CHAPTER 7

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOUNDATION.

7.1 INTRODUCTION.
 Foundations are sub-structural elements of building and other structures used to distribute
the load of the structure over a large bearing area so as to bring intensity of loading
within the safe bearing capacity of the soil lying underneath.
 To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate so as to prevent unequal settlement.
 To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting material, to secure a level and firm bed
for building operations and to increase the stability of the structure as a whole.
The requirements in design of foundations:
 The pressure on the soil should not exceed the bearing capacity of the soil.
 The settlement of the structure should be within the permissible limits. Further there
should be no differential settlement.
Spread or Isolated Footings: They are used to support individual column. Isolated footings can
be stepped type, simple type or slope type, having projections in the base concrete, to support
heavy loads, reinforcement is provided at the base. The reinforcement so placed in both
directions.
Two most common known bearing capacities are ultimate bearing capacity (qult) and allowable
bearing capacity (qa).
Ultimate bearing capacity (qult): - is the maximum pressure that the soil can support or is the
maximum bearing capacity of soil at which the soil fails by shear. In other word the ultimate
bearing capacity is the ultimate resistance offered by a foundation material when subjected to
loading.
Allowable bearing capacity (qa):- is the working load that would ensure in margin safety
against collapse of the structure from shear failure. The allowable bearing capacity which is also
called safe bearing capacity of a soil is a load intensity which provides an adequate safety factor
against soil rupture and insures that settlement due static loading will not exceed the tolerable
value.
Grouping of the footing
Table7.1: Grouping footings based on support reaction obtained from the ETABS analysis.
Group Load range (KN) Type of column Type of footing
Group 1 2474 - 1014 C14 C8 C13 C15 C14 C20 C17 F1
Group 2 982 - 930 C1 C4 C10 C6 F2
Group 3 887 – 713 C27 C40 C8 C13 F3
Group 4 598 – 519 C16 C30 C4 F4
Group 5 450 – 472 C6 C15 C5 F5
Group 6 374-326 C20 C10 C1 F6
Group 7 259 - 217 C16 C17 C27 C30 C5 F7
Group 8 143 - 36 C40 C2 F8
 High axially loaded column C15 which has a compression force of 1357.24KN from F1 group
is selected as a representative sample for isolated footing design. Isolate footing type and its
dimension is assume to be 2.5 m by 3 m and depth of 3m.
PZ : 1357.24KN MX(KN.M) : 24.34KN.M MY(KN.M) : 48.65KN.M

9.2 Determining size of footing.

Check stress with allowable bearing capacity since the factored load, since we don’t have
laboratory value, we simply take the minimum allowable soil stress of σall = 300N/mm2
=1357.24KN, usually to unfactor the load a reduce factor of 1.35 is used.
The design unfactored axial load will be:

1357.24
R= =1005.363 KN
1.35
Self-weight of footing and weight of soil on footing is considered as 10 to 15% of the vertical
load. Which comes from the ETABS using serviceability limit state,
 Column load (SLS)=1005.363 KN
 Extra load at 10% of load due to self-weight of soil=1005.363* 10%=100.54KN
Total load = VEd =1005.363+100.54 = 1105.9KN

{ }
My 24.34
ex = = =0.022
P 1105.9 b
=0.417>ex∧ey
My 48.65 6
ey= = =0.044
P 1105.9
1105.9 2 2
σ Ed = =147.453 KN /m <σ all =300 KN /m …….OK!
2.5∗3
As we can see from the above value the soil has a good bearing resistance. Thus the load coming
from the structure can easily be transferred to the foundation soil by using isolated footing.
R 6 e 6 ey
σ = ⌈ 1± ± ⌉< q all ex 0.022, ey 0.044
A l B
Assuming the ratio of L/B=1.25 and σmax= σall =300 KPa
R 6 ex 6 ey
σ max= ⌈ 1 ± ± ⌉ < qall
A l B

𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵,=2.07 ≈ 2.1𝑚

2
L=1.25∗B∧ A=B∗L=1.25∗B

Use B = 2.1m, L=1.25*2.1=2.625 ≈ 2.7m and A= B*L=5.67m2

9.2.1 Depth determination
In the structural design of footings, adequacy of the thickness of the footing & provide the
necessary reinforcement to with stand punching shear and shear diagonal tension (wide beam
shear) bending moment and bond stress should be checked.
fck= 25Mpa
fyk= 400Mpa.
 fyk 400
Fyd= = =347.83
ys 1.15
acc∗fck 0.85∗25
Fcd= = =14.167 Mpa
yc 1.5
2 2
3 3
0.21 fck 0.21¿ 25
Fctd= = =1.197
yc 1.5
Punching shear.
It is normal practice to provide adequate depth to restrain the shear stress developed without
reinforcement. The critical section for punching is as shown below.
Column size B’=35cm L’=45 cm

p
m

Figure 9. 2: Punching shear

1.5 L’ 1.5
d d
σmin

σ1 σ σ max
σ2
Figure 9. 4: punching shear stress.

R 6 ex 6 ey 1357.24 6∗0.022 6∗0.044

σ max= ⌈ 1+ + ⌉= ⌈ 1+ + ⌉=281.168 Kpa
A l B 5.67 2.7 2.1
R 6 ex 6 ey 1357.24 6∗0.022 6∗0.044
σ min= ⌈ 1+ + ⌉= ⌈ 1− − ⌉=197.576 Kpa
A l B 5.67 2.7 2.1
Calculation of thickness of footing d.

For punching shear.

 Punching shear resistance.
 V up=0.25∗fctd∗k 1+ k 2∗p∗d
Assuming d=0.45m
0.5
k 1=1+ 50∗ρ=1.0625 ≤2 , ρ ¿ ρmin = =0.00125∧k 2=1.6−d=1.15
fyk

Vup=0.25*1.197*1.0625*1.0*11.80*0.45*1000=1688.33KN

σ 1=σ min + ( 2 )(
L−L' −3 d σ max −σ min
L )
=197.576+ ( 0.45∗30.96 )=211.51 KN /m2

+( )(
L−L +3 d σ −σ min
)=197.576+( 1.8∗30.96 )=222.344 KN /m
'
max 2
σ 2=σ min
2 L
σ 1 +σ 2 '
σ= ( L +3 d ) = 433 ( 2.7+ 3∗0.45 )=878.554 KN /m
2 2
𝑉 = 𝜎 ∗ (𝐵′ + 3𝑑) = 878.554 ∗ 1.7 = 1493.543𝐾𝑁

The net shear force developed VNet

VNet= P-V =1357.24 – 1493.543 = -136.303 KN< Vup= 1688.33.

(L+L’)/2 d

σ min σ max

σ
σ1
Figure 9. 5: wide beam shear stress.
Contact stress at a distance d from face of the column.

σ =σ min + (L−L'
2
+d )(
σ max −σ min
L )
=197.576+ ( 1.575∗30.96 )=329.93 KN /m2

L−L'
σ 1=σ min +
2 (
−d
L )(
σ min + σ
)
=0.675∗398.56=269.033 KN /m2

 The developed wide beam shear Vd.

Vd=σ1 * B = 269.033*2.1= 564.97KN.

𝑉𝑢𝑑 = 0.25 ∗𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗𝐾1 ∗𝐾2 ∗𝑏𝑤 ∗𝑑 = 0.25∗1.197∗1.0625∗1∗2100∗0.45

 Wide beam shear resistance.

=300.466𝐾𝑁 < 𝑉𝑑 = 564.97𝐾𝑁------ 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘

 Since Wide beam shear resistance is much less than the developed wide beam shear, we have to

𝑉𝑢𝑑 = 0.25 ∗𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗𝐾1 ∗𝐾2 ∗𝑏𝑤 ∗𝑑 = 0.25∗1.197∗1.0625∗1∗2100∗0.9

increase the depth to resist wide beam shear. Taking d=0.9m

=600.931𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑑 = 564.97𝐾𝑁------ 𝑜𝑘.

For punching shear.

V𝑢𝑝 = 0.25 ∗𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗𝐾1 ∗𝐾2 ∗𝑃 ∗𝑑

 Punching shear resistance.

0.5
k 1=1+ 50∗ρ=1.0625 ≤2 , ρ ¿ ρmin = =0.00125∧k 2=1.6−d=1.15
fyk

Vup=0.25*1.197*1.0625*1.0*10.6*0.9*1000=3033.3KN

σ 1=σ min + (L−L' −3 d

2 )( σ max −σ min
L )
=197.576+ ( 0.225∗30.96 )=204.542 KN /m2

+( )(
L−L +3 d σ −σ min
)=197.576+( 2.475∗30.96 )=274.202 KN /m
'
max 2
σ 2=σ min
2 L
σ 1 +σ 2 '
σ= ( L +3 d ) = 478.744 ( 2.7+3∗0.9 )=1292.61 KN /m
2 2
𝑉 = 𝜎 ∗ (𝐵′ + 3𝑑) = 600.931 ∗ 3.05 = 1832.84𝐾𝑁
 The net shear force developed VNet
VNet=PEd-V = 1357.24 – 1832.84= 475.6 KN < Vup=3033.3KN-----OK!
Check for wide beam shear
Contact stress at a distance d from face of the column.

σ =σ min + (
L+ L'
2
+d
L)(
σ max−σ min
)
=197.576+ ( 2.475∗30.96 )=274.193 KN /m2

( )( σ 2+ σ )= ( 0.225∗885.673)=199.27 KN /m
'
L−L max 2
σ 1= −d
2

 The developed wide beam shear Vd

Vd = σ1*B= 199.27 *2.1= 418.467KN

𝑉𝑢𝑑 = 0.25 ∗𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝐾1 ∗𝐾2 ∗𝑏𝑤 ∗𝑑 =600.931𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝑑 = 418.46𝐾𝑁−−−𝑜𝑘

 Wide beam shear resistance.

Reinforcement for bending moment.

Assuming concrete column having the following critical section.
 (L+L’)/2 (L-L’)/2

σ
σ2
L σ1
Figure 9.6 footing critical section.

( )( ) σ max −σ min
( )( 281.168−197.576 )=197.576+( 1.575∗30.96)=246.34
'
L+ L 2.7 +0.45
σ =σ min + =197.576+
2 L 22.7

2 )( L ) (
σ =(
L−L σ −σ
)( 2.7 )=2.91 KN /m
'
2.7−0.45 281.168−274.193
max 2
1 =
2

σ =σ∗(
2 )
=274.193∗( )=308.47 KN /m
'
L−L 2.7−0.45 2
2
2

[ ( )
σ∗2 L−L σ 2∗1 L−L
( )]
' '
M= ∗ + ∗ ∗B
3 2 2 2

M=
[ 3
∗
2 (
+
2
∗ )
247.193∗2 2.7−0.45 308.47∗1 2.7−0.45
2 (
∗2.1=753.71 KN . m )]
𝑀𝑟𝑑=0.32∗𝑓𝑐𝑑∗𝐵∗𝑑2=0.32∗14.167∗2.1∗9002∗10−3=7711.382𝐾𝑁𝑚 >753.71 KN . m
Calculating moment capacity of concrete Mrd

-------𝑜𝑘!
Reinforcement in the long direction.

[ √ ] [ √ ]
3
fcd 2∗M 14.167 2∗753.71∗10
ρ= 1− 1−( 2
)= 1− 1−( 2
) =0.00123< ρmin =0.00125
fyd 347.83
A𝑠=𝜌∗𝐵∗𝑑=0.00125∗2100∗900= 2,362.5mm2
fcd∗B∗d 14.167∗2.1∗900

Use Ф24 bars as= 452.38mm2

Number of bars n=As/as=2362.5/452.38 = 5.22…….. use 6 bars
Spacing S= as*B/As=(452.38*2100)/2362.5 = 402.115 mm.
Use 6Ф24 c/c 400mm
Reinforcement in the short direction.
 Average contact pressure.
σ max +σ min 281.168+ 197.576 2
σ avg= = =239.372 KN /m
2 2

M=
2 [
σ avg B−B '
2 ]∗L=
2 [
239.372 2.1−0.35
2 ]
∗2.7=282.758 KN /m
2

[ √ ] [ √ ]
3
fcd 2∗M 14.167 2∗282.758∗10
ρ= 1− 1−( 2
)= 1− 1−( 2
) =0.000481< ρmin =0.00125
fyd fcd∗B∗d 347.83 14.167∗2.1∗900

A𝑠=𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛∗𝐵∗𝑑=0.00125∗2700∗900= 3037.5𝑚𝑚2
Ρmin=0.5/400=0.00125

Use Ф24 bars as= 452.38mm2

Number of bars n=As/as=3037.5/452.38= 6.71…….. use 7 bars.
Spacing S= as*B/As, provided= (452.38*2700)/3037.5= 402.115mm.
Use 7Ф24 c/c 400mm.

Development length
Ф
∗σ sd 2 2
4 Where fctk=0.21 fck 3 =0.21(25)3 =1.7951 Mpa
ld =
fbd
fctk 1.795
fctd= = =1.196 Mpa
yc 1.5
fbd=2.25*η1* η2* fctd=2.25*1.0*1.0*1.196= 2.69Mpa
24
∗239.372
4
ld = =533.92mm
2.69

( ) ( )
'
( Ld ) available= L−L − cover +stirup + Ф = 2700−450 − 50+10+ 24 =1053 mm>ld
2 2 2 2

{
0.3 Ib , req=0.3∗533.92=160.176
For anchorage in tension Ib , min ≥ max 10 Φ=24∗10=240 mm
100 mm
Ib,min=240mm

{
0.6 Ib , req=0.6∗533.92=320.352
For anchorage in tension Ib , min ≥ max 10 Φ=24∗10=240 mm
100 mm
Ib,min=320.352mm

Footing Reinforcement Detailing