PROGRAM BOOK

(Virtual
)

1
1
 PROGRAM BOOK FOR

SHORT-TERM INTERNSHIP
(Virtual)

NAME OF THE STUDENT: G Srinivasa Eswara Vara Prasad

NAME OF THE COLLEGE: JNTU-GV, COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING, VIZIANAGARAM

REGISTRATION NUMBER: 21VV1A0515

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024

PERIOD OF INTERNSHIP: 1 MONTH

FROM: 1st June 2024
TO: 30th June 2024

NAME & ADDRESS OF THE DATAVALLEY.AI

INTERN ORGANIZATION: VIJAYAWADA

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 SHORT-TERM INTERNSHIP

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the

Requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

by

G Srinivasa Eswara Vara Prasad

Under the esteemed guidance of Mentor

Mr. S. Ashok
Assistant Professor(C)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

JNTU-GV COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING VIZIANAGARAM

Dwarapudi, Andhra Pradesh 535003

2021-2025

3
 STUDENTS DECLARATION

I, G Srinivasa Eswara Vara Prasd a student of class III B.TECH II

Semester bearing roll no. 21VV1A0515 of the department
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING studying in JNTU-
GV, College of Engineering, Vizianagaram, do hereby
declare that I have completed the internship from 1-06-
2024 to 30-06-2024 in DATAVALLEY.AI under the
Faculty guideship of

Mr. S. Ashok,
Assistant Professor(C), Dept. of CSE
JNTU-GV, CEV

(Signature Of
Student)

4
 CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is a bonafide Record of Practical work done by

Mr/Kumari
G Srinivasa Eswara Vara Prasad of III B.Tech II Semester bearing roll no
21VV1A0515 in Department of Computer Science and Engineering in
Short Term Internship at DATAVALLEY.AI studying JNTU GV,
College of Engineering, Vizianagaram during the months June 2024.

Period of Internship: 2 Months

Name and address of Intern Organization: Datavalley.AI, Vijayawada

Lecturer Incharge Head of the Department

5
 June

G Srinivasa JNTU-GV College of Engineering,

Eswara Vara Vizianagaram 1st June 30th June
Prasad 21VV1A051
5
Data Science APSCHE
ML, AI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
6
It is our privilege to acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude and devotion for keen
personal interest and invaluable guidance rendered by our internship guide
Mr. S. Ashok, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, JNTU-GV College of Engineering, Vizianagaram.
we express our gratitude to, CEO Pavan Chalamalasetti and to Guide
at Datavalley.Ai whose mentorship during the internship period added immense
value to our learning experience. His guidance and insights played a crucial role in
our professional development.
Our respects and regards to Dr P. Aruna Kumari, HOD, Department of Computer
Science and Technology, JNTU-GV College of Engineering Vizianagaram, for her
invaluable suggestions that helped us in successful completion of the project.
Finally, we also thank all the faculty of Dept. of CSE, JNTU-GV, our friends, and all
our family members who with their valuable suggestions and support, directly or
indirectly helped us in completing this project work.

G Srinivasa Eswara Vara Prasad

21VV1A0515

INTERNSHIP WORK SUMMARY

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In my Data Science internship program, we focused on acquiring and applying data science
techniques and tools across multiple modules. This internship provided an opportunity to
delve into various aspects of data science, including Python programming, data manipulation,
SQL, mathematics for data science, machine learning, and an introduction to deep learning
with neural networks. The hands-on experience culminated in a project titled "Big Mart Sales
Prediction Using Ensemble Learning."

Modules Covered

1. Python Programming
2. Python Libraries for Data Science
3. SQL for Data Science
4. Mathematics for Data Science
5. Machine Learning
6. Introduction to Deep Learning - Neural Networks

Project: Big Mart Sales Prediction Using Ensemble Learning

For the project, we applied ensemble learning techniques to predict the sales of products at
Big Mart outlets. The project involved data cleaning, feature engineering, and model building
using algorithms such as Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and XGBoost. The final model
aimed to improve the accuracy of sales predictions, providing valuable insights for inventory
management and sales strategies.

Overall, this internship experience was beneficial in developing my skills in data science,
including programming, data analysis, and machine learning. It also provided an opportunity
to gain experience working on a real-world project, collaborating with a team to develop a
complex predictive model.

Authorized signatory

Company name: Datavalley.Ai

Self-Assessment

8
In this Data Science internship, we embarked on a comprehensive learning journey through
various data science modules and culminated our experience with the project titled "Big Mart
Sales Prediction Using Ensemble Learning."

For the project, we applied ensemble learning techniques to predict sales for Big Mart outlets.
We utilized Python programming and various data science libraries to clean, manipulate, and
analyze the data. The project involved feature engineering, model training, and evaluation
using ensemble methods such as Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and XGBoost.

Throughout this internship, we gained hands-on experience with key data science tools and
techniques, enhancing our skills in data analysis, statistical modeling, and machine learning.
The practical application of theoretical knowledge in a real-world project was immensely
valuable.

We are very satisfied with the work we have done, as it has provided us with extensive
knowledge and practical experience. This internship was highly beneficial, allowing us to
enrich our skills in data science and preparing us for future professional endeavors. We are
confident that the knowledge and skills acquired during this internship will be of great use in
our personal and professional growth.

Company name: DATAVALLEY.AI Student

Signature

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION TO DATA SCIENCE 10-11

2 PYTHON FOR DATA SCIENE 11 -26

3 SQL FOR DATA SCIENCE 27-30

4 MATHEMATICS FOR DATA SCIENCE 30-34

5 MACHINE LEARNING 35-53

6 INTRODUCTION TO DEEP LEARNING – NEURAL 54-59

NETWORKS

7 PROJECT & FINAL OUTPUT 60 - 63

8 WEEKLY LOG

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

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INTRODUCTION TO DATA SCIENCE

OVERVIEW OF DATA SCIENCE

Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that leverages scientific methods, algorithms, and
systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data. It integrates
various domains including mathematics, statistics, computer science, and domain expertise to
analyze data and make data-driven decisions.

WHAT IS DATA SCIENCE?

Data Science involves the study of data through statistical and computational techniques to
uncover patterns, make predictions, and gain valuable insights. It encompasses data
cleansing, data preparation, analysis, and visualization, aiming to solve complex problems
and inform business strategies.

APPLICATIONS OF DATA SCIENCE

 HEALTHCARE: In healthcare, Data Science is applied for predictive analytics to

forecast patient outcomes, personalized medicine to tailor treatments based on
individual patient data, and health monitoring systems using wearable devices and
sensors.
 FINANCE: Data Science plays a crucial role in finance for fraud detection, where
algorithms analyze transaction patterns to identify suspicious activities, risk
management to assess and mitigate financial risks, algorithmic trading to automate
trading decisions based on market data, and customer segmentation for targeted
marketing campaigns based on spending behaviors.
 RETAIL: In retail, Data Science is used for demand forecasting to predict consumer
demand for products, recommendation systems that suggest products to customers
based on their browsing and purchasing history, and sentiment analysis to understand
customer feedback and sentiment towards products and brands.
 TECHNOLOGY: Data Science applications in technology include natural language
processing (NLP) for understanding and generating human language, image
recognition and computer vision for analyzing and interpreting visual data such as
images and videos, autonomous vehicles for making decisions based on real-time data
from sensors, and personalized user experiences in applications and websites based on
user behavior and preferences.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AI AND DATA SCIENCE

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  AI (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE): AI refers to the ability of machines to
perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as understanding natural
language, recognizing patterns in data, and making decisions. It encompasses a
broader scope of technologies and techniques aimed at simulating human intelligence.
 DATA SCIENCE: Data Science focuses on extracting insights and knowledge from
data through statistical and computational methods. It involves cleaning, organizing,
analyzing, and visualizing data to uncover patterns and trends, often utilizing AI
techniques such as machine learning and deep learning to build predictive models and
make data-driven decisions.

DATA SCIENCE TRENDS

Data Science is evolving rapidly with advancements in technology and increasing volumes of
data generated daily. Key trends include the rise of deep learning techniques for complex data
analysis, automation of machine learning workflows to accelerate model development and
deployment, and growing concerns around ethical considerations such as bias in AI models
and data privacy regulations.

MODULE 2 : PYTHON FOR DATA SCIENCE

1. INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity,

readability, and versatility. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python
has grown into one of the most popular languages worldwide. Its design philosophy
emphasizes readability and simplicity, making it accessible for beginners and powerful for
advanced users. Python supports multiple programming paradigms including procedural,
object-oriented, and functional programming.

Python's key features include:

 Interpreted Language: Code is executed line-by-line by an interpreter, facilitating

rapid development and debugging.
 Extensive Standard Library: Provides numerous modules and functions for diverse
tasks without needing external libraries.
 Versatility: Widely used across various domains such as web development, data
science, AI/ML, automation, and scripting.
 Syntax Simplicity: Uses significant whitespace (indentation) to delimit code blocks,
enhancing readability.
 Interactive Mode (REPL): Supports quick experimentation and prototyping directly
in the interpreter.

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Example:

DOMAIN USAGE

Python finds application in numerous domains:

 Web Development: Django and Flask are popular frameworks for building web
applications.
 Data Science: NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib facilitate data manipulation, analysis, and
visualization.
 AI/ML: TensorFlow, PyTorch, scikit-learn are used for developing AI models and
machine learning algorithms.
 Automation and Scripting: Python's simplicity and extensive libraries make it ideal
for automating tasks and writing scripts.

2. BASIC SYNTAX AND VARIABLES

Python's syntax is designed to be clean and easy to learn, using indentation to define code
structure. Variables in Python are dynamically typed, meaning their type is inferred from the
value assigned. This makes Python flexible and reduces the amount of code needed for
simple tasks.

Detailed Explanation:

Python's syntax:

 Uses indentation (whitespace) to define code blocks, unlike languages that use curly
braces {}.
 Encourages clean and readable code by enforcing consistent indentation practices.

Variables in Python:

 Dynamically typed: You don't need to declare the type of a variable explicitly.
 Types include integers, floats, strings, lists, tuples, sets, dictionaries, etc.

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Example:

3. CONTROL FLOW STATEMENTS

Control flow statements in Python determine the order in which statements are executed
based on conditions or loops. Python provides several control flow constructs:

Detailed Explanation:

1. Conditional Statements (if, elif, else):

o Used for decision-making based on conditions.
o Executes a block of code if a condition is true, otherwise executes another
block.

Example:

Output:

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 2. Loops (for and while):

 for loop: Iterates over a sequence (e.g., list, tuple) or an iterable object.
 while loop: Executes a block of code as long as a condition is true.

Example:

Output:

Example Explanation:

 Conditional Statements: In Python, if statements allow you to execute a block of

code only if a specified condition is true. The elif and else clauses provide
additional conditions to check if the preceding conditions are false.
 Loops: Python's for loop iterates over a sequence (e.g., a range of numbers) or an
iterable object (like a list). The while loop repeats a block of code as long as a
specified condition is true.

4. FUNCTIONS

Functions in Python are blocks of reusable code that perform a specific task. They help in
organizing code into manageable parts, promoting code reusability and modularity.

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Detailed Explanation:

1. Function Definition (def keyword):

o Functions in Python are defined using the def keyword followed by the
function name and parentheses containing optional parameters.
o The body of the function is indented.

Example:

2. Function Call:

 Functions are called or invoked by using the function name followed by

parentheses containing arguments (if any).

Example:

3. Parameters and Arguments:

 Functions can accept parameters (inputs) that are specified when the function is
called.
 Parameters can have default values, making them optional.

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 Example:

Example Explanation:

 Function Definition: Functions are defined using def followed by the function
name and parameters in parentheses. The docstring (optional) provides a
description of what the function does.
 Function Call: Functions are called by their name followed by parentheses
containing arguments (if any) that are passed to the function.
 Parameters and Arguments: Functions can have parameters with default values,
allowing flexibility in function calls. Parameters are variables that hold the
arguments passed to the function.

5. DATA STRUCTURES

Python provides several built-in data structures that allow you to store and organize data
efficiently. These include lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Lists:

 Ordered collection of items.

 Mutable (can be modified after creation).
 Accessed using index.

Example:

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2. Tuples:

 Ordered collection of items.

 Immutable (cannot be modified after creation).
 Accessed using index.

Example:

3. Sets:

 Unordered collection of unique items.

 Mutable (can be modified after creation).
 Cannot be accessed using index.

Example:

4. Dictionaries:

 Unordered collection of key-value pairs.

 Mutable (keys are unique and values can be modified).
 Accessed using keys.

Example:

Example Explanation:

 Lists: Used for storing ordered collections of items that can be changed or updated.
 Tuples: Similar to lists but immutable, used when data should not change.
 Sets: Used for storing unique items where order is not important.
 Dictionaries: Used for storing key-value pairs, allowing efficient lookup and
modification based on keys.

6. FILE HANDLING IN PYTHON:

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File handling in Python allows you to perform various operations on files, such as reading
from and writing to files. This is essential for tasks involving data storage and manipulation.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Opening and Closing Files:

 Files are opened using the open() function, which returns a file object.
 Use the close() method to close the file once operations are done.

Example:

2. Reading from Files:

 Use methods like read(), readline(), or readlines() to read content from files.
 Handle file paths and exceptions using appropriate error handling.

Example:

3. Writing to Files:

 Open a file in write or append mode ("w" or "a").

 Use write() or writelines() methods to write content to the file.

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 Example:

Example Explanation:

 Opening and Closing Files: Files are opened using open() and closed using close() to
release resources.
 Reading from Files: Methods like read(), readline(), and readlines() allow reading
content from files, handling file operations efficiently.
 Writing to Files: Use write() or writelines() to write data into files, managing file
contents as needed.

7. ERRORS AND EXCEPTION HANDLING

Errors and exceptions are a natural part of programming. Python provides mechanisms to
handle errors gracefully, preventing abrupt termination of programs.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Types of Errors:
o Syntax Errors: Occur when the code violates the syntax rules of Python.
These are detected during compilation.
o Exceptions: Occur during the execution of a program and can be handled
using exception handling.

2. Exception Handling:

 Use try, except, else, and finally blocks to handle exceptions.

 try block: Contains code that might raise an exception.
 except block: Handles specific exceptions raised in the try block.
 else block: Executes if no exceptions are raised in the try block.
 finally block: Executes cleanup code, regardless of whether an exception occurred or
not.

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 Example:

3. Raising Exceptions:

 Use raise statement to deliberately raise exceptions based on specific conditions or

errors.

Example:

Example Explanation:

 Types of Errors: Syntax errors are caught during compilation, while exceptions
occur during runtime.
 Exception Handling: try block attempts to execute code that may raise exceptions,
except block catches specific exceptions, else block executes if no exceptions occur,
and finally block ensures cleanup code runs regardless of exceptions.
 Raising Exceptions: Use raise to trigger exceptions programmatically based on
specific conditions.

8. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP) USING PYTHON

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a paradigm that allows you to structure your

software in terms of objects that interact with each other. Python supports OOP principles
such as encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

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Detailed Explanation:

1. Classes and Objects:

 Class: Blueprint for creating objects. Defines attributes (data) and methods
(functions) that belong to the class.
 Object: Instance of a class. Represents a specific entity based on the class blueprint.

Example:

2. Encapsulation:

 Bundling of data (attributes) and methods that operate on the data into a single unit
(class).
 Access to data is restricted to methods of the class, promoting data security and
integrity.

3. Inheritance:

 Ability to create a new class (derived class or subclass) from an existing class (base
class or superclass).
 Inherited class (subclass) inherits attributes and methods of the base class and can
override or extend them.

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 Example:

4. Polymorphism:

 Ability of objects to take on multiple forms. In Python, polymorphism is achieved

through method overriding and method overloading.
 Same method name but different implementations in different classes.

Example:

Example Explanation:

 Classes and Objects: Classes define the structure and behavior of objects, while
objects are instances of classes with specific attributes and methods.
 Encapsulation: Keeps the internal state of an object private, controlling access
through methods.
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  Inheritance: Allows a new class to inherit attributes and methods from an existing
class, facilitating code reuse and extension.
 Polymorphism: Enables flexibility by using the same interface (method name) for
different data types or classes, allowing for method overriding and overloading.

PYTHON LIBRARIES FOR DATA SCIENCE

1. NUMPY

NumPy (Numerical Python) is a fundamental package for scientific computing in Python. It

provides support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a collection of
mathematical functions to operate on these arrays efficiently.

Detailed Explanation:

 Arrays in NumPy:
o NumPy's main object is the homogeneous multidimensional array (ndarray),
which is a table of elements (usually numbers), all of the same type, indexed
by a tuple of non-negative integers.
o Arrays are created using np.array() and can be manipulated for various
mathematical operations.

Example:

 NumPy Operations:
o NumPy provides a wide range of mathematical functions such as np.sum(),
np.mean(), np.max(), np.min(), etc., which operate element-wise on arrays or
perform aggregations across axes.

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 Example:

 Broadcasting:
o Broadcasting is a powerful mechanism that allows NumPy to work with arrays
of different shapes when performing arithmetic operations.

Example:

Example Explanation:

 Arrays in NumPy: NumPy arrays are homogeneous, multidimensional data

structures that facilitate mathematical operations on large datasets efficiently.
 NumPy Operations: Use built-in functions and methods (np.sum(), np.mean(),
etc.) to perform mathematical computations and aggregations on arrays.
 Broadcasting: Automatically extends smaller arrays to perform arithmetic
operations with larger arrays, enhancing computational efficiency.

2. PANDAS

Pandas is a powerful library for data manipulation and analysis in Python. It provides data
structures and operations for manipulating numerical tables and time series data.

Detailed Explanation:

 DataFrame and Series:

o DataFrame: Represents a tabular data structure with labeled axes (rows and
columns). It is similar to a spreadsheet or SQL table.
o Series: Represents a one-dimensional labeled array capable of holding data of
any type (integer, float, string, etc.).

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 Example:

 Basic Operations:
o Indexing and Selection: Use loc[] and iloc[] for label-based and integer-based
indexing respectively.
o Filtering: Use boolean indexing to filter rows based on conditions.
o Operations: Apply operations and functions across rows or columns.

Example:

 Data Manipulation:
o Adding and Removing Columns: Use assignment (df['New_Column'] = ...)
or drop() method.
o Handling Missing Data: Use dropna() to drop NaN values or fillna() to fill
NaN values with specified values.

Example:

Example Explanation:

 DataFrame and Series: Pandas DataFrame is used for tabular data, while Series is
used for one-dimensional labeled data.

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 o Basic Operations: Perform indexing, selection, filtering, and operations on
Pandas objects to manipulate and analyze data.

 Data Manipulation: Add or remove columns, handle missing data, and

perform transformations using built-in Pandas methods.

3. MATPLOTLIB AND SEABORN

Matplotlib is a comprehensive library for creating static, animated, and interactive

visualizations in Python. Seaborn is built on top of Matplotlib and provides a higher-level
interface for drawing attractive and informative statistical graphics.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Matplotlib:
o Basic Plotting: Create line plots, scatter plots, bar plots, histograms, etc.,
using plt.plot(), plt.scatter(), plt.bar(), plt.hist(), etc.
o Customization: Customize plots with labels, titles, legends, colors, markers,
and other aesthetic elements.
o Subplots: Create multiple plots within the same figure using plt.subplots().

Example:

2. Seaborn:

o Statistical Plots: Easily create complex statistical visualizations like violin

plots, box plots, pair plots, etc., with minimal code.
o Aesthetic Enhancements: Seaborn enhances Matplotlib plots with better
aesthetics and default color palettes.
o Integration with Pandas: Seaborn integrates seamlessly with Pandas
DataFrames for quick and intuitive data visualization.

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 Example:

Example Explanation:

 Matplotlib: Create various types of plots and customize them using Matplotlib's
extensive API for visualization.
 Seaborn: Build complex statistical plots quickly and easily, leveraging Seaborn's
high-level interface and aesthetic improvements.

MODULE 3 – SQL FOR DATA SCIENCE

1. INTRODUCTION TO SQL

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language for managing and manipulating
relational databases. It is essential for data scientists to retrieve, manipulate, and analyze data
stored in databases.

Detailed Explanation:

2. Basic SQL Commands:

 SELECT: Retrieves data from a database.

Example:

 INSERT: Adds new rows of data into a database table.

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 Example:

 UPDATE: Modifies existing data in a database table.

Example:

 DELETE: Removes rows from a database table.

Example:

3. Querying Data:

 Use SELECT statements with conditions (WHERE), sorting (ORDER BY), grouping
(GROUP BY), and aggregating functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG) to retrieve specific
data subsets.

Example:

4. TYPES OF SQL JOINS

SQL joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column
between them. There are different types of joins:

 INNER JOIN:
o Returns rows when there is a match in both tables based on the join condition.

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 Example:

 LEFT JOIN (or LEFT OUTER JOIN):

o Returns all rows from the left table (orders), and the matched rows from the
right table (customers). If there is no match, NULL values are returned from
the right side.

Example:

 RIGHT JOIN (or RIGHT OUTER JOIN):

o Returns all rows from the right table (customers), and the matched rows from
the left table (orders). If there is no match, NULL values are returned from the
left side.

Example:

 FULL OUTER JOIN:

o Returns all rows when there is a match in either left table (orders) or right
table (customers). If there is no match, NULL values are returned from the
opposite side.

Example:

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Example Explanation:

 INNER JOIN: Returns rows where there is a match in both tables based on the join
condition (customer_id).
 LEFT JOIN: Returns all rows from the left table (orders) and the matched rows from
the right table (customers). Returns NULL if there is no match.
 RIGHT JOIN: Returns all rows from the right table (customers) and the matched
rows from the left table (orders). Returns NULL if there is no match.
 FULL OUTER JOIN: Returns all rows when there is a match in either table (orders
or customers). Returns NULL if there is no match.

MODULE 4 -- MATHEMATICS FOR DATA SCIENCE

1. MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS

Mathematics forms the backbone of data science, providing essential tools and concepts for
understanding and analyzing data.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Linear Algebra:

o Vectors and Matrices: Basic elements for representing and manipulating

data.
o Matrix Operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, transpose, and
inversion of matrices.
o Dot Product: Calculation of dot product between vectors and matrices.

Example:

2. Calculus:

 Differentiation: Finding derivatives to analyze the rate of change of

functions.
 Integration: Calculating areas under curves to analyze cumulative effects.
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 Example:

Example Explanation:

 Linear Algebra: Essential for handling large datasets with operations on vectors
and matrices.
 Calculus: Provides tools for analyzing and modeling continuous changes and
cumulative effects in data.

2. PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS FOR DATA SCIENCE

Probability and statistics are fundamental in data science for analyzing and interpreting data,
making predictions, and drawing conclusions.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Probability Basics:

 Probability Concepts: Probability measures the likelihood of an event occurring. It

ranges from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain).
 Probability Rules: Includes addition rule (for mutually exclusive events) and
multiplication rule (for independent events).

Example:

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2. Descriptive Statistics:

Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and describe the basic features of data. They
provide insights into the central tendency, dispersion, and shape of a dataset.

Detailed Explanation:

1.Measures of Central Tendency:

o Mean: Also known as average, it is the sum of all values divided by the
number of values.
o Median: The middle value in a sorted, ascending or descending, list of
numbers.
o Mode: The value that appears most frequently in a dataset.

Example:

2. Measures of Dispersion:

 Variance: Measures how far each number in the dataset is from the mean.
 Standard Deviation: Square root of the variance; it indicates the amount of
variation or dispersion of a set of values.
 Range: The difference between the maximum and minimum values in the
dataset.

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 Example:

3. Skewness and Kurtosis:

 Skewness: Measures the asymmetry of the distribution of data around its

mean.
 Kurtosis: Measures the "tailedness" of the data's distribution (how sharply or
flatly peaked it is compared to a normal distribution).

Example:

Example Explanation:

 Measures of Central Tendency: Provide insights into the typical value of the
dataset (mean, median) and the most frequently occurring value (mode).
 Measures of Dispersion: Indicate the spread or variability of the dataset
(variance, standard deviation, range).
 Skewness and Kurtosis: Describe the shape of the dataset distribution, whether it
is symmetric or skewed, and its tail characteristics.

3. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

Probability distributions are mathematical functions that describe the likelihood of different
outcomes in an experiment. They play a crucial role in data science for modeling and
analyzing data.

Detailed Explanation:

1.Normal Distribution:

 Definition: Also known as the Gaussian distribution, it is characterized by its

bell-shaped curve where the data cluster around the mean.
 Parameters: Defined by mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ).

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Example:

2. Binomial Distribution:

 Definition: Models the number of successes (or failures) in a fixed number of

independent Bernoulli trials (experiments with two outcomes).
 Parameters: Number of trials (n) and probability of success in each trial (p).

Example:

3. Poisson Distribution:

 Definition: Models the number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time

or space when events happen independently at a constant average rate.
 Parameter: Average rate of events occurring (λ).

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 Example:

Example Explanation:

 Normal Distribution: Commonly used to model phenomena such as heights,

weights, and measurement errors due to its symmetrical and well-understood
properties.
 Binomial Distribution: Applicable when dealing with discrete outcomes
(success/failure) in a fixed number of trials, like coin flips or medical trials.
 Poisson Distribution: Useful for modeling rare events or occurrences over a fixed
interval of time or space, such as the number of emails received per day or number
of calls to a customer service center.

MODULE 5 – MACHINE LEARNING

INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING

Machine Learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that empowers computers to
learn from data and improve their performance over time without explicit programming. It
focuses on developing algorithms that can analyze and interpret patterns in data to make
predictions or decisions.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Types of Machine Learning

o Supervised Learning: Learns from labeled data, making predictions or
decisions based on input-output pairs.
o Unsupervised Learning: Extracts patterns from unlabeled data, identifying
hidden structures or relationships.
o Reinforcement Learning: Trains models to make sequences of decisions,
learning through trial and error with rewards or penalties.
o Semi-Supervised Learning: Uses a combination of labeled and unlabeled
data for training.
o Transfer Learning: Applies knowledge learned from one task to a different
but related task
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 2. Applications of Machine Learning
o Natural Language Processing (NLP): Speech recognition, language
translation, sentiment analysis.
o Computer Vision: Object detection, image classification, facial recognition.
o Healthcare: Disease diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, medical image
analysis.
o Finance: Fraud detection, stock market analysis, credit scoring.
o Recommendation Systems: Product recommendations, content filtering,
personalized marketing.

3. Machine Learning vs. Data Science

o Machine Learning: Focuses on algorithms and models to make predictions or
decisions based on data.
o Data Science: Broader field encompassing data collection, cleaning, analysis,
visualization, and interpretation to derive insights and make informed
decisions.

4. Machine Learning vs. Deep Learning

o Machine Learning: Relies on algorithms and statistical models to perform
tasks; requires feature engineering and domain expertise.
o Deep Learning: Subset of ML using artificial neural networks with multiple
layers to learn representations of data; excels in handling large volumes of
data and complex tasks like image and speech recognition.

SUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING

Supervised learning involves training a model on labeled data, where each data point is
paired with a corresponding target variable (label). The goal is to learn a mapping from input
variables (features) to the output variable (target) based on the input-output pairs provided
during training.

Classification

Definition: Classification is a type of supervised learning where the goal is to predict

discrete class labels for new instances based on past observations with known class labels.

Algorithms:

 Logistic Regression: Estimates probabilities using a logistic function.

 Decision Trees: Hierarchical tree structures where nodes represent decisions
based on feature values.
 Random Forest: Ensemble of decision trees to improve accuracy and reduce
overfitting.
 Support Vector Machines (SVM): Finds the optimal hyperplane that best
separates classes in high-dimensional space.
 k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN): Classifies new instances based on similarity to
known examples

1. Logistic Regression
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  Definition: Despite its name, logistic regression is a linear model for binary
classification that uses a logistic function to estimate probabilities.
 Key Concepts:
o Logistic Function: Sigmoid function that maps input values to probabilities
between 0 and 1.
o Decision Boundary: Threshold that separates the classes based on predicted
probabilities.

2. Decision Trees

 Definition: Non-linear model that uses a tree structure to make decisions by splitting
the data into nodes based on feature values.
 Key Concepts:
o Nodes and Branches: Represent conditions and possible outcomes in the
decision-making process.
o Entropy and Information Gain: Measures used to determine the best split at
each node.

Example:

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3. Random Forest

 Definition: Ensemble learning method that constructs multiple decision trees during
training and outputs the mode of the classes (classification) or mean prediction
(regression) of the individual trees.
 Key Concepts:
o Bagging: Technique that combines multiple models to improve performance
and reduce overfitting.
o Feature Importance: Measures the contribution of each feature to the model's
predictions.

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 Example:

4. Support Vector Machines (Svm)

Support Vector Machines (SVM) are robust supervised learning models used for
classification and regression tasks. They excel in scenarios where the data is not linearly
separable by transforming the input space into a higher dimension.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Basic Concepts of SVM

o Hyperplane: SVMs find the optimal hyperplane that best separates classes in
a high-dimensional space.
o Support Vectors: Data points closest to the hyperplane that influence its
position and orientation.
o Kernel Trick: Technique to transform non-linearly separable data into
linearly separable data using kernel functions (e.g., polynomial, radial basis
function (RBF)).

2. Types of SVM
o C-Support Vector Classification (SVC): SVM for classification tasks,
maximizing the margin between classes.
o Nu-Support Vector Classification (NuSVC): Similar to SVC but allows
control over the number of support vectors and training errors.

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 o Support Vector Regression (SVR): SVM for regression tasks, fitting a
hyperplane within a margin of tolerance.

Example (SVM for Classification):

3. Advantages of SVM

 Effective in High-Dimensional Spaces: Handles datasets with many features

(dimensions).
 Versatile Kernel Functions: Can model non-linear decision boundaries using
different kernel functions.
 Regularization Parameter (C): Controls the trade-off between maximizing the
margin and minimizing classification errors.

4. Applications of SVM

 Text and Hypertext Categorization: Document classification, spam email detection.

 Image Recognition: Handwritten digit recognition, facial expression classification.
 Bioinformatics: Protein classification, gene expression analysis.

Hyperplane and Support Vectors: SVMs find the optimal hyperplane that maximizes
the margin between classes, with support vectors influencing its position.

Kernel Trick: Transforms data into higher dimensions to handle non-linear

separability, improving classification accuracy.

Applications: SVMs are applied in diverse fields for classification tasks requiring
robust performance and flexibility in handling complex data patterns.

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5. Decision Trees

Decision Trees are versatile supervised learning models used for both classification and
regression tasks. They create a tree-like structure where each internal node represents a
"decision" based on a feature, leading to leaf nodes that represent the predicted outcome.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Basic Concepts of Decision Trees

o Nodes and Branches: Nodes represent features or decisions, and branches
represent possible outcomes or decisions.
o Splitting Criteria: Algorithms choose the best feature to split the data at each
node based on metrics like Gini impurity or information gain.
o Tree Pruning: Technique to reduce the size of the tree to avoid overfitting.

2. Types of Decision Trees

o Classification Trees: Predicts discrete class labels for new data points.
o Regression Trees: Predicts continuous numeric values for new data points.

Example (Decision Tree for Classification):

3. Advantages of Decision Trees

 Interpretability: Easy to interpret and visualize, making it useful for exploratory

data analysis.
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  Handles Non-linearity: Can capture non-linear relationships between features
and target variables.
 Feature Importance: Automatically selects the most important features for
prediction.

4. Applications of Decision Trees

 Finance: Credit scoring, loan default prediction.

 Healthcare: Disease diagnosis based on symptoms.
 Marketing: Customer segmentation, response prediction to marketing campaigns.

Regression Analysis

1. Linear Regression

Linear Regression is a fundamental supervised learning algorithm used for predicting

continuous numeric values based on input features. It assumes a linear relationship between
the input variables (features) and the target variable.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Basic Concepts of Linear Regression

 Linear Model: Represents the relationship between the input features XXX and the
target variable yyy using a linear equation.
 Coefficients: Slope coefficients β\betaβ that represent the impact of each feature on
the target variable.
 Intercept: Constant term β0\beta_0β0 that shifts the regression line.

2. Types of Linear Regression

 Simple Linear Regression: Predicts a target variable using a single input feature.
 Multiple Linear Regression: Predicts a target variable using multiple input features.

3. Assumptions of Linear Regression

1. Linearity: Assumes a linear relationship between predictors and the target variable.
2. Independence of Errors: Residuals (errors) should be independent of each other.
3. Homoscedasticity: Residuals should have constant variance across all levels of
predictors.

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 Example (Simple Linear Regression):

4. Advantages of Linear Regression

 Interpretability: Easy to interpret coefficients and understand the impact of

predictors.
 Computational Efficiency: Training and prediction times are generally fast.
 Feature Importance: Identifies which features are most influential in predicting
the target variable.

5. Applications of Linear Regression

 Economics: Predicting GDP growth based on economic indicators.

 Marketing: Predicting sales based on advertising spend.
 Healthcare: Predicting patient outcomes based on medical data.

2. Naive Bayes

Naive Bayes is a probabilistic supervised learning algorithm based on Bayes' theorem, with
an assumption of independence between features. It is commonly used for classification tasks
and is known for its simplicity and efficiency, especially with high-dimensional data.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Basic Concepts of Naive Bayes

o Bayes' Theorem: Probabilistic formula that calculates the probability of a
hypothesis based on prior knowledge.
o Independence Assumption: Assumes that the features are conditionally
independent given the class label.
o Posterior Probability: Probability of a class label given the features.

2. Types of Naive Bayes

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 o Gaussian Naive Bayes: Assumes that continuous features follow a Gaussian
distribution.
o Multinomial Naive Bayes: Suitable for discrete features (e.g., word counts in
text classification).
o Bernoulli Naive Bayes: Assumes binary or boolean features (e.g., presence or
absence of a feature).

Example (Gaussian Naive Bayes):

3. Advantages of Naive Bayes

 Efficiency: Fast training and prediction times, especially with large datasets.
 Simplicity: Easy to implement and interpret, making it suitable for baseline
classification tasks.
 Scalability: Handles high-dimensional data well, such as text classification.

4. Applications of Naive Bayes

 Text Classification: Spam detection, sentiment analysis.

 Medical Diagnosis: Disease prediction based on symptoms.
 Recommendation Systems: User preferences prediction.

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3. Support Vector Machines (Svm) For Regression

Support Vector Machines (SVM) are versatile supervised learning models that can be used
for both classification and regression tasks. In regression, SVM aims to find a hyperplane that
best fits the data, while maximizing the margin from the closest points (support vectors).

Detailed Explanation:

1. Basic Concepts of SVM for Regression

o Kernel Trick: SVM can use different kernel functions (linear, polynomial,
radial basis function) to transform the input space into a higher-dimensional
space where a linear hyperplane can separate the data.
o Loss Function: SVM minimizes the error between predicted values and actual
values, while also maximizing the margin around the hyperplane.

2. Mathematical Formulation
o SVM for regression predicts the target variable yyy for an instance X using a
linear function

Example (Support Vector Machines for Regression):

3. Advantages of SVM for Regression

o Effective in High-Dimensional Spaces: SVM can handle data with many

features (high-dimensional spaces).
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 o Robust to Overfitting: SVM uses a regularization parameter CCC to control
overfitting.
o Versatility: Can use different kernel functions to model non-linear
relationships in data.

4.Applications of SVM for Regression

o Stock Market Prediction: Predicting stock prices based on historical data.

o Economics: Forecasting economic indicators like GDP growth.
o Engineering: Predicting equipment failure based on sensor data.

Example Explanation:

 Kernel Trick: SVM uses kernel functions to transform the input space into a
higher-dimensional space where data points can be linearly separated.

 Loss Function: SVM minimizes the error between predicted and actual values
while maximizing the margin around the hyperplane.

 Applications: SVM is widely used in regression tasks where complex

relationships between variables need to be modeled effectively.

4. Random Forest For Regression

Random Forest is an ensemble learning method that constructs multiple decision trees during
training and outputs the average prediction of the individual trees for regression tasks.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Basic Concepts of Random Forest

o Ensemble Learning: Combines multiple decision trees to improve
generalization and robustness over a single tree.
o Bagging: Random Forest uses bootstrap aggregating (bagging) to train each
tree on a random subset of the data.
o Decision Trees: Each tree in the forest is trained on a different subset of the
data and makes predictions independently.

2. Random Forest Algorithm

o Tree Construction: Random Forest builds multiple decision trees, where each
tree is trained on a random subset of features and data points.

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 o Prediction: For regression, Random Forest averages the predictions of all
trees to obtain the final output.

Example (Random Forest for Regression):

3. Advantages of Random Forest for Regression

 High Accuracy: Combines multiple decision trees to reduce overfitting and

improve prediction accuracy.
 Feature Importance: Provides a measure of feature importance based on how
much each feature contributes to reducing impurity across all trees.
 Robustness: Less sensitive to outliers and noise in the data compared to
individual decision trees.

4. Applications of Random Forest for Regression

 Predictive Modeling: Sales forecasting based on historical data.

 Climate Prediction: Forecasting temperature trends based on meteorological
data.
 Financial Analysis: Predicting stock prices based on market indicators.

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Example Explanation:

 Ensemble Learning: Random Forest combines multiple decision trees to obtain a

more accurate and stable prediction.
 Feature Importance: Random Forest calculates feature importance scores, allowing
analysts to understand which variables are most influential in making predictions.
 Applications: Random Forest is widely used in various domains for regression tasks
where accuracy and robustness are crucial.

5. Gradient Boosting For Regression

Gradient Boosting is an ensemble learning technique that combines multiple weak learners
(typically decision trees) sequentially to make predictions for regression tasks.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Basic Concepts of Gradient Boosting

o Boosting Technique: Sequentially improves the performance of weak learners
by emphasizing the mistakes of previous models.
o Gradient Descent: Minimizes the loss function by gradient descent, adjusting
subsequent models to reduce the residual errors.
o Trees as Weak Learners: Typically, decision trees are used as weak learners,
known as Gradient Boosted Trees.

2. Gradient Boosting Algorithm

o Sequential Training: Trains each new model (tree) to predict the residuals
(errors) of the ensemble of previous models.
o Gradient Descent: Updates the ensemble by adding a new model that
minimizes the loss function gradient with respect to the predictions.

Example (Gradient Boosting for Regression):

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 3. Advantages of Gradient Boosting for Regression

o High Predictive Power: Combines the strengths of multiple weak learners to

produce a strong predictive model.
o Handles Complex Relationships: Can capture non-linear relationships
between features and target variable.
o Regularization: Built-in regularization through shrinkage (learning rate) and
tree constraints (max depth).

4. Applications of Gradient Boosting for Regression

o Click-Through Rate Prediction: Predicting user clicks on online

advertisements.
o Customer Lifetime Value: Estimating the future value of customers based on
past interactions.
o Energy Consumption Forecasting: Predicting energy usage based on
historical data.

Example Explanation:

 Boosting Technique: Gradient Boosting sequentially improves the model's

performance by focusing on the residuals (errors) of previous models.
 Gradient Descent: Updates the model by minimizing the loss function gradient,
making successive models more accurate.
 Applications: Gradient Boosting is widely used in domains requiring high predictive
accuracy and handling complex data relationships.

UNSUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING

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INTRODUCTION TO UNSUPERVISED LEARNING

Unsupervised learning algorithms are used when we only have input data (X) and no
corresponding output variables. The algorithms learn to find the inherent structure in the data,
such as grouping or clustering similar data points together.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Basic Concepts of Unsupervised Learning

o No Target Variable: Unlike supervised learning, unsupervised learning does
not require labeled data.
o Exploratory Analysis: Unsupervised learning helps in exploring data to
understand its characteristics and patterns.
o Types of Tasks: Common tasks include clustering similar data points together
or reducing the dimensionality of the data.

2. Types of Unsupervised Learning Tasks

o Clustering: Grouping similar data points together based on their features or
similarities.
o Dimensionality Reduction: Reducing the number of variables under
consideration by obtaining a set of principal variables.

3. Algorithms in Unsupervised Learning

o Clustering Algorithms: Such as K-Means, Hierarchical Clustering,
DBSCAN.
o Dimensionality Reduction Techniques: Like Principal Component Analysis
(PCA), t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE).

4. Applications of Unsupervised Learning

o Customer Segmentation: Grouping customers based on their purchasing
behaviors.
o Anomaly Detection: Identifying unusual patterns in data that do not conform
to expected behavior.
o Recommendation Systems: Suggesting items based on user preferences and
similarities.

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Dimensionality Reduction Techniques

Principal Component Analysis (Pca)

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a dimensionality reduction technique used to

transform high-dimensional data into a lower-dimensional space while preserving the most
important aspects of the original data.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Basic Concepts of PCA

o Dimensionality Reduction: Reduces the number of features (dimensions) in
the data while retaining as much variance as possible.
o Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors: PCA identifies the principal components
(eigenvectors) that capture the directions of maximum variance in the data.
o Variance Explanation: Each principal component explains a certain
percentage of the variance in the data.

2. PCA Algorithm
o Step-by-Step Process:
 Standardize the data (mean centering and scaling).
 Compute the covariance matrix of the standardized data.
 Calculate the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the covariance matrix.
 Select the top kkk eigenvectors (principal components) that explain the
most variance.
 Project the original data onto the selected principal components to
obtain the reduced-dimensional representation.

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 Example (PCA):

3. Advantages of PCA

 Dimensionality Reduction: Reduces the computational complexity and

storage space needed for processing data.
 Feature Interpretability: PCA transforms data into a new space where
features are uncorrelated (orthogonal).
 Noise Reduction: Focuses on capturing the largest sources of variance,
effectively filtering out noise.

4.Applications of PCA

 Image Compression: Reduce the dimensionality of image data while

retaining important features.
 Bioinformatics: Analyze gene expression data to identify patterns and reduce
complexity.
 Market Research: Analyze customer purchase behavior across multiple
product categories.

Clustering techniques

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K-Means Clustering

K-Means clustering is a popular unsupervised learning algorithm used for partitioning a

dataset into K distinct, non-overlapping clusters.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Basic Concepts of K-Means Clustering

o Objective: Minimize the variance within each cluster and maximize the
variance between clusters.
o Centroid-Based: Each cluster is represented by its centroid, which is the
mean of the data points assigned to the cluster.
o Distance Measure: Typically uses Euclidean distance to assign data points to
clusters.

2. K-Means Algorithm
o Initialization: Randomly initialize K centroids.
o Assignment: Assign each data point to the nearest centroid based on distance
(typically Euclidean distance).
o Update Centroids: Recalculate the centroids as the mean of all data points
assigned to each centroid.
o Iterate: Repeat the assignment and update steps until convergence (when
centroids no longer change significantly or after a specified number of
iterations).

Example (K-Means Clustering):

3.Advantages of K-Means Clustering

 Simple and Efficient: Easy to implement and computationally efficient for large
datasets.
 Scalable: Scales well with the number of data points and clusters.
 Interpretability: Provides interpretable results by assigning each data point to a
cluster.

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 4. Applications of K-Means Clustering

 Customer Segmentation: Grouping customers based on purchasing behavior for

targeted marketing.
 Image Segmentation: Partitioning an image into regions based on color
similarity.
 Anomaly Detection: Identifying outliers or unusual patterns in data.

Hierarchical Clustering

Hierarchical Clustering is an unsupervised learning algorithm that groups similar objects into
clusters based on their distances or similarities.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Basic Concepts of Hierarchical Clustering

o Agglomerative vs. Divisive:
 Agglomerative: Starts with each data point as a singleton cluster and
iteratively merges the closest pairs of clusters until only one cluster
remains.
 Divisive: Starts with all data points in one cluster and recursively splits
them into smaller clusters until each cluster contains only one data
point.
o Distance Measures: Uses measures like Euclidean distance or correlation to
determine the similarity between data points.

2. Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm

o Distance Matrix: Compute a distance matrix that measures the distance
between each pair of data points.
o Merge or Split: Iteratively merge or split clusters based on their distances
until the desired number of clusters is achieved or a termination criterion is
met.
o Dendrogram: Visual representation of the clustering process, showing the
order and distances of merges or splits.

Example (Hierarchical Clustering):

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 3. Advantages of Hierarchical Clustering

 No Need to Specify Number of Clusters: Hierarchical clustering does not

require the number of clusters to be specified beforehand.
 Visual Representation: Dendrogram provides an intuitive visual
representation of the clustering hierarchy.
 Cluster Interpretation: Helps in understanding the relationships and
structures within the data.

4. Applications of Hierarchical Clustering

 Biology: Grouping genes based on expression levels for studying genetic

relationships.
 Document Clustering: Organizing documents based on similarity of content.
 Market Segmentation: Segmenting customers based on purchasing behavior
for targeted marketing strategies.

MODULE 6 – INTRODUCTION TO DEEP LEARNING

INTRODUCTION TO DEEP LEARNING

Deep Learning is a subset of machine learning that involves neural networks with many
layers (deep architectures) to learn from data. It has revolutionized various fields like
computer vision, natural language processing, and robotics.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Basic Concepts of Deep Learning

o Neural Networks: Deep Learning models are based on artificial neural
networks inspired by the human brain's structure.
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 o Layers: Deep networks consist of multiple layers (input layer, hidden layers,
output layer), each performing specific transformations.
o Feature Learning: Automatically learn hierarchical representations of data,
extracting features at different levels of abstraction.

2. Components of Deep Learning

o Artificial Neural Networks (ANN): Basic building blocks of deep learning
models, consisting of interconnected layers of neurons.
o Activation Functions: Non-linear functions applied to neurons to introduce
non-linearity and enable complex mappings.
o Backpropagation: Training algorithm used to adjust model weights based on
the difference between predicted and actual outputs.

3. Applications of Deep Learning

o Image Recognition: Classifying objects in images (e.g., detecting faces,
identifying handwritten digits).
o Natural Language Processing (NLP): Processing and understanding human
language (e.g., sentiment analysis, machine translation).
o Autonomous Driving: Training models to perceive and navigate the
environment in autonomous vehicles.

Example Explanation:

 Neural Networks: Deep Learning models use interconnected layers of neurons to

process and learn from data.
 Feature Learning: Automatically learn hierarchical representations of data, reducing
the need for manual feature engineering.
 Applications: Deep Learning has transformed industries by achieving state-of-the-art
performance in complex tasks like image and speech recognition.

Basic Terminology For Deep Learning - Neural Networks

 Neuron:

 A fundamental unit of a neural network that receives inputs, applies weights, and
computes an output using an activation function.

 Activation Function:

 Non-linear function applied to the output of a neuron, allowing neural networks to

learn complex patterns. Examples include ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit), sigmoid, and
tanh.

 Layer:

 A collection of neurons that process input data. Common layers include input, hidden
(where computations occur), and output (producing the network's predictions).

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 Feedforward Neural Network:

 A type of neural network where connections between neurons do not form cycles, and
data flows in one direction from input to output.

 Backpropagation:

 Learning algorithm used to train neural networks by adjusting weights in response to

the network's error. It involves computing gradients of the loss function with respect
to each weight.

 Loss Function:

 Measures the difference between predicted and actual values. It guides the
optimization process during training by quantifying the network's performance.

 Gradient Descent:

 Optimization technique used to minimize the loss function by iteratively adjusting

weights in the direction of the negative gradient.

 Batch Size:

 Number of training examples used in one iteration of gradient descent. Larger batch
sizes can speed up training but require more memory.

 Epoch:

 One complete pass through the entire training dataset during the training of a neural
network.

 Learning Rate:

 Parameter that controls the size of steps taken during gradient descent. It affects how
quickly the model learns and converges to optimal weights.

 Overfitting:

 Condition where a model learns to memorize the training data rather than generalize
to new, unseen data. Regularization techniques help mitigate overfitting.

 Underfitting:

 Condition where a model is too simple to capture the underlying patterns in the
training data, resulting in poor performance on both training and test datasets.

 Dropout:

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  Regularization technique where randomly selected neurons are ignored during
training to prevent co-adaptation of neurons and improve model generalization.

 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN):

 Deep learning architecture particularly effective for processing grid-like data, such as
images. CNNs use convolutional layers to automatically learn hierarchical features.

 Recurrent Neural Network (RNN):

 Neural network architecture designed for sequential data processing, where

connections between neurons can form cycles. RNNs are suitable for tasks like time
series prediction and natural language processing.

Neural Network Architecture And Its Working

Neural networks are computational models inspired by the human brain's structure and
function. They consist of interconnected neurons organized into layers, each performing
specific operations on input data to produce desired outputs. Here's an overview of neural
network architecture and its working:

Neural Network Architecture

1. Neurons and Layers:

o Neuron: The basic unit that receives inputs, applies weights, and computes an output
using an activation function.
o Layers: Neurons are organized into layers:
 Input Layer: Receives input data and passes it to the next layer.
 Hidden Layers: Intermediate layers between the input and output layers.
They perform computations and learn representations of the data.
 Output Layer: Produces the final output based on the computations of the
hidden layers.

2. Connections and Weights:

o Connections: Neurons in adjacent layers are connected by weights, which represent
the strength of influence between neurons.
o Weights: Adjusted during training to minimize the difference between predicted and
actual outputs, using techniques like backpropagation and gradient descent.

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 3. Activation Functions:
o Purpose: Applied to the output of each neuron to introduce non-linearity, enabling
neural networks to learn complex patterns.

Working of Neural Networks

1. Feedforward Process:
o Input Propagation: Input data is fed into the input layer of the neural network.
o Forward Pass: Data flows through the network layer by layer. Each neuron in a layer
receives inputs from the previous layer, computes a weighted sum, applies an
activation function, and passes the result to the next layer.
o Output Generation: The final layer (output layer) produces predictions or
classifications based on the learned representations from the hidden layers.

2. Training Process:
o Loss Calculation: Compares the network's output with the true labels to compute a
loss (error) value using a loss function (e.g., Mean Squared Error for regression,
Cross-Entropy Loss for classification).
o Backpropagation: Algorithm used to minimize the loss by adjusting weights
backward through the network. It computes gradients of the loss function with respect
to each weight using the chain rule of calculus.
o Gradient Descent: Optimization technique that updates weights in the direction of
the negative gradient to reduce the loss, making the network more accurate over time.
o Epochs and Batch Training: Training involves multiple passes (epochs) through the
entire dataset, with updates applied in batches to improve training efficiency and
generalization.

3. Model Evaluation and Deployment:

o Validation: After training, the model's performance is evaluated on a separate
validation dataset to assess its generalization ability.
o Deployment: Once validated, the trained model can be deployed to make predictions
or classifications on new, unseen data in real-world applications.

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Types Of Neural Networks and Their Importance
1. Feedforward Neural Networks (FNN)

 Description: Feedforward Neural Networks are the simplest form of neural networks
where information travels in one direction: from input nodes through hidden layers (if
any) to output nodes.
 Importance: They form the foundation of more complex neural networks and are
widely used for tasks like classification and regression.
 Applications:
o Classification: Image classification, sentiment analysis.
o Regression: Predicting continuous values like house prices.

2. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)

 Description: CNNs are specialized for processing grid-like data, such as images or
audio spectrograms. They use convolutional layers to automatically learn hierarchical
patterns.
 Importance: CNNs have revolutionized computer vision tasks by achieving state-of-
the-art performance in image recognition and analysis.
 Applications:
o Image Recognition: Object detection, facial recognition.
o Medical Imaging: Analyzing medical scans for diagnostics.

3. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)

 Description: RNNs are designed to process sequential data by maintaining an internal

state or memory. They have connections that form cycles, allowing information to
persist.
 Importance: Ideal for tasks where the sequence or temporal dependencies of data
matter, such as time series prediction and natural language processing.
 Applications:
o Natural Language Processing (NLP): Language translation, sentiment
analysis.
o Time Series Prediction: Stock market forecasting, weather prediction.

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4. Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTM)

 Description: A type of RNN that mitigates the vanishing gradient problem. LSTMs
have more complex memory units and can learn long-term dependencies.
 Importance: LSTMs excel in capturing and remembering patterns in sequential data
over extended time periods.
 Applications:
o Speech Recognition: Transcribing spoken language into text.
o Predictive Text: Autocomplete suggestions in messaging apps.

5. Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN)

 Description: GANs consist of two neural networks: a generator and a discriminator.

They compete against each other in a game-like framework to generate new data
samples that resemble the training data.
 Importance: GANs are used for generating synthetic data, image-to-image
translation, and creative applications like art generation.
 Applications:
o Image Generation: Creating realistic images from textual descriptions.
o Data Augmentation: Generating additional training examples for improving
model robustness.

Importance and Usage

 Versatility: Each type of neural network is tailored to different data structures and
tasks, offering versatility in solving complex problems across various domains.
 State-of-the-Art Performance: Neural networks have achieved remarkable results in
areas such as image recognition, natural language understanding, and predictive
analytics.
 Automation and Efficiency: They automate feature extraction and data
representation learning, reducing the need for manual feature engineering.

62
 PROJECT WORK
TITLE: BIGMART SALES PREDICTION USING ENSEMBLE LEARNING

PROJECT OVERVIEW

Introduction: Sales forecasting is a pivotal practice for businesses aiming to allocate

resources strategically for future growth while ensuring efficient cash flow management.
Accurate sales forecasting helps businesses estimate their expenditures and revenue,
providing a clearer picture of their short- and long-term success. In the retail sector, sales
forecasting is instrumental in understanding consumer purchasing trends, leading to better
customer satisfaction and optimal utilization of inventory and shelf space.

Project Description: The BigMart Sales Forecasting project is designed to simulate a

professional environment for students, enhancing their understanding of project development
within a corporate setting. The project involves data extraction and processing from an
Amazon Redshift database, followed by the application of various machine learning models
to predict sales.

Data Description: The dataset for this project includes annual sales records for 2013,
encompassing 1559 products across ten different stores located in various cities. The dataset
is rich in attributes, offering valuable insights into customer preferences and product
performance.

Key Objectives

 Develop robust predictive models to forecast sales for individual products at specific
store locations.
 Identify and analyze key factors influencing sales performance, including product
attributes, store characteristics, and external variables.
 Implement and compare various machine learning algorithms to determine the most
effective approach for sales prediction.
 Provide actionable insights to optimize inventory management, resource allocation,
and marketing strategies.

Learning Objectives:

1. Data Processing Techniques: Students will learn to extract, process, and clean large
datasets efficiently.

63
 2. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Students will conduct EDA to uncover patterns
and insights within the data.
3. Statistical and Categorical Analysis:
o Chi-squared Test
o Cramer’s V Test
o Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
4. Machine Learning Models:
o Basic Models: Linear Regression
o Advanced Models: Gradient Boosting, Generalized Additive Models (GAMs),
Splines, and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS)
5. Ensemble Techniques:
o Model Stacking
o Model Blending
6. Model Evaluation: Assessing the performance of various models to identify the best
predictive model for sales forecasting.

Methodology

1. Data Extraction and Processing:

 Utilize Amazon Redshift for efficient data storage and retrieval.

 Implement data cleaning and preprocessing techniques to ensure data quality.

2. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA):

 Conduct in-depth analysis of sales patterns, trends, and correlations.

 Apply statistical tests such as Chi-squared, Cramer's V, and ANOVA to understand
categorical relationships.

3. Feature Engineering:

 Create relevant features to enhance model performance.

 Utilize domain knowledge to develop meaningful predictors.

Model Development:

 Implement a range of models, including:

a. Traditional statistical models (e.g., Linear Regression)

b. Advanced machine learning algorithms (e.g., Gradient Boosting)

c. Generalized Additive Models (GAMs)

d. Spline-based models, including Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS)

 Ensemble Techniques:
o Explore model stacking and blending to improve prediction accuracy.
o Model Evaluation and Selection:
64
 o Assess model performance using appropriate metrics.
o Select the most effective model or ensemble for deployment.

Expected Outcomes

 A robust sales prediction system capable of forecasting product-level sales across

different store locations.
 Insights into key drivers of sales performance, enabling targeted improvements in
product offerings and store management.
 Optimized inventory management and resource allocation strategies based on accurate
sales forecasts.
 Enhanced understanding of customer preferences and purchasing patterns.
 Improved overall business performance through data-driven decision-making.

Results and Findings

Summarized Model Performance and Key Findings:

1. Model Performance Evaluation:

o Linear Regression: This basic model provided a foundational understanding of the
relationship between features and sales. However, its performance was limited due to
its inability to capture non-linear patterns in the data.
o Gradient Boosting: This advanced model significantly improved prediction accuracy
by iteratively correcting errors from previous models. It captured complex
interactions between features but required careful tuning to avoid overfitting.
o Generalized Additive Models (GAMs): GAMs offered a balance between
interpretability and flexibility, performing well by modeling non-linear relationships
without sacrificing too much simplicity.
o Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS): MARS excelled in handling
interactions between features and provided robust performance by fitting piecewise
linear regressions.
o Ensemble Techniques (Model Stacking and Model Blending): By combining
predictions from multiple models, ensemble techniques delivered the best
performance. Model stacking, in particular, improved accuracy by leveraging the
strengths of individual models.

2. Key Findings:
o Feature Importance: Through various models, features such as item weight, item fat
content, and store location were consistently identified as significant predictors of
sales.
o Customer Preferences: Analysis revealed that products with lower fat content had
higher sales in urban stores, indicating a health-conscious consumer base in these
areas.
o Store Performance: Certain stores consistently outperformed others, suggesting
potential areas for targeted marketing and inventory strategies.

3. Best-Performing Model:

 The ensemble technique, specifically model stacking, emerged as the best-performing

model. It combined the strengths of individual models (Linear Regression, Gradient
Boosting, GAMs, and MARS) to deliver the highest prediction accuracy and robustness.
65
Conclusion and Recommendations

Conclusion: The BigMart Sales Forecasting project successfully demonstrated the

application of various data processing, statistical analysis, and machine learning techniques to
predict retail sales. The use of advanced models and ensemble techniques resulted in highly
accurate sales forecasts, providing valuable insights into product and store performance. The
project showcased the importance of comprehensive data analysis and the effectiveness of
combining multiple predictive models.

Recommendations:

1. Inventory Management:
o Utilize the insights from the sales forecasts to optimize inventory levels, ensuring
high-demand products are adequately stocked to meet customer needs while reducing
excess inventory for low-demand items.

2. Targeted Marketing:
o Implement targeted marketing strategies based on customer preferences identified in
the analysis. For example, promote low-fat products more aggressively in urban
stores where they are more popular.

3. Store Performance Optimization:

o Investigate the factors contributing to the success of high-performing stores and apply
these strategies to underperforming locations. This could involve adjusting product
assortments, store layouts, or local marketing efforts.

4. Continuous Model Improvement:

o Regularly update and retrain the predictive models with new sales data to maintain
accuracy and adapt to changing market trends. Incorporate additional data sources,
such as economic indicators or customer feedback, for more comprehensive
forecasting.

5. Employee Training:
o Train store managers and staff on the use of sales forecasts and data-driven decision-
making. Empowering employees with these insights can lead to better in-store
execution and customer service.

PROJECT SOURCE CODE:

Bigmart-Sales-Prediction

66
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR FIRST WEEK

Date Day Brief description of daily Learning outcome Person in-

activity charge
signature

Concepts covered: Understand the

program flow and
20 May 2024 Day 1 Program Overview and Introduction to Data
details Science Definition
Introduction to Data
Science

Applications and Use cases Understand the

applications and
21 May 2024 Day 2 practical usage

Delve deeper into Basic terminology and

Introductory module differences. Able to
22 May 2024 Day 3 covering Basic definitions differentiate the
and differences concepts

Introduction to Different Understand what

modules of the course – exactly Data Science is,
23 May 2024 Day 4 Python, SQL, Data and all the components
Analytics

67
 Introduction to Different Understand the basics
modules of the course – of Machine Learning
24 May 2024 Day 5 Statistics, ML, DL and Deep Learning

WEEKLY REPORT

WEEK - 1 (From Dt 20 May 2024 to Dt 24 May 2024)

Objective of the Activity Done: The first week aimed to introduce the students to the
fundamentals of Data Science, covering program structure, key concepts, applications, and an
overview of various modules such as Python, SQL, Data Analytics, Statistics, Machine
Learning, and Deep Learning.

Detailed Report: During the first week, the training sessions provided a comprehensive
introduction to the Data Science internship program. On the first day, students were oriented
on the program flow, schedule, and objectives. They learned about the definition and
significance of Data Science in today's data-driven world.

The following day, students explored various applications and real-world use cases of Data
Science across different industries, helping them understand its practical implications and
benefits. Mid-week, the focus was on basic definitions and differences between key terms
like Data Science, Data Analytics, and Business Intelligence, ensuring a solid foundational
understanding.

Towards the end of the week, students were introduced to the different modules of the course,
including Python, SQL, Data Analytics, Statistics, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning.
These sessions provided an overview of each module's importance and how they contribute to
the broader field of Data Science.

By the end of the week, students had a clear understanding of the training program's
structure, fundamental concepts of Data Science, and the various applications and use cases
across different industries. They were also familiar with the key modules to be studied in the
coming weeks, laying a strong foundation for more advanced learning.
68
69
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR SECOND WEEK

Date Day Brief description of daily Learning outcome Person in-

activity charge
signature

Understanding the
Day - 1 applications of Python
27 May 2024 Introduction to Python

Python Basics – Installation&Setup,

Installation, Jupyter Defining variables,
28 May 2024 Notebook, Variables, understanding
Day - 2
Datatypes, operators, datatypes, Input/output
Input/Output

Control Structures, Defining the data flow,

Looping statements, Basic Defining the data
29 May 2024 Day - 3 Data Structures structures, Storing and
accessing

Functions, methods and Function definition,

modules Calling and Recursion,
30 May 2024 Day - 4 User-defined and built-
In functions

Errors and Exception User-defined Errors

Day - 5 Handling and exceptions, Built-
31 May 2024 in Exceptions

70
 WEEKLY REPORT

WEEK - 2 (From Dt 27 May 2024 to Dt 31 May 2024)

Objective of the Activity Done: To provide students with a comprehensive introduction to

Python programming, covering the basics necessary for data manipulation and analysis in
Data Science.

Detailed Report: Throughout the week, students were introduced to Python, starting with its
installation and setup. They learned about variables, data types, operators, and input/output
operations. The sessions covered control structures and looping statements to define data
flow and basic data structures like lists, tuples, dictionaries, and sets for data storage and
access. Functions, methods, and modules were also discussed, emphasizing user-defined and
built-in functions, as well as the importance of modular programming. The week concluded
with lessons on errors and exception handling, teaching students how to manage and handle
different types of exceptions in their code.

Learning Outcomes:

 Gained an understanding of Python's role in Data Science.

 Learned how to install and set up Python and Jupyter Notebook.
 Understood and applied basic programming concepts such as variables, data types,
operators, and control structures.
 Developed skills in using basic data structures and writing functions.
 Acquired knowledge in handling errors and exceptions in Python programs.

71
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THIRD WEEK

Date Day Brief description of daily Learning outcome Person in-charge

activity signature

Object Oriented OOPS concepts,

Programming in Python Practical
3 June 2024 Day - 1 implementation

Python Libraries for Data Numerical operations,

Science - Numpy Multi-dimensional
4 June 2024 Day - 2 Storage structures

Data Analysis using PandasDataframes definition,

Data loading and
5 June 2024 Day - 3 analysis

SQL Basics – Relational Introduction to

Databases Introduction, Databases,
6 June 2024 Day - 4 SQL Vs NoSQL, SQL Understanding of
Databases Various databases and
features

Types of SQL – DDL, Understanding of

DCL, DML, TCL Basic SQL
7 June 2024 Day - 5 commands Commands, Creating
Databases, Tables and
Loading the data

72
 WEEKLY REPORT

WEEK - 3 (From Dt 03 June 2024 to Dt 07 June 2024 )

Objective of the Activity Done: The fourth week aimed to introduce students to Object-
Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts in Python, Python libraries essential for Data Science
(NumPy and Pandas), and foundational SQL concepts. Students learned practical
implementation of OOP principles, numerical operations using NumPy, data manipulation
with Pandas dataframes, and basic SQL commands for database management.

Detailed Report:

 Object Oriented Programming in Python:

o Students were introduced to OOP concepts such as classes, objects,
inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation in Python. They implemented
these concepts in practical coding exercises.
 Python Libraries for Data Science - Numpy:
o Focus was on NumPy, a fundamental library for numerical operations in
Python. Students learned about multi-dimensional arrays, array manipulation
techniques, and mathematical operations using NumPy.
 Data Analysis using Pandas:
o Introduction to Pandas, a powerful library for data manipulation and analysis
in Python. Students learned about dataframes, loading data from various
sources, and performing data analysis tasks such as filtering, sorting, and
aggregation.
 SQL Basics – Relational Databases Introduction:
o Overview of relational databases, including SQL vs NoSQL databases.
Students gained an understanding of the features and use cases of SQL
databases in data management.
 Types of SQL – DDL, DCL, DML, TCL commands:
o Introduction to SQL commands categorized into Data Definition Language
(DDL), Data Control Language (DCL), Data Manipulation Language (DML),
and Transaction Control Language (TCL). Students learned to create
databases, define tables, and manipulate data using basic SQL commands.

73
Learning Outcomes:

 Acquired proficiency in OOP concepts and their practical implementation in Python.

 Developed skills in numerical operations and multi-dimensional array handling using
NumPy.
 Mastered data manipulation techniques using Pandas dataframes for efficient data
analysis.
 Gained foundational knowledge of SQL databases, including SQL vs NoSQL
distinctions and basic SQL commands.
 Learned to create databases, define tables, and perform data operations using SQL
commands.

ACTIVITY LOG FOR FOURTH WEEK

Date Day Brief description of daily Learning outcome Person in-charge

activity signature

Joining data from

tables in a Database,
10 June 2024 SQL Joins and Advanced executing advanced
Day - 1 SQL Queries commands

Data Analysis on
Ecommerce Data,
11 June 2024 Day - 2 SQL Hands-On – Sample Executing all
Project on Ecommerce commands on
Data Ecommerce Database

Mathematics for Data Understanding

Science – Statistics, Types statistics used for
12 June 2024 Day - 3
of Statistics – Descriptive Machine Learning
Statistics

Inferential Statistics, Making conclusions

Day - 4 Hypothesis Testing, from data using tests
13 June 2024 Different tests

74
 Probability Measures and Understanding data
Day - 5 Distributions distributions,
14 June 2024 Skewness and Bias

75
 WEEKLY REPORT

WEEK - 4 (From Dt 10 June 2024 to Dt 14 June 2024)

Objective of the Activity Done: The focus of the third week was to delve into SQL,
advanced SQL queries, and database operations for data analysis. Additionally, the week
covered fundamental mathematics for Data Science, including descriptive statistics,
inferential statistics, hypothesis testing, probability measures, and distributions essential for
data analysis and decision-making.

Detailed Report:

 SQL Joins and Advanced SQL Queries:

o Students learned how to join data from multiple tables using SQL joins. They
executed advanced SQL commands to perform complex data manipulations
and queries.
 SQL Hands-On – Sample Project on Ecommerce Data:
o Students applied their SQL skills to analyze ecommerce data. They executed
SQL commands on an ecommerce database, gaining practical experience in
data retrieval, filtering, and aggregation.
 Mathematics for Data Science – Statistics:
o Introduction to statistics for Data Science, focusing on descriptive statistics.
Students learned about measures like mean, median, mode, variance, and
standard deviation used for data summarization.
 Inferential Statistics, Hypothesis Testing, Different Tests:
o Delved into inferential statistics, where students learned to make conclusions
and predictions from data using hypothesis testing and various statistical tests
such as t-tests, chi-square tests, and ANOVA.
 Probability Measures and Distributions:
o Students studied probability concepts, including measures of central tendency
and variability, as well as different probability distributions such as normal
distribution, binomial distribution, and Poisson distribution. They understood
the implications of skewness and bias in data distributions.

Learning Outcomes:

 Acquired proficiency in SQL joins and advanced SQL queries for effective data
retrieval and manipulation.
 Applied SQL skills in a practical project scenario involving ecommerce data analysis.
 Developed a solid foundation in descriptive statistics and its application in
summarizing data.
 Gained expertise in inferential statistics and hypothesis testing to draw conclusions
from data.
 Learned about probability measures and distributions, understanding their
characteristics and applications in Data Science.

76
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR FIFTH WEEK

Date Day Brief description of daily Learning outcome Person in-charge

activity signature

Machine Learning Basics Understanding of

various types of
17 June 2024 Day - 1 Introduction, ML Vs DL, Machine Learning
Types of Machine Learning

Supervised Learning – Understanding

Introduction, Tabular Data Tabular Data,
18 June 2024 Day - 2 and Various Algorithms features and
Supervised learning
mechanisms

Supervised Learning – Understanding

Decision Trees, Random algorithms that can
19 June 2024 Day - 3 Forest, SVM be applied for both
classification and
regression,

Unsupervised Learning – Understanding

Introduction, Clustering feature importance,
20 June 2024 Day - 4 and Dimensionality High dimensionality
Reduction elimination

Model evaluation, Metrics Hyper Parameter

and Hyper Parameter Tuning and
21 June 2024 Day - 5 Tuning improving Model
Performance
techniques

77
 WEEKLY REPORT

WEEK - 5 (From Dt 17 June 2024 to Dt 21 June 2024)

Objective of the Activity Done: The fifth week focused on Machine Learning fundamentals,
covering supervised and unsupervised learning techniques, model evaluation metrics, and
hyperparameter tuning. Students gained a comprehensive understanding of different types of
Machine Learning, algorithms used for both classification and regression, and techniques for
feature importance and dimensionality reduction.

Detailed Report:

 Machine Learning Basics:

o Introduction to Machine Learning (ML) and comparison with Deep Learning
(DL).
o Overview of supervised and unsupervised learning approaches.
 Supervised Learning – Tabular Data and Various Algorithms:
o Introduction to tabular data and features.
o Explanation of supervised learning mechanisms and algorithms suitable for
tabular data.
 Supervised Learning – Decision Trees, Random Forest, SVM:
o Detailed study of decision trees, random forests, and support vector machines
(SVM).
o Understanding their applications in both classification and regression tasks.
 Unsupervised Learning – Clustering and Dimensionality Reduction:
o Introduction to unsupervised learning.
o Focus on clustering techniques for grouping data and dimensionality reduction
methods to reduce the number of features.
 Model Evaluation, Metrics, and Hyperparameter Tuning:
o Techniques for evaluating machine learning models, including metrics like
accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.
o Importance of hyperparameter tuning in optimizing model performance and
techniques for achieving better results.

Learning Outcomes:

 Developed a comprehensive understanding of Machine Learning fundamentals,

including supervised and unsupervised learning techniques.
 Acquired knowledge of popular algorithms such as decision trees, random forests, and
SVM for both classification and regression tasks.
 Learned methods for feature importance assessment and dimensionality reduction in
unsupervised learning.
 Gained proficiency in evaluating model performance using metrics and techniques for
hyperparameter tuning to improve model accuracy and effectiveness.

78
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR SIXTH WEEK

Date Day Brief description of Learning outcome Person in-charge

daily activity signature

Machine Learning Understanding various

Project – Project phases of ML project
24 June 2024 Day - 1
Lifecycle and development
Description

Data Preparation, Understanding Data

EDA and Splitting Cleansing, Analysis
25 June 2024 Day - 2
the data and Training & Testing
data

Model Development How to use various

and Evaluation models to for ensemble
26 June 2024 Day - 3
model – Bagging,
Boosting and Stacking

Introduction to Deep Understanding the

Learning and Neural applications of Deep
27 June 2024 Day - 4
Networks learning and Why to
use Deep Learning

Basic Terminology Understanding Various

and Types of Neural neural networks,
28 June 2024 Day - 5
Networks Architecture and
Processing output.

79
 WEEKLY REPORT

WEEK - 6 (From Dt 24 June 2024 to Dt 28 June 2024)

Objective of the Activity Done: The sixth week focused on practical aspects of Machine
Learning (ML) and introduction to Deep Learning (DL). Topics included the ML project
lifecycle, data preparation, exploratory data analysis (EDA), model development and
evaluation, ensemble methods (bagging, boosting, stacking), introduction to DL and neural
networks.

Detailed Report:

 Machine Learning Project – Project Lifecycle and Description:

o Students gained an understanding of the phases involved in an ML project,
from problem definition and data collection to model deployment and
maintenance.
 Data Preparation, EDA and Splitting the Data:
o Focus on data preprocessing tasks such as data cleansing, handling missing
values, and feature engineering. Students learned about EDA techniques to
gain insights from data and splitting data into training and testing sets.
 Model Development and Evaluation:
o Introduction to various machine learning models and techniques for model
evaluation. Students explored ensemble methods such as bagging (e.g.,
Random Forest), boosting (e.g., Gradient Boosting Machines), and stacking
for improving model performance.
 Introduction to Deep Learning and Neural Networks:
o Overview of Deep Learning, its applications, and advantages over traditional
Machine Learning methods.
 Basic Terminology and Types of Neural Networks:
o Students learned about fundamental concepts in neural networks, including
architecture, layers, and types such as feedforward neural networks,
convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and recurrent neural networks
(RNNs).

Learning Outcomes:

 Acquired practical knowledge of the ML project lifecycle and essential data

preparation techniques.
 Developed skills in exploratory data analysis (EDA) and data splitting for model
training and evaluation.
 Learned about ensemble methods (bagging, boosting, stacking) and their application
in combining multiple models for improved predictive performance.
 Gained an introduction to Deep Learning, understanding its applications and
advantages.
 Explored basic terminology and types of neural networks, laying the foundation for
deeper study in Deep Learning.

80
Student Self Evaluation of the Short-Term Internship

Registration
Student Name: No.

From: To:

Term of the Internship:

Date of Evaluation:

Organization Name &

Address:

Please rate your performance in the following areas:

Rating Scale: Letter Grade of CGPA Provided

1 Oral Communication skills 1 2 3 4 5

2 Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3 Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5

4 Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5 Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6 Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5

7 Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8 Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9 Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10 Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11 Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12 Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

81
 13 Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14 Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15 OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the Student

Evaluation by the Supervisor of the Intern Organization

Registration
Student Name: No.

From: To:

Term of the Internship:

Date of Evaluation:

Organization Name & Address:

Name & Address of the Supervisor:

Please rate the student’s performance in the following areas:

Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1 Oral Communication skills 1 2 3 4 5

2 Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3 Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5

4 Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5 Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

82
6 Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5

7 Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8 Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9 Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10 Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11 Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12 Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13 Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14 Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15 OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the

Evaluator

83
 EVALUATION

Internal Evaluation for Short Term Internship

Objectives:
• To integrate theory and practice.
• To learn to appreciate work and its function towards the future.
• To develop work habits and attitudes necessary for job success.
• To develop communication, interpersonal and other critical skills in the future job.
• To acquire additional skills required for the world of work.
•
Assessment Model:
• There shall only be internal evaluation.
• The Faculty Guide assigned is in-charge of the learning activities of the students
and for the comprehensive and continuous assessment of the students.
• The assessment is to be conducted for 100 marks.
• The number of credits assigned is 4. Later the marks shall be converted into
grades and grade points to include finally in the SGPA and CGPA.
• The weightings shall be:
84
 o Activity Log 25 marks o
Internship Evaluation 50marks o Oral
Presentation 25 marks
• Activity Log is the record of the day-to-day activities. The Activity Log is
assessed on an individual basis, thus allowing for individual members within
groups to be assessed this way. The assessment will take into consideration the
individual student’s involvement in the assigned work.
• While evaluating the student’s Activity Log, the following shall be considered –
a. The individual student’s effort and commitment.
b. The originality and quality of the work produced by the individual student.
c. The student’s integration and co-operation with the work assigned.
d. The completeness of the Activity Log.
• The Internship Evaluation shall include the following components and based on
Weekly Reports and Outcomes Description a. Description of the Work
Environment.
b. Real Time Technical Skills acquired.
c. Managerial Skills acquired.
d. Improvement of Communication Skills.
e. Team Dynamics
f. Technological Developments recorded.

MARKS STATEMENT
(To be used by the Examiners)
85
 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT STATEMENT

Name Of the Student:

Programme of Study:
Year of Study:
Group:
Register No/H.T. No: Name of
the College:
University:

Sl.No Evaluation Criterion Maximum

Marks
Marks Awarded

1. Activity Log 25

2. Internship Evaluation 50

86
3. Oral Presentation 25

GRAND TOTAL 100

Signature of the Faculty Guide

Date: Signature of the Head of the Department/Principal

Seal:

87