PHYSICS
PROJECT
Index
1. Acknowledgment
2. Introduction
3. Experiment
Acknowledgement
First and foremost, I thank God, who provided me with this
beautiful opportunity and also blesses me with enough
strength
Completion of this project would not have been possible
without the help of our Physics teacher. Bindu miss and the
valuable encouragement by her needs special mention.
I also pay my sincere gratitude to Smt Sreedevi , our
Principal and Smt. Ligy P Prasad our vice principal for the
valuable interest they have shown in our academic pursuit.
Finally, yet importantly I would like to express. my sincere
gratitude towards my dear Parents and friends for their
support and cooperation in the successful completion of my
project
Introduction
OHM'S LAW
Ohm's law states that the electric current flowing I
through a given conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference V across its ends (provided that the
physical conditions temperature, pressure remains same).
Mathematically, 𝑉 ∝ 𝐼 or 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
where 𝑅 is the constant of proportionality.
It is called resistance of the conductor. The unit of
resistance, volts per ampere, is given a name ohm. and a
Greek symbol Ω (omega)
RESISTANCE AND SPECIFIC RESISTANCE
The property of a conductor to oppose the flow. of changes
𝑉
through it is called resistance It is measured as 𝑅= .
𝐼
Its SI unit is (Ω) ohm. Resistance 𝑅 is found to depend
upon following factors
1) length 𝑙 of the conductor, 𝑅 ∝ 𝑙
1
2) Cross sectional area of conductor(𝐴), 𝑅 ∝
𝐴
𝑙 𝜌𝑙
Combining, 𝑅 ∝ and, 𝑅 =
𝐴 𝐴
where 𝜌 is constant of proportionality called specific
resistance of the material of the conductor. Its unit is Ωm.
Effect of temperature on resistance
Resistance of conductors is found to increase in
temperature
If a conductor has resistance 𝑅 1 at 𝑇1°C which become 𝑅 2 at
𝑇2°C (𝑇2> 𝑇1) then increase in resistance is (𝑅 2 – 𝑅 1).
Increase in resistance is found to depend upon.
1) original resistance (𝑅 1) and (𝑅 2 – 𝑅 1) ∝ 𝑅
2) Increase in temperature (𝑇2- 𝑇1), (𝑅 2 – 𝑅 1) ∝ (𝑇2- 𝑇1),
Combining (𝑅 2 – 𝑅 1) = 𝛼𝑅1(𝑇2- 𝑇1), Where 𝛼 is called
temperature coefficient of resistance.
𝛼 = (𝑅 2−𝑅1)/ 𝑅 1(𝑇2- 𝑇1),
For semiconductors 𝛼 is negative.
Experiment
Aim:
To analyse the temperature dependence of a semiconductor
and to find the temperature coefficient of the given
semiconductor.
Apparatus:
Resistance wire, a voltmeter, an ammeter, battery,
rheostat, metre scale, one way key, connecting wires.
Principle:
The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to
temperature.
Over a limited range of temperatures, that is not too large,
the resistivity of a metallic conductor. is approximately
given by 𝑅 T = 𝑅 o[1 + 𝛼 (Δ𝑇)]
That is 𝛼 = 𝑅 T-𝑅 o/ 𝑅 o(𝑇 − 𝑇o)
𝛼 is called temperature coefficient of resistivity. For
semiconductors, 𝛼 is negative
Procedure
Connections are made as shown in the figure and the key is
inserted,
Adjust the sliding contact of the rheostat such that a small
current passes through the resistance coil or the resistance
wire.
Note down the value of the potential difference V and
current I from the voltmeter and ammeter respectively
• Record the observations in a tabular column
𝑉
• Determine the value of resistance by the relation. 𝑅 =
𝐼
• Now repeat all the above steps after placing the.
resistance wire in hot boiling water (100°C)
At room temperature
Trial Voltmeter Reading(V) Ammeter Reading(I) Resistance (R)
no Volt(V) Ampere(A) ohm (Ω)
At 100°C
Trial Voltmeter Reading(V) Ammeter Reading(I) Resistance (R)
no Volt(V) Ampere(A) ohm (Ω)
Result:
Resistance at room temperature =
Resistance at 100°C =
Temperature coefficient 𝛼 =
