FOUNDATIONS
Analysis and Design of Footing
Notes:
• In two-way rectangular footings, reinforcements may be distributed as follows:
(a) Reinforcement in long direction may be distributed uniformly across the entire
width of footing.
(b) For the reinforcement in the short direction, a portion of the total reinforcement may
be distributed uniformly over a bandwith (width center on centerline of the column)
equal to the dimension of the short side of footing. The rest of the reinforcement
may be distributed uniformly outside the center bandwidth of footing. The area of
reinforcement in the center band is given by the formula
𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 2
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛽+1
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝛽=
𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
• Load transfer from Column to Footing
All forces acting at the base of a column must be transferred into the footing.
Compressive forces may be transferred directly by bearing, while uplift or tensile forces
must be transferred by developed reinforcing such as dowels and mechanical
connectors.
At the base of the column, the permissible bearing strength of for either
𝑨𝟐
surface is ∅(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝐟𝐜′ 𝐀 𝟏 ), where ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓, but it may be multiplied by √ ≤ 𝟐, for bearing
𝑨𝟏
in the footing where 𝐴1 is the column area and 𝐴2 is the area of the portion of the
supporting footing that is geometrically similar and concentric with columns.
Reinforced Concrete Design- CE 414
Foundations
Dowels
If the computed bearing force is higher than the allowable value, it is necessary
to provide dowels to carry the excess force. This can also be done by extending the
column bars into the footing. If the computed bearing force is less the allowable,
theoretically, no dowels are needed, but the code specifies a minimum value.
For cast-in-place (CIP) columns and pedestals, the area of reinforcement across
interface shall not be less than 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 times the gross area of the column or pedestal,
and at footings and 36𝑚𝑚∅ longitudinal bars, in compression only, may be lap spliced
with dowels to provide the required reinforcement. Dowels may not be larger than
32𝑚𝑚∅ bar and may extend into column a distance not less than the development
length of 36𝑚𝑚∅ bars or the splice length of the dowel, whichever is greater, and into
the footing a distance not less than the development length of the dowels.
Example 2. A rectangular footing supports an interior 300𝑚𝑚𝑥400𝑚𝑚 column
supporting a service dead load of 1800 KN and a service live load of 1250 KN. The
column is built with 24.1 MPa and it should use 20𝑚𝑚∅ longitudinal bars with
𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The depth of the foundation should not exceed 2m and the preferred
thickness of the foundation should be at least 450mm. The top of the footing will
covered by soil with unit weight of 18.8 𝐾𝑁/𝑚3 and a 150mm thick basement floor. The
basement floor loading is 4.8 Kpa. The limiting smaller dimension of the footing is 3m.
If necessary, use 25𝑚𝑚∅ reinforcing bars with 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 for bearing connection
between column and footing. The observed value of the ultimate soil bearing capacity
was 870 Kpa, and consider a factor of safety of 3. Determine the following:
1. Recommended longer dimension, 𝐿of the rectangular footing, in m.
2. Recommended thickness of the footing, in m.
3. Recommended number of longer, shorter, and dowel reinforcements.
4. Draw the details of the foundation plan.
Solutions:
Reinforced Concrete Design- CE 414
Foundations
1. Dimension (area of the footing) Assessment based on Soil Bearing Pressure
𝑞𝑢
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦, 𝐹𝑆 =
𝑞𝑎
870 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑆 =
𝑞𝑎
870 𝐾𝑁
3=
𝑞𝑎
870
𝑞𝑎 = = 290 𝐾𝑃𝑎
3
𝑞𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 ≤ 𝑞𝑎
𝑞𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 290 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − (𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒)
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − (𝑞𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 + 𝑞𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 + 𝑞𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 )
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 290 − (23.6𝑥0.45 + 18.8𝑥1.55 + 23.6𝑥0.15 + 4.8)
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 241.9 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 ≥
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
1800+1250
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
3 (𝐿)
1800+1250
290 =
3 (𝐿)
𝐿 = 4.20 𝑚, say 𝑳 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟎 𝒎 answer
2. Recommended thickness of the footing
(a) Check the adequacy of the footing thickness using two-way shear (punching shear)
𝑃𝑢 1.4(1800) = 2520 𝐾𝑁
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑃𝑢 =
𝐴 1.2(1800) + 1.6(1250) = 4160 𝐾𝑁
∴ 𝑃𝑢 = 4160 𝐾𝑁
4160 𝐾𝑁
𝑞𝑢 = = 322.48 𝐾𝑃𝑎
3 𝑚 𝑥 4.3𝑚
Note: NSCP 2015 Sec. 422.6.2.1 For two-way
shear (punching shear) the effective depth, d, is
the average of the effective depth in the two
orthogonal directions.
20
𝑑1 = 450 − 75 − 20 − = 345 𝑚𝑚
2
20
𝑑2 = 450 − 75 − = 365 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑑1 +𝑑2 345+365
𝑑= = = 355 𝑚𝑚 or 𝑑 = 450 − 75 − 20 = 355 𝑚𝑚
2 2
Reinforced Concrete Design- CE 414
Foundations
Note: NSCP 2015 Sec. 422.6.4.1 Critical section
for two-way shear (punching shear), a distance
d/2 around the face of the column.
𝑑
𝑏1 = 𝑐1 + (2) = 400 + 355 = 755𝑚𝑚
2
𝑑
𝑏2 = 𝑐2 + (2) = 300 + 355 = 655𝑚𝑚
2
➢ Actual Strength, 𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑥𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑(𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑉𝑢 = 322.48 [(4.3𝑥3) − (0.755𝑥0.655)]
𝑉𝑢 = 4000.52 𝐾𝑁 Note: NSCP 2015 Table 422.6.5.2 Allowable stress,
➢ Allowable Strength, 𝑉𝑐 𝑣𝑐
𝑏𝑜 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 0.33𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ (a)
𝑏𝑜 = 2𝑏1 + 2𝑏2
Least of 2
𝑏𝑜 = 2(755) + 2(655) = 2828 𝑚𝑚 0.17 (1 + ) 𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ (b)
(a), (b), 𝛽
and (c): 𝛼𝑠 𝑑
0.33(1.0)√24.1 𝑏0 𝑑 0.083 (2 + ) 𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ ©
𝑏𝑜
2
0.17 (1 + ) 1.0√24.1𝑏0 𝑑 Note: 𝛽 is the ratio of the long side to short side of
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝛽 the column, concentrated load, or reaction area
𝛼𝑠 𝑑 and 𝛼𝑠 is given in section 422.6.5.3
0.083 (2 + ) 1.0√24.1𝑏0 𝑑
{ 𝑏𝑜
Section 422.6.5.3 The value of 𝛼𝑠 is 40 for interior
4.3
𝛽=
3
= 1.4333 columns, 30 for edge columns, and 20 for corner
columns
𝛼𝑠 = 40 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
0.33(1.0)√24.1 (2828)𝑥355/103 = 1626.41 𝐾𝑁
2
0.17 (1 + ) 1.0√24.1(2828)𝑥355/103 = 2006.94 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 1.4333
40(355)
0.083 (2 + ) 1.0√24.1(2828)𝑥355/103 = 2872.15 𝐾𝑁
{ 2828
∴ 𝑉𝑐 = 1626.41 𝐾𝑁
Then, ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75(1626.41) = 1219.81 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 , NOT OK, therefore, the thickness of the footing is not ADEQUATE.
Considering these two ways to make it adequate:
1. You can assume thickness of footing then check for the capacity.
2. You can equate the allowable to the actual strength, then solve for d.
Reinforced Concrete Design- CE 414
Foundations
• Using the second way:
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Note: in 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ utilize the equation (a) in table 422.6.5.2, since this give the least value
of 𝑣𝑐 in the previous calculation.
𝑑 𝑑
(0.75)0.33(1.0)√24.1 (2(400 + 400 + 2𝑑))𝑑/103 = 322.48 [(4.3𝑥3) − (0.4 + ) (0.3 + )]
1000 1000
Solving for 𝑑:
𝑑 = 725.03 𝑚𝑚, say 𝑑 = 730 𝑚𝑚, then thickness of footing = 730 + 75 + 20 = 825 𝑚𝑚
Then, the thickness of footing should be checked based on wide beam shear (one-way
shear)
➢ For wide beam shear (one-way shear)
For rectangular footing: Check thickness of footing based on wide-beam shear
(one-way shear) considering both orthogonal directions.
Critical section for One-way shear (wide beam shear), a distance “d” from the face
of column
Considering the longer dimension, 𝐿 = 4.30 𝑚
20
𝑑1 = 825 − 75 − = 740 𝑚𝑚
2
4300 400
𝑥1 = − − 740 = 1210 𝑚𝑚
2 2
➢ Actual strength, 𝑉𝑢 :
𝑉𝑢 = 322.48 (1.21)(3) = 1170.60 𝐾𝑁
➢ Allowable strength, 𝑉𝑐 :
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17(1.0)√24.1(3000)𝑥740/103 = 1852.72 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑥 1852.72 = 1389.54 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉𝑐 , ∴ the thickness of the footing is adequate.
Considering the shorter dimension, 𝐵 = 3.0 𝑚
20
𝑑2 = 825 − 75 − 20 − = 720 𝑚𝑚
2
3000 300
𝑥1 = − − 720 = 630 𝑚𝑚
2 2
➢ Actual strength, 𝑉𝑢 :
𝑉𝑢 = 322.48 (0.630)(4.3) = 873.60 𝐾𝑁
Reinforced Concrete Design- CE 414
Foundations
➢ Allowable strength, 𝑉𝑐 :
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17(1.0)√24.1(4300)𝑥720/103 = 2583.80 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑥 2583.80 = 1937.85 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉𝑐 , ∴ the thickness of the footing is adequate.
Therefore, adopt thickness of the footing equal to 825mm. answer
3. Reinforcements
Critical section for One-way shear (wide beam shear), a distance “d” from the face
of column
➢ Along the longer direction, 𝐿 = 4.3 𝑚
….to be continued….
Prepared by:
ENGR. ERNESTO F. CAPINDING, JR.
Instructor, BSCE Department
Reinforced Concrete Design- CE 414
Foundations
