12-Nov-24

Lecturer: Dr. Vũ Xuân Hùng

Email: [email protected]
Phone: +0858821878

Department of electrical Engineering

1
Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST)

INTRODUCTION

Chapter 3. General issues of rotary machines

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Chapter 3. General issues of rotary machines

Contents

I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

II. Windings of AC electrical machines
III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

1. Introduction
1.1 Construction: Electrical rotating machines consist of two main
parts, i.e., Stators, rotors

Both of the stator and rotor contain magnetic circuits and windings
 stator (a static part)
 rotor (a rotating part)

1.2. Working principle: Based on two main laws:

 Farraday‘s law
 Magnetomotive force law

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I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

1. Introduction (continued)

1.3. Classification:
 Depending on the way of creating magnetic fields, constructions of
magnetic fields and windings, the electrical machines are classified
as
 Asynchronous electrical (induction) machines
 Synchronous electrical machines
 DC electrical machines
 Commutator AC electrical machines

I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

1. Introduction (continued)
1.4. Working Principle of Asynchronous electrical machine

 Produce a rotating magnetic field in airgap with the speed n1:

60.f f – frequency
n1 
p p – number of pole-pairs
 The magnetic field will cut the short-circuit rotor winding, and create the
induced EMF and induced current.

 The magnetic field generated by the current flowing in the rotor winding
is associated with the magnetic field of stator to establish a general
magetic field in air gap.
 The mutual interaction between the current flowing in the rotor and
the general magnetic field in the air gap will produce a rotating torque
with the speed n (for n ≠n1).
6

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I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

1.4. Principle of Asynchronous electrical machine (continued)

 Difference between n and n1 can be expressed by a slip factor s

n1  n
s
n1

 Operation conditions of asynchronous electrical machines are depended

on the relationship between n and n1
- 0 < s < 1 : Electric motor
- s < 0 : Electric generator
- s >1 : reverse braking mode

I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

1.5. Principle operation of synchronous electrical machine

 The magnetic field Ft generated by the excitation current flowing in the
rotor winding is rotated with speed n, and induces three EMFs eA eB eC
(for frequency f = p.n/60) in the stator windings.
 The currents iA iB iC flowing in the stator windings will create a rotating
magnetic field Fư with the speed n1 = 60f/p
 n = n1 is called synchronous electrical machine

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I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

1.6. Principle operation of DC electrical machine

Principle operation of this machine is actually the principle operation of
synchronous electrical machine where AC EMFs are converted into DC
EMFs via commutators (like a mechanical rectifier)

1.7. Principle operation of AC commutator electrical machine

Principle operation of this machine is actually the principle operation of

asynchronous electrical machine where commutators are used to give
EMFs to improve power factor and change the speed n

I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

2. Overview of Electro-mechanical conversion

Field losses
Electrical losses Mechanical losses

Coupling
Electrical system field Mechanical system

Motor
Energy flow
Generator

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II. Windings of AC electrical machines

II.1. Introduction of windings

 The windings are important parts which are not absent for any electrical
machines. They are mounted in both the rotor and stator
 Depending on functions of the windings, they are considered as:

- excitation windings
- armature windings

II. Windings of AC electrical machines

II.1. Introduction (continued)
 Functions of windings:
- Generate a given EMF
- Generate a required magnetic field for energy converting process inside
the machine

 Requirements for windings:

- Good mechanical strength, good conductivity, good thermal conductivity
- Simple manufacturing, easy assembling, cheap price…

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II. Windings of AC electrical machines

II.2. Windings
a. Excitation winding

Rotor winding of salient pole synchronous

electrical machine

II. Windings of AC electrical machines

a. Excitation winding (continued)

Rotor winding of non-salient pole

synchronous electrical machine

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II. Windings of AC electrical machines

a. Excitation winding (continued)

Excitation winding of DC Machine

II. Windings of AC electrical machines

b. Armature windings

wave winding

y
stacking winding

2-layer winding

a) Single layer. b) double-layer winding

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II. Windings of AC electrical machines

b. Armature windings (continued)

II. Windings of AC electrical machines

b. Armature windings (continued)

Inserted windings in slots

iron core

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II. Windings of AC electrical machines

c. Coil and pole pitches

• The electrical angle of two side-by-side slots is defined as
p.360 o

z z
• Pole pitch:  
2p
• Winding pitch with full-pitch: y = τ

• Phase angle of two EMFs of two effective sides of a coil in full-pitch

winding is:
p.360 o z
 x  180 o
z 2p

II. Windings of AC electrical machines

c. Coil and pole pitches (continued)

 For AC machines, if the number of phases of windings are m, then each

phase has Z/m slots
 For single layer winding, the number of coils of single phase is equal to
Z/(2m)
 For two layers winding, the number of coil is equal to the number of slots
Z/m because each acting edge of the coil only occupies ½ slot.

 Number of coils S:

Z
S
2 S Z
Single-layer windings Double-layer windings

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II. Windings of AC electrical machines

d. Construction of winding

Z: number of slots
p : number of pole-pairs

A A Z
 Y
N S

Z C B
Y  

X X
N S

B C
B
C
S N
Z Y
A
X

Number of poles 2p = 2 Number of poles 2p = 4

II. Windings of AC electrical machines

d. Construction of winding (continued)

m: number of phases
Z
q : number slots of phase per a pole; q
y : Coil pitch 2mp
Z
 : pole pitch; τ 
2p
=y/,
>1 -long pitch winding;
=1 -full pitch winding;
<1- short pitch winding ( - short pitch factor)

a: number of parallel branches

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II. Windings of AC electrical machines

d. Construction of winding (continued)

Example:
Let us consider an AC machine, for 2p = 2 m = 3, Z = 6.
Please construct a diagram of winding of this machine,
knowing that the winding is full-pitch coil .
Answer:
For the full coil pitch, we have y =  = Z/2p = 3 (from slot 1 to
slot 4. This means that a conductor side is located in the slot 1,
and the other is in slot 4.

II. Windings of AC electrical machines

d. Construction of winding (continued)
Z =6, 2p = 2, m = 3 , a = 1

1 2 3 4 5 6

A Z B X C Y

Circle diagram Spread diagram

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II. Windings of AC electrical machines

EX: Z =24, 2p = 4, m = 3 , a = 1, single layer winding
A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z A B C X Y
Spread diagram of simple diamond winding

II. Windings of AC electrical machines

Ex: Z =24, 2p = 4, m = 3 , a = 1, single layer with spread winding
A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Y A Z B X C
Spread diagram of distributed diamond winding

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EX: Double-layer winding, short-pitch: Z = 24; 2p = 4; number of

phases m = 3, =24/4=6; y <   got y = 5;  - y = 1.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Lớp
A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y
trên

Lớp
dướ A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y A
i

Note: The short-pitch 2-layer winding above, in terms of magnetic field

distribution, can be considered as 2 full pitch 1-layer windings: the upper layer
winding and the lower layer winding. The lower layer has the distribution
received from the upper layer but shifted to the left by number of slots =  – y
(this example is 6 - 5 = 1 slot).

(Continue): Double layer winding, short-pitch: Z = 24; 2p = 4; m

= 3, =24/4=6. y <   got y = 5;  - y = 1.
A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y
A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y A

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

A Z B C X Y

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II. Windings of AC electrical machines

 Squirrel cage winding:
 Winding of asynchronous electric motor
 Starting winding
 Squirrel cage winding is established by conducting bars located in the slots of
the rotor
 Materials made rotor winding is usually aluminum/copper
 Double-end of conducting bars are connected by two short-rings

In addition, to increase starting torque and reduce oscillation of

torque, a short-ring is added in the middle of the rotor.

II. Windings of AC electrical machines

Squirrel cage winding (cont.)
In order to increase the starting torque and decrease the starting
current, rotor is usually designed as
-deep slots
-complex slots
-double squirrel cage

Deep slot Double squirrel cage Complex slots

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III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Let us consider an example: a salient pole rotor of synchronous generator
A  stator 

τ
rotor S
N N
-
stator B B1
+ B
S B5 x
rotor
space
C B3

Magnetic flux density (B) along the air gap between the stator and rotor could be
analyzed by a Fourier sequence

B = B1 + B3 + B5 + … (Bi : high harmonic components).


induce EMF
E = E1 + E3 + E5 +…

III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

EMF of windings due to the basic magnetic field (B1):
a. EMF of a conducting bar B B1
Bx
e td  B x .l.v
x l
v
B x  B m sin π  B m sin ωi x
τ
. x 2
v   2. .f 0
t T
Magnetic flux under a pole: m= Bav.S=B.τ.l x 

T 2
1 2 B
B av 
T 2 B
0
m sinωtdt 
π
Bm

Bm Bav(average)
Φ π
 Bm  m
2.  .l
0
e td  (Bm sin ωt).l.v = π.f. m .sin ωt π
E td  f.Φ m  2, 22. m .f
2

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III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

 EMF of a coil

y
EVòng  E td'  E td''  2 Etd sin  4, 44 f  k n
 2
y 
k n  sin  sin 
 2 2

kn is the short pitch factor.

 If a coil has many turns ws , then EMF is defined as

E s  4, 44 fws  m k n

III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

 EMF of several coils
EMF of q sequential coils located in sequential slots (Fig) is defined as

E q  4, 44 fqws  k n .k r
E q  4, 44 fqws  k dq
k dq  k n .k r

qα
kr 
 geometry E q

sin
2
Σ algebra E q α
qsin
2
kr spread winding factor

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III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

 EMF of a phase winding:

E f  4 ,44 fw  k dq
The effective value of EMF

E  E12  E 32  E 52  ... E2  ...

where

E  4, 44 f w m k dq ( k dq  k n .k r )
2 2
 m  Bmv l   Bmv l
 
q
sin 
 2 , spread / distribution factor
k n  sin  , pitch factor ; k 
2
r

q sin 
2

III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Note that:
Method to improve EMF waveform:
 Improve magnetic field created by rotor winding (by changing pole shape,
inequal air gap length…)
 Change winding factor of high harmonic components by using short-pitch winding,
spread winding (e.g.,  < 1, q>1…)
e e

t t

B B

x x

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III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Example 1: For a quintic (5th) harmornic component: E5  4, 44 f 5 w m 5 k dq 5


k n 5  sin 5  ;
2

8 
k n 5  sin 5  sin 2  0
If  = 8/10, then: 10 2
 E 5  0
Ex: using short-pitch winding y < to eliminate 5th EMF harmonic:
4 2 4 2 4
E5 = 0    or but k n1  sin  sin Hence, choose  
5 5 52 52 5
6
Similarity, if wanted E7 = 0, then choose: 
7

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

1. General concept
 An AC current I flowing in windings will produce magnetic flux  along the
air gap between stator and rotor. MMF F being pulsating or rotating depends
on current characteristics (1, 3 phases) and kinds of the windings (1, 2, 3
phases)

 Magnetic flux  consists of:
stator
+ Magnetic field in the airs
F
+ Magnetic field in the slots
+ Magnetic field in the connections + I
(end winding)

 In this part, we consider only magnetic field in rotor

the air gap
air gap

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IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

 MMF depends on currents and types of winding, i.e.,

 MMF created by DC current-carrying winding produces one-direction magnetic field

MMF created by sinusoidal current-carrying single-phase winding produces pulsating
magnetic field:

F = Fmsintsin
where:  - space angle
t - time angle

 MMF created by AC current:

+ is rotary, if current are m symmetrical phases (m1)
+ is ellipse, if m-phase currents are not symmetric phases (m1)

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

 Mathematical expression of pulsating MMF:

F = Fm sintcos -space angle

 If t = const  F = Fm1 cos with Fm1 = Fm sint

This means that distribution of F is sinusoidal in the space

 If  = const  F = Fm2 sint with Fm2 = Fm cos

At the , F is transformed with respect to the time

Thus: Pulsating MMF is a vertical wave form (stand-still wave)

with distribution of F is sinusoidal in the space and with respect to
the time

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IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Pulsating MMF is a vertical wave form with distribution of F is sinusoidal in the space
and with respect to the time:

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

 Mathematical expression of rotating MFF:

F = Fm sin(t ± )

If the vertical MMF is a constant, then it has

sin(t ± ) = const or t ±  = const
d
  
dt

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IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

clockwise rotation counter clockwise rotation

Diagram of rotating vector

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

• Pulsating MMF is equal to two rotating MMFs, i.e.,

1 1
Fm sin  t cos   Fm sin( t   )  Fm sin( t   )
2 2
 F1  F2

• One rotating MMF (RMF) is equal to 2 Pulsating MMFs (PMF),

i.e.,
Fm sin   t     Fm sin  tcos   Fm c os t sin 
 
 Fm sin  tc os   Fm sin( t  ) c os(  )
2 2
- Both space and time angles differences: 90 degrees

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IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Elliptic rotating MMF :

 
F  Fm sin  tcos   Fm, sin( t  ) c os(  )
2 2


or F  Fm sin  tcos  Fm sin( t   ) cos(  )
2

or F  Fm sin  tcos  Fm sin( t  ) c os(   )
2

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

2. MMF of excitation winding
 Salient pole rotor:

w t It
 MMF of each pole: Ft 
2p
Distribution of MMF is presented as follows: Btm1
kt 
Btm
m
 m /   1  2.5
Maximum air gap =
2.5xminumum air gap

k t  0, 95  1,15

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IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Non-salient pole rotor : MMF is presented as follows


Btm1 8 sin 
kt   2
Btm  2

k t  1, 065  0, 965

 / 2 (1   )  / 2

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

3. MMF of armature winding

a. MMF of single-phase winding
 /2   /2
i  2 I sin  t

b c
iws / 2 Fs1
Fs 3
i
a d Fs


According to ampere’s law:

Distribution of MMF due to a coil in space.
 H .d l  iw s Sinusoidal components with the time are
analyzed as Fourier.
iw s
F  H  . g  Fδ is one airgap MMF
2

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IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Fs  Fs1cos   Fs 3 c os3   Fs 5 c os5   ...  Fs c os 

 
 1,3,5..
Fs c os 
 /2
2 4 
Where: Fs 
 
 / 2
Fs c os  d  

sin
2
.Fs

ib .Wb 2 2 2
Fs  ; is  I sm .sin t ; Fs m  I bm .Ws .sin t  I s .Ws .sin  t
2  
And finally, it gets:
Fs 


1,3,5
Fsm c os sin  t
I s ws
with Fsm  0, 9


IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

MMF of one layer winding ( = 1) with q-elements

Fq  
 1,3,5
qFsm k r cos  sin  t

MMF of single-phase winding (with two layers;  < 1)

Ff 

 1,3,5
2 qFsm k r k n c os  sin  t

Note that: number of turns winding of single-phase w = 2pqws

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IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

b. MMF of m-phase winding

The phases are deflected in space 2/m, m-symmetric phase
currents are deflected following the time 2/m

i1  2 I sin  t
2
i2  2 I sin( t  )
m
........
 2 
im  2 I sin  t  ( m  1)
 m 

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

F1  
 1,3,5
F f  sin  tc os 

2 2
F2 

 1,3,5
F f  sin( t 
m
) c os  ( 
m
)

........
 2   2 
Fm 


1,3,5
F f  sin  t  ( m  1)
 m  c os     ( m  1)
m 

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IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Ff Ff
F1 

1,3,5
F f  sin  tcos  
2
sin( t   ) 
2
sin( t   )

2 2
F2 

1,3,5
F f  sin( t 
m
) cos ( 
m
)

Ff  2  Ff  2 
sin  ( t   )  (  1)   2 sin  ( t   )  (  1) m 
2  m
........
 2   2 
Fm 

 1,3,5
F f  sin  t  ( m  1)
 m  cos    ( m  1) m  
Ff  2 
 sin  ( t   )  ( m  1)(  1) 
2  m 
Ff  2 
 sin  ( t   )  ( m  1)(  1)
2  m 

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

For  = 1,3,5, it can be divided in three groups

1)  = mk - symmetric magnetic field

2)  = 2mk+1 – clockwise rotation
3)  = 2mk-1 – counter clockwise rotation

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IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Let us consider a clockwise rotation group

Ff
F1  sin( t   )
2
Ff  2 
F2  sin  ( t   )  (  1)
2  m 
........
Ff  2 
Fm  sin  ( t   )  ( m  1)(  1)
2  m 

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

 For  = mk
2 2 2
(  1)  (mk  1)  2k 
m m m
For each value of k and m, MMFs are sinusoidal wave rotated
with the same speed, respective vectors are deflected with 2/m
angle, and generated a symmetric star figure, and its sum equals
zero

 For  = 2mk+1
For each value of k, clockwise rotation MMFs are same phases
and presented as: 2
(  1)  4k
m
m
Ft   F f  sin( t    )
  2 m k 1 2

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IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

 For  = 2mk-1
2 4
(  1)  4k 
m m
For each value of k, MMFs are rotated at the same speed, and
deflected a 4/m angle, and their sum equals 0

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Let us consider a clockwise rotation group

m
Fn   F f  sin( t   )
  2 mk 1 2

m
Finally, it gets: F( m )  
 2 mk 1 2

F f  sin( t   )

m w.k dq
For F f   0, 45m I
2 p
3
For three-phase winding F(3) 


 6 k 1 2
F f  sin( t   )

2
For two-phase winding F( 2) 


 4 k 1 2
F f  sin( t   )

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 12-Nov-24

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

• MMF of m-phase winding produces rotating magnetic field:

F(3) 


 6 k 1
F m .sin(t   ) with F m 
m 2 I .w
 p
.k dq

The speed of rotation MMF at the order

n
n  
For 
60 f
n
p
If swap 2 phases out of 3-phase, the direction of rotating
magnetic field will be changed.

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

3. MMF of armature winding

analyzed by using its wave form
MMF due to a coil:
 /2   /2
i  2 I sin  t
b c

a d
iws / 2 Fs1
Fs 3
i
Fs


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 12-Nov-24

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

3. MMF of armature winding

analyzed by wave form

(2) MMF due to coil group is

sum of all coil MMFs:

Ex: 1-layer, Z=6, 2p=2, q=1.

The figure is MMF at time having
iA=Im, iB= iC=-Im/2

- If current is positive, it goes out

at beginning terminal and goes
in at ending terminal

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

3. MMF of armature winding

analyzed by using its waveform

(2) MMF due to coil group is

sum of all coil MMFs:

2-layer, short pitch winding, Z=24,

2p=4, β=5/6. The figure is MMF at
time having iA=Im, iB= iC=-Im/2

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