Classification of AC Rotating Machines
•Synchronous Machines:
•Synchronous Generators: A primary source of electrical energy.
•Synchronous Motors: Used as motors as well as power factor
compensators (synchronous condensers).
•Asynchronous (Induction) Machines:
•Induction Motors: Most widely used electrical motors in both
domestic and industrial applications.
•Induction Generators: Due to lack of a separate field excitation, these machines
are rarely used as generators.
Energy Conversion
• Generators convert mechanical energy to electric energy.
• Motors convert electric energy to mechanical energy.
• The construction of motors and generators are similar.
• Every generator can operate as a motor and vice versa.
• The energy or power balance is :
– Generator: Mechanical power = electric power + losses
– Motor: Electric Power = Mechanical Power + losses.
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Introduction to AC Machines
AC winding design
The windings used in rotating electrical machines can be classified as
Concentrated Windings
• All the winding turns are wound together in series to form one multi-turn coil
• All the turns have the same magnetic axis
• Examples of concentrated winding are
– field windings for salient-pole synchronous machines
– D.C. machines
– Primary and secondary windings of a transformer
Distributed Windings
• All the winding turns are arranged in several full-pitch or fractional-pitch coils
• These coils are then housed in the slots spread around the air-gap periphery to
form phase or commutator winding
• Examples of distributed winding are
– Stator and rotor of induction machines
– The armatures of both synchronous and D.C. machines
Armature windings, in general, are classified under two main heads, namely,
Closed Windings
• There is a closed path in the sense that if one starts from any point on the
winding and traverses it, one again reaches the starting point from where one had
started
• Used only for D.C. machines and A.C. commutator machines
Open Windings
• Open windings terminate at suitable number of slip-rings or terminals
• Used only for A.C. machines, like synchronous machines, induction
machines, etc
Some of the terms common to armature windings are described below:
1. Conductor. A length of wire which takes active part in the energy-
conversion process is a called a conductor.
2. Turn. One turn consists of two conductors.
3. Coil. One coil may consist of any number of turns.
4. Coil –side. One coil with any number of turns has two coil-sides.
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The number of conductors (C) in any coil-side is equal to the number of turns (N)
in that coil.
Overhang
Coil- Coil -
Coil-
sides sides sides
One-turn coil two-turn coil multi-turn coil
5. Single- layer and double layer windings.
Single- layer winding
• One coil-side occupies the total slot area
• Used only in small ac machines one coil-side per slot
Double- layer winding
• Slot contains even number (may be 2,4,6 etc.) of coil-sides in two layers
• Double-layer winding is more common above about 5kW machines
Top layer
Bottom layer
Two coil –sides per slot
4-coil-sides per slot
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The advantages of double-layer winding over single layer winding are as follows:
a. Easier to manufacture and lower cost of the coils
b. Fractional-slot winding can be used
c. Chorded-winding is possible
d. Lower-leakage reactance and therefore , better performance of the machine
e. Better emf waveform in case of generators
6. Pole – pitch. A pole pitch is defined as the peripheral distance between
o
identical points on two adjacent poles. Pole pitch is always equal to 180
electrical.
7. Coil–span or coil-pitch. The distance between the two coil-sides of a coil is
called coil-span or coil-pitch. It is usually measured in terms of teeth, slots or
electrical degrees.
8. Chorded-coil.
If the coil-span (or coil-pitch) is equal to the pole-pitch, then the coil is
termed
a full-pitch coil.
in case the coil-pitch is less than pole-pitch, then it is called chorded,
short-pitch
or fractional-pitch coil
if there are S slots and P poles, then pole pitch Q=s/p slots per pole
if coil-pitch , it results in full-pitch winding
in case coil-pitch y<s/p , it results in chorded, short-pitched or
fractional-pitch
N S N S
Pole Pole
pitch pitch
Coil
Coil
span
span
Full-pitch coil Short-pitched or chorded coil
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Introduction to AC Machines
In AC armature windings, the separate coils may be connected in several different
manners, but the two most common methods are lap and wave
In polyphase windings it is essential that
The generated emfs of all the phases are of equal magnitude
The waveforms of the phase emfs are identical
The frequency of the phase emfs are equal
The phase emfs have mutual time-phase displacement of
electrical radians
Here m is the number of phases of the a.c. machine.
Phase spread
Where field winding on the rotor to produce 2 poles and the stator carries 12
conductors housed in 12 slots.
