of these metals have variable oxidation state eg Copper(I) and
Copper(II), Iron(II) and Iron(III)
 Not very reactive
 Compounds formed often have characteristic colours. Examples:
 Copper(II) compounds are blue
 Iron(II) compounds are green
 Iron(III) compounds are yellow and green
 Transition metals and their compounds are used as catalysts to speed up
industrial reactions. -
TRANSITION ELEMENTS

 Typical metals
 Strong and hard
 Good conductors of heat and electricity
 High melting points and have high densities
 Not very reactive
VARIABLE OXIDATION STATE

 Many of these metals have variable oxidation state eg Copper(I)

and Copper(II), Iron(II) and Iron(III)
 Compounds formed often have characteristic colours. Examples:
 Copper(II) compounds are blue
 Iron(II) compounds are green
 Iron(III) compounds are yellow and green
 Transition metals and their compounds are used as catalysts to
speed up industrial reactions.

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COLOURED COMPOUNDS

 Compounds formed often have characteristic colours. Examples:

 Copper(II) compounds are blue
 Iron(II) compounds are green
 Iron(III) compounds are yellow.

#
CATALYST

A transition element and its compounds are often catalysts.

-

• Iron is used in the Haber process to make ammonia.

• Nickel is used in the manufacture of margarine to harden oils.
N

CATALYST:
A catalyst is an element or compound that changes the rate of a chemical
reaction without taking part in the reaction as a reactant. Catalysts are
unchanged by the reaction.

Vanadium V oxide V2O5 use is

contact
sulfuric acid
process
:
for
the
manufacture
TRANSITION HIGH
MELTING
-
AND
METALS BOILING
POINT
-
↑

TRANSITIO VARIABLE
COLOURED
N OXIDATION
COMPOUNDS
ELEMENTS STATE

-
USE AS A
CATALYST
-
Group I elements: alkali metals
-
S

+ 1 Valence shell have I electron

.

lithium
--
Sodium
>
-
Potassium
> Rubidium
-
-
>
-
cassion
>
- Franciu
Physical properties
-
 Alkali metals
 Are soft and can be cut easily
 Have low melting and boiling points
 Have low densities ,Lithium, Sodium and potassium float on water.
Going Down group 1

&


The melting point and boiling point of alkali metal decreases.
The densities of alkali metals generally increase.
reactivity
increases
.

ELEMENT MELTING POINT/C BOILING POINT/C DENSITY /(g/cm)

lithium 180 1347 0.53

sodium 98 883 0.97
potassium 63 774 0.86 -
↑

-
rubidium 39
I 688 1.53 -
Chemical properties of alkali metals
-

 Highly reactive metals

 Reactivity increases down the group because size of atom increases.
 Order of reactivity:
 Lithium<Sodium<Potassium
-1
Alkali metal reacts with air
-

 Alakali metals turnish easily in air by reacting with oxygen in air.They

are stored under oil to prevent this reaction.

4Li +
02 +> 24:0
-

 The alkali metal lower down in the group react explosively with oxygen
Li Red,
-

 Na Yellow, &

K lilac,
Rb Red,
Cs blue
u

-
O
Alkali metal reacts with cold water -

Alkali metals Observation and equations with water 18

Lithium Reacts quickly and floats on water -

Lithium+ water → lithium hydroxide+ hydrogen

2 Li + 210 2 LiOH + He
Sodium Reacts violently,sodium darts around the water surface
sodium+ water→ sodium hydroxide + hydrogen
& Na + 20 >
-
LNaOH + He
Potassium Reacts very violently , Reaction is explosive
Potassium+water→ potassiumhydroxide+hydrogen

2k + 20 >
- 2OH + Hr
Group VII (Halogen Group)
--

&
Physical properties of halogens
↑

 Halogens are non metals.

 Exist as diatomic molecule e.g
 They have low melting and boiling points.
They are coloured
-

ELEMENT MELTING POINT BOILING POINT/ APPEARANCE

/Centigrade Centigrade
Chlorine -101 -34 Greenish-yellow
gas
Bromine -7 59 Reddish-brown
liquid
Iodine 114 184 Purplish-black solid
~
How do the physical property of
halogen change going down the
group.
 Going down group.

. The colors of halogen becomes darker.




Melting and boiling point of halogen increases.
How do the physical properties of
halogen going down the group?
 Going down the group
Melting and Boiling point increases down the group.
 The colours of halogen become darker.
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Chemical Properties
 Halogens are reactive non metals.
 Each halogens has seven valence electrons. They only need one electron to gain
stable electronic configuration.
 Halogen reacts with most metals to form salts called halides.
 Flouride ions, Chloride ions. Bromide ions, and iodide ions are examples of halide
ions.
 zu

Halogens undergo displacement su

u

reaction
 Halogens undergo displacement reactions with halide solutions.

 DISPLACEMENT REACTION:
A displacement reaction is a reaction in which one element takes the place of
another element in a compound.
 AB+C → AC+B
A more reactive halogen will displaces a less reactive halogen
-

 Chlorine + Sodium bromide -→ Sodium Chloride + Bromine

https://youtu.be/rBhMWpyO7Ts
Order of Reactivity

 The order of reactivity of halogens decreases down the group

because the size of the atoms increases down the group, making it
more difficult for the nucleus to attract one more electron.
 Cl> Br>I
 -
-

-
Uses of the noble gases
Helium - Used in balloons and airships. It is much less dense than air, so
balloons filled with it float upwards.
 Neon - Used in advertising signs. It glows when electricity is passed
through it, and different coloured 'neon lights' can be made by coating
the inside of the glass tubing with other chemicals.
 Argon - The very thin metal filament inside the bulb would react with
oxygen and burn away if the bulb were filled with air instead of argon. As
argon is unreactive, it stops the filament burning away.
 The video below provides an overview of the Noble Gases
 https://youtu.be/Lid8BsbqTDQ