UNIT 3
1. Wireless Medium Access Issues:
- Interference: Co-channel interference, adjacent-channel interference.
- Hidden Node Problem: Nodes unable to hear each other leading to collisions.
- Exposed Node Problem: Nodes unable to transmit due to interference from other
transmissions.
- Channel Access Mechanisms: CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple
Access).
2. MAC Protocol Survey:
- CSMA/CA: Used in IEEE 802.15.4 standard for low-power, low-data-rate applications.
- TDMA: Efficient for periodic data transmission, divides time into slots for different nodes.
- Hybrid Protocols: Combining CSMA/CA and TDMA for better efficiency, e.g., Zigbee.
- Contention-Free Protocols: Avoid contention by scheduling transmissions, e.g., Wi-Fi.
3. Survey of Routing Protocols:
- Flat Routing: All nodes in the network have the same routing capabilities, e.g., Flooding.
- Hierarchical Routing: Nodes organized in a hierarchical structure, e.g., LEACH (Low Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy).
- Location-Based Routing: Routes based on the physical locations of nodes, e.g., GPSR
(Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing).
- Energy-Efficient Routing: Prioritizes energy conservation, e.g., AODV (Ad-hoc On-demand
Distance Vector).
4. Sensor Deployment & Node Discovery:
- Random Deployment: Nodes deployed without specific patterns, suitable for large areas.
- Grid Deployment: Nodes deployed in a grid pattern, easier to manage and maintain.
- Cluster-Based Deployment: Nodes organized into clusters for efficient data aggregation and
processing.
- Node Discovery: Techniques to discover new nodes in the network, e.g., beaconing, periodic
broadcasts.
5. Data Aggregation & Dissemination:
- Data Fusion: Aggregating data from multiple sensors to reduce redundancy and improve
accuracy.
- In-network Processing: Processing data at intermediate nodes before transmitting to reduce
bandwidth usage.
- Tree-Based Dissemination: Data propagated in a hierarchical tree structure to reduce
overhead.
- Query-Based Dissemination: Data transmitted in response to specific queries from sink
nodes to conserve energy.
Unit 4
1. Arduino Platform Boards Anatomy:
- Microcontroller: The heart of the Arduino board, responsible for executing code.
- Input/Output Pins (I/O): Connect sensors, actuators, and external components.
- Power Supply: Can be powered via USB, battery, or external power source.
- Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC): Converts analog signals from sensors to digital
values.
- Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC): Converts digital values to analog signals for
output.
- Communication Interfaces: UART, I2C, SPI for interfacing with other devices.
2. Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment :
- Code Editor: Write, edit, and debug Arduino sketches.
- Compiler: Translates Arduino code into machine-readable instructions.
- Serial Monitor: Debug and monitor serial communication between Arduino and
computer.
- Library Manager: Easily add and manage libraries for extended functionality.
3. Coding:
- Setup Function: Runs once when the Arduino is powered on or reset, initializes
variables and pins.
- Loop Function: Runs repeatedly after setup, contains the main program logic.
- Functions: Custom functions for organizing code and reusability.
- Control Structures: if-else, for, while loops for decision making and iteration.
4. Using Emulator:
- Emulators simulate Arduino hardware and behavior on a computer.
- Useful for testing code without physical Arduino boards.
- Examples include SimulIDE, Circuito.io.
5. Using Libraries:
- Libraries extend Arduino's functionality with pre-written code.
- Easily integrate complex features like sensors, displays, communication protocols.
- Library Manager in Arduino IDE allows easy installation and management.
6. Additions in Arduino:
- Shields: Expansion boards that plug into Arduino for additional functionality (e.g.,
Ethernet, Wi-Fi, GPS).
- Sensors and Actuators: Modules to sense environmental data (temperature,
humidity) or control physical outputs (LEDs, motors).
- Displays: LCDs, OLEDs, and other display modules for visual output.
- Communication Modules: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee modules for wireless
communication.
7. Programming Arduino for IoT:
- Utilize communication modules for connecting Arduino to the internet or other IoT
devices.
- Implement protocols like MQTT, HTTP for data exchange with IoT platforms or
servers.
- Optimize code for low power consumption to extend battery life in IoT applications.
These pointers should provide a solid foundation for studying Arduino programming,
especially focusing on IoT applications.
