Chapter two

Design of isolated Footing

Asmamaw Fetene

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 I. Depth of footing
• The depth of embedment must be at least large
enough to accommodate the required footing
thickness. This depth is measured from the
lowest adjacent ground surface to the bottom of
the footing.
• Footings should be carried below
a) zone of high volume change due to moisture
fluctuation
b) top (organic) soil
c) peat and muck
d) unconsolidated (or fill) material
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 Design of Spread Footings
• According to EBCS-7
– minimum depth of footing should be 50cm
– for footings on sloping sites, minimum depth of
footing should be 60cm and 90cm below ground
surface on rocky and soil formations, respectively.
• Footing at different elevations: - When adjacent
footings are to be placed at different levels, the
distance between the edges of footings shall be such
as to prevent undesirable overlapping of stresses in
soils and disturbance of the soil under the higher
footing due to excavation for the lower footing. A
minimum clear distance of half the width of the
footing is recommended
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 Design of Spread Footings
II, Proportioning of footing
• The required area of the footing and
subsequently the proportions will be
determined using presumptive allowable soil
pressure and/or the soil strength parameters 
and C as discussed previously.
III, Structural Design
i )Punching shear:- This factor generally controls
the depth of footings. It is the normal practice
to provide adequate depth to sustain the shear
stress developed without reinforcement. The
critical section that is to be considered is
indicated in Fig.
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Critical Section

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Diagonal Tension (wide beam shear)

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 iii) Bending Moment
The external moment on any section of a footing shall be
determined by passing a vertical plane through the
footing, and computing the moment of the forces acting
over the entire area of the footing on one side of that
vertical plane. The critical sections for the bending
moment vary according to the type of columns.
• According to EBCS 2-1995, the critical section for
moment shall be taken as follows:
a) At the face of column, pedestal or wall for footings
supporting a concrete pedestal or wall
b) Halfway between middle and edge of wall, for
footings supporting a masonry wall
c) Halfway between face of column and edge of steel
base for footings supporting a column with base plates. 7
Critical Section

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Critical Section

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• Minimum Footing cover (According to
EBCS2-1995)
The thickness of footing above bottom
reinforcement shall not be less than 150mm for
footing on soil, nor 300mm for footing on piles.
• Concrete cover to reinforcement (According
to EBCS2-1995)
- Concrete cast directly against the earth, the
minimum cover should be greater than 75mm
- Concrete cast against prepared ground
(including blinding) the minimum cover should
be greater than 40mm.

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• Spacing of reinforcement
The clear horizontal and vertical distance between
bars shall be at least equal to the largest of the
following values: (EBCS2-1995)
a) 20mm
b) the diameter of the largest bar
c) the maximum size of the aggregate plus 5mm
The spacing between main bars for slabs shall not
exceed the smaller of 2h or 350mm
The spacing between secondary bars shall not
exceed 400mm

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 Example
1.Given R.C. column size 30X50 cm with 422.
P = 1500kN
M = 375 kN-m
• Ultimate soil bearing pressure = 400kPa
• fyk = 300MPa fyd = 300/1.15 = 260.87 MPa
C25 fck= 20MPafctk = 1.5 MPa,
Required:- Design of rectangular R.C. footing

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Example…………………cont.

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Example…………………cont.

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Example…………………cont.

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Example…………………cont.

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 Example…………………cont.
Thickness of the footing
i, Punching shear
The Punching shear resistance according to EBCS-2 is given by

Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)

Take d= 0.40m and  = min = 0.5/fyk = 0.5 /300 = 0.0017

k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.4 = 1.2

u = 2(3d +b’) +2(3d+a’) = 12d +2b’ + 2a’ = 12*0.4 +2*0.5 +2*0.3 =6.4
Then
Vup = 0.25*1*1.085 *1.2 *6.4*0.4=0.83328MN = 833.28kN

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Example…………………cont.

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Example…………………cont.

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Example…………………cont.

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Example…………………cont.

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Example…………………cont.

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 Example…………………cont.
Developed wide beam shear

Vd = 208.24 *2.4 =499.78kN

The wide beam shear resistance according to EBCS-2 is given by

Vu = 0.25fctd k1k2 bwd (MN)

= 0.25*1*1.085*1.15*2.4*0.45=0.33689MN=336.89kN < Vd not ok 

Since the developed shear force is greater than the wide

beam shear resistance, one may increase the depth

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Example…………………cont.

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Example…………………cont.

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Example…………………cont.

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Example…………………cont.

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Example…………………cont.

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Example…………………cont.

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Example…………………cont..

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