Functions – Formula Sheet:

Average Rate of Change: The Difference Quotient:

𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑏−𝑎 ℎ

Vertical Line Test: Horizontal Line Test:

If a vertical line intersects a graph at more than If a horizontal line intersects a graph at only one
one point, then the relation does not represent a point, then the function is one-to-one. In
function. addition, the inverse function is also a function.

Even Functions: Odd Functions:

𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

Composite Functions: Inverse Functions:

(𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) 𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ….

(𝑔 𝑜 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔−1 (𝑥)

The Distance Formula: The Midpoint Formula:

𝐷 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑀( , )
2 2
Transformations – Vertical Shifts: Transformations – Horizontal Shifts:

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑢𝑝 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑐 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑐) 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Vertical Stretch: Horizontal Shrink:

𝑦 = 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐>1 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑐𝑥) 𝑐>1

Vertical Shrink: Horizontal Stretch:

𝑦 = 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) 0<𝑐<1 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑐𝑥) 0<𝑐<1

Reflection about the x-axis: Reflection about the y-axis:

𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥)

Reflection about the origin: Reflection about the line y=x:

𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥) (𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑦, 𝑥)

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Linear Functions: Horizontal Line: (m = 0) Vertical Line: (m = undefined)

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑦=𝑘 𝑥=ℎ

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ∞) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ∞) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: {ℎ}

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (−∞, ∞) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: {𝑘} 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (−∞, ∞)

Quadratic Functions: (a = +) Quadratic Functions: (a = +) Quadratic Functions: (a = -)

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ∞) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ∞) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ∞)

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: [𝑘, ∞) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: [𝑘, ∞) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (−∞, 𝑘]

ℎ = −𝑏⁄2𝑎 𝑘 = 𝑓(−𝑏⁄2𝑎 ) 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚

Cubic Functions: Cube Root Function: Absolute Value Functions: (a = +)

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 3
𝑦 = √𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑎|𝑥 − ℎ| + 𝑘

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ∞) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ∞) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ∞)

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (−∞, ∞) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (−∞, ∞) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: [𝑘, ∞)

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Absolute Value Functions: (a = -) Exponential Functions: Exponential Functions:

𝑦 = 𝑎|𝑥 − ℎ| + 𝑘 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑘 𝑦 = 𝑎−𝑥 + 𝑘

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ∞) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ∞) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ∞)

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (−∞, 𝑘] 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (𝑘, ∞) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (𝑘, ∞)

Exponential Functions: Exponential Functions: Logarithmic Functions:

𝑦 = −𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑘 𝑦 = −𝑎−𝑥 + 𝑘 𝑦 = log 𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ)

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ∞) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ∞) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (ℎ, ∞)

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (−∞, 𝑘) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (−∞, 𝑘) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (−∞, ∞)

Logarithmic Functions: Logarithmic Functions: Logarithmic Functions:

𝑦 = log 𝑎 (ℎ − 𝑥) 𝑦 = − log 𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ) 𝑦 = − log 𝑎 (ℎ − 𝑥)

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ℎ) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (ℎ, ∞) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ℎ)

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (−∞, ∞) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (−∞, ∞) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (−∞, ∞)

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Radical Functions: Radical Functions: Radical Functions:

𝑦 = √𝑥 − ℎ + 𝑘 𝑦 = √ℎ − 𝑥 + 𝑘 𝑦 = −√ℎ − 𝑥 + 𝑘

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: [ℎ, ∞) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ℎ] 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ℎ]

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: [𝑘, ∞) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: [𝑘, ∞) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (−∞, 𝑘]
Radical Functions: Rational Functions: (a > 0) Rational Functions: (a > 0, k > c)

𝑎 𝑎
𝑦 = −√𝑥 − ℎ + 𝑘 𝑦= +𝑘 𝑦= +𝑘
𝑥−ℎ (𝑥 − ℎ1 )(𝑥 − ℎ2 )

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: [ℎ, ∞) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, ℎ) 𝑈 (ℎ, ∞) 𝐷: (−∞, ℎ1 ) 𝑈 (ℎ1 , ℎ2 ) 𝑈 (ℎ2 , ∞)

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (−∞, 𝑘] 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: (−∞, 𝑘) 𝑈 (𝑘, ∞) 𝑅: (−∞, 𝑐) 𝑈 (𝑘, ∞)

Rational Functions: Rational Functions: Complex Radical Functions:

𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑦 = √(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝑘

𝑦= +𝑘 𝑦= +𝑘
(𝑥 − ℎ)(𝑥 − 𝑏) (𝑥 − ℎ)(𝑥 − 𝑏)

𝐷: (−∞, ℎ) 𝑈 (ℎ, 𝑏) 𝑈 (𝑏, ∞) 𝐷: (−∞, 𝑏) 𝑈 (𝑏, ℎ) 𝑈 (ℎ, ∞) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: (−∞, 𝑎] 𝑈 [𝑏, ∞)

𝑅: (−∞, 𝑘) 𝑈 (𝑘, 𝑐) 𝑈 (𝑐, ∞) 𝑅: (−∞, 𝑘) 𝑈 (𝑘, 𝑐) 𝑈 (𝑐, ∞) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: [𝑘, ∞)

Note: b > h and c > k. Note: h > b and c > k.

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