GROUP 1 and social issues, expanding our understanding of human

LITERATURE experience.
Literature encompasses the written and oral works that have  Cultural Knowledge: Literature is a repository of cultural
shaped human civilization for millennia. It serves as a powerful knowledge, preserving traditions, beliefs, and values
tool for exploring the complexities of human experience, across generations. It offers insights into the history,
transmitting cultural knowledge, and fostering empathy and folklore, and social structures of different cultures.
understanding.  Moral Reasoning: Literature can stimulate moral
reasoning and ethical reflection. By presenting characters
LITERATURE AS A SIGNIFICANT HUMAN EXPERIENCE facing moral dilemmas, it encourages readers to consider
Literature is not merely a collection of stories; it is a mirror different perspectives and make ethical judgments.
reflecting the multifaceted tapestry of human life. It allows us  Social Commentary: Literature often serves as a platform
to delve into the depths of human emotions, explore universal for social commentary, critiquing societal norms,
themes, and gain insights into the complexities of the human challenging injustices, and advocating for change. It can
condition. raise awareness of social issues, inspire activism, and
promote dialogue on important topics.
THEMES IN LITERATURE  Personal Growth: Literature can contribute to personal
Literature delves into a wide range of themes that resonate growth and self-discovery. By exploring the experiences of
with readers across cultures and time periods. Some of these characters, readers can gain insights into their own
themes include: emotions, values, and motivations.
 Parent/Child Relationships: Literature often explores the
intricate dynamics of parent-child relationships, examining GROUP 2
themes of trust, respect, and the evolving nature of these Prose Vs. Poetry Vs. Drama. Fiction vs. Nonfiction
bonds as children mature. Prose is so-called "ordinary writing" — made up of sentences
 Death: Literature confronts the inevitability of death, and paragraphs, without any metrical (or rhyming) structure.
exploring its impact on individuals and societies. It often There are lots of examples of prose writing, such as chapter
delves into themes of betrayal, vengeance, greed, honour, books, short stories, letters, essays, and articles.
justice, courage, and failure, all intertwined with the
presence of death. Feature of Prose
 Loneliness: Literature explores the profound experience - written in sentence
of loneliness, often depicting characters grappling with - one sentence follows another
isolation and the yearning for connection. - sentence form paragraph
 Conformity: Literature examines the tension between
conformity and rebellion, exploring the pressures of Poetry is a type of literature that aims to evoke an emotional
societal expectations and the consequences of challenging response in the reader through language chosen and arranged
those norms. for its meaning, sound, and rhythm. Texts written in poetry are
 Growing Up: Literature often centres around the theme of called poems.
growing up, depicting characters navigating the challenges
of adolescence and self-discovery. It explores the search Characteristics of a poem include:
for identity, the formation of values, and the transition Metre, rhyme, form, sound, and rhythm/timing.
from childhood to adulthood.
 Materialism: Literature explores the role of materialism in A drama is a piece of writing, which is artistically presented
society, examining its impact on individuals, relationships, with dialogues. A drama is attractive, impactful, and real as it
and societal values. It often critiques the pursuit of wealth presents characters along with natural and credible aspects.
and possessions, highlighting their potential to distort Drama is a text written to be performed as a play on stage.
reality and corrupt moral values.
 Literature as a Window to the Past: Literature provides a Feature of Drama
unique perspective on history, offering insights into the - Cast of characters
lives, beliefs, and values of past societies. Through - Divided into acts and scene
historical fiction, biographies, and memoirs, we can gain a - Include scene descriptions
deeper understanding of historical events and the - Lines for characters to speak
individuals who shaped them. - Stage directions
 Literature as a Catalyst for Empathy: Literature has the
power to cultivate empathy and understanding. By Fiction vs. Nonfiction
immersing ourselves in the lives of fictional characters, we Fiction can be defined as any made-up story, thriller, or fairy
can develop a deeper understanding of different tale. It usually refers to a genre of literature and other
perspectives, cultures, and experiences. This ability to storytelling media that are imagined and not based on real-life
connect with others on an emotional level is a crucial events or people. Fiction often involves the creation of an
aspect of the human experience. alternate reality where characters, settings, and events exist
outside of those found in everyday life. Typically, fiction is
PURPOSES OF LITERATURE created through the author‘s imagination, although some
Literature serves a multitude of purposes, extending beyond fiction stories are based on real-life experiences.
mere entertainment as it include the following:
 Entertainment: Literature provides a source of The nonfiction literary genre is a form of writing based on facts,
entertainment and escapism, allowing readers to immerse events, real people, and real-life occurrences. It isn’t fabricated
themselves in imaginative worlds and escape the or fictional but deals with the truth and accuracy of certain
demands of everyday life. topics, including current events. It can be written in various
 Exploration and Discovery: Literature serves as a vehicle genres, such as biographies, autobiographies, history books,
for exploring and discovering the world around us. It memoirs, science texts, journalistic articles, encyclopaedias,
allows us to examine diverse cultures, historical periods, and self-help books.
Nonfiction writers make sure to research their topics Philippine literature and other text types for a deeper
thoroughly to portray an accurate representation of the appreciation of Philippine culture.
information being discussed.
GRADE 8 - Afro-Asian Literature
GROUP 3 Literature Competency: The learners demonstrate
OVERVIEW OF THE NATURE OF LITERATURE AND ITS GENRES communicative competence through his/her understanding of
Afro-Asian literature and other text types for a deeper
A Survey of Authors appreciation of Philippine culture and those other countries.
A. Filipino Authors
GRADE 9 - Anglo American Literature
1. Jose Rizal Literature Competency: The learners demonstrate
José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was a Filipino communicative competence through his/her understanding of
nationalist, writer and polymath active at the end of the British-American, including Philippine literature and other types
Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. He is considered a for a deeper appreciation of Philippine culture and those of
national hero of the Philippines. other countries.
Notable Works: Noli Me Tangere and El Felibusterismo
GRADE 10 - World Literature
2. Francisco Balagtas Literature Competency: The learners demonstrate
Francisco Balagtas y de la Cruz, commonly known as Francisco communicative competence through his/her understanding of
Balagtas and also as Francisco Baltazar, was a Filipino poet and literature and other text types for a deeper appreciation of
litterateur of the Tagalog language during the Spanish rule of world literature, including Philippine literature.
the Philippines.
Notable Work: Florante at Laura GROUP 4
TEACHING LITERATURE: An Overview
3. Nick Joaquin
Nicomedes "Nick" Marquez Joaquin was a Filipino writer and VALUE/IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE
journalist best known for his short stories and novels in the 1. Cultural Preservation and Understanding Literature
English language. He also wrote using the pen name Quijano de Serves as a repository of cultural heritage, preserving the
Manila. traditions, beliefs, and values of different societies. It allows us
Notable Work: The Woman Who Had Two Navels to understand and appreciate diverse cultures and histories.
2. Empathy and Human Connection.
4. Edith Tiempo Through compelling characters and intricate plots, literature
Edith Cutaran Lopez-Tiempo was a Filipino poet, fiction writer, explores the complexities of human nature. This fosters
teacher and literary critic in the English language. She was empathy and compassion, helping readers understand different
conferred the National Artist Award for Literature in 1999. perspectives and experiences
Notable Work: A Blade of Fern (1978) 3. Literature Helps Understand Life
It is through reading great literary and poetic works, that one
B. International Well-Known Authors understands life. They help a person take a closer look at the
1. Jane Austen different facets of living.
Jane Austen was an English novelist known primarily for her six 4. Literature Provides Information
novels, which implicitly interpret, critique, and comment upon Literature serves as an enormous information base. Research
the British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century. works by famous inventors and literary works by notable
Notable Work: Pride and Prejudice scientists often narrate stories of their groundbreaking
discoveries and inferences.
2. Virginia Woolf
Adeline Virginia Woolf was an English writer. She is considered FACTORS AFFECTING INTEREST IN LITERATURE
one of the most important modernist 20th-century authors. 1. Motivation
She pioneered the use of stream of consciousness as a Motivation is the key in promoting a love of literacy in students.
narrative device. They should be surrounded by titles that reflect the lives of
Notable Work: To the Lighthouse themselves as well as their classmates.
2. Ability to Relate to Students
3. William Shakespeare Finding texts that relate to students' lives emerged as another
William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet and actor. factor influencing interest in literature.
He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English 3. Reading Habit
language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often In order to gain interest in reading books about literature,
called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". students must get used to it so that they can build a set of
Notable Work: Romeo and Juliet routines that includes reading.
4. Time
4. Geoffrey Chaucer Some students spend their time doing worthwhile things such
Geoffrey Chaucer was an English poet, author, and civil servant as reading so they have the chance to become acquainted with
best known for The Canterbury Tales. He has been called the literature and develop an interest in it.
"father of English literature", or, alternatively, the "father of
English poetry". CHOOSING BOOKS AND READING MATERIALS
Notable Work: The Canterbury Tales Reading materials will not only promote student learning and
engagement, but also help students find enjoyment in reading
2. Literature Competencies in English K to 12 Curriculum
FACTORS TO CONSIDER
GRADE 7 - Philippine Literature (in choosing books and reading materials)
Literature Competency: The learners demonstrate
communicative competence through his/her understanding of
 Reading levels interests students can gain deeper insights into its meaning and
This refers to the student's current reading ability and the significance. Essentially, it's like using the cultural “lens” to see
topics or genres they find enjoyable. and appreciate literature more fully.
 Backgrounds
This encompasses the student's personal experiences, Examples:
cultural background, and prior knowledge. 1. "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe
 Previous experiences with reading Set in pre-colonial Nigeria, it portrays the Igbo culture through
This refers to the student's past experiences with reading, the eyes of Okonkwo, a respected warrior. The story explores
including their enjoyment, challenges, and any negative the Igbo's traditional beliefs, social structure, and their clash
experiences they may have had. with European colonialism.
 Aspirations
This refers to the student's goals, dreams, and aspirations, 2. The Kite Runner" by Khaled Hosseini
both academic and personal. This novel explores Afghan culture, particularly during the
 Fears turbulent times of the Soviet invasion and the subsequent
This refers to any fears or anxieties a student might have Taliban rule. The story follows Amir, a young boy from Kabul,
about reading, such as struggling with comprehension, and his relationship with his servant, Hassan. The novel offers a
being judged, or feeling overwhelmed by the material. nuanced portrayal of Afghan society, its values, and the
challenges faced by its people.
GROUP 5
Models to Teaching Literature The Personal Growth Model is an attempt to create a link
Teaching literature is more than just reading books together. between the language model and the cultural model. Students
It's about fostering a deep appreciation for the written word are not only passive receivers of teacher given interpretations
and its ability to shape our understanding of the world. but they have to be intellectually and emotionally engaged in
Through the exploration of novels, poems, plays, and other the lesson and especially in the reading activity.
literary works, students can develop critical thinking skills,
empathy, and a lifelong love of learning. Examples:
1. Reflective Essay
Models of Teaching Literature 2. Role Playing
1. The Cultural Model 3. Journaling
Literature aims to understand and appreciate cultures and 4. Character Analysis
ideologies different from one's own in time and space.
2. The Language Model GROUP 6
Literature aims to promote language development like Approaches to Teaching Literature
vocabulary and structure.
3. The Personal Growth Model What is Teaching Literature?
Literature aims to help one achieve lasting pleasure and deep Teaching literature provides critical knowledge about a fictional
satisfaction in reading. text and some helpful methods for analysing it.

Therefore, teachers should take into consideration a few Purposes of teaching literature:
aspects when choosing their materials: 1. Critical Thinking and Analysis
2. Language and Communication Skills
a. Interesting and Age-Appropriate Texts 3. Personal and Moral Growth
example: A teacher could choose a young adult novel like "The
Hunger Games". What are approaches to Teaching Literature?
Approaches to teaching literature refer to the different
b. Facilitating Personal Discovery and Involvement methods and strategies that educators use to help students
example: A teacher could use a short story like "The Gift of the understand, interpret, and appreciate literary texts
Magi.
I. LANGUAGE-BASED APPROACH
c. Contributing to Students' Growth This approach uses LANGUAGE, by understanding it to fully
example: A teacher could introduce a classic novel like "To Kill engage a student to better understand a literary text.
a Mockingbird”. Literary text is used for the specific drills designed to build the
language skills rather than focusing on the literary skills.
A language model in teaching literature is a pedagogical The usage of LBA in the classroom, had focused on the learner
approach that focuses on the linguistic elements of a literary mainly on their reading processes and how they created
text. It emphasises the analysis and appreciation of how language awareness among themselves.
language is used to create meaning, evoke emotions, and
convey ideas within literary works. Main objectives of LBA:
 Students are expected to be able to make meaningful
Examples: interpretations of the text itself.
1. Analysing literary devices  Expand students’ knowledge and awareness towards the
2. Examining vocabulary language.
3. Studying sentence structure
4. Analysing style MASTERY OF A LANGUAGE = BROAD UNDERSTANDING OF A
LITERARY PIECE
In teaching literature, a cultural model refers to the way we use
cultural knowledge and context to understand and interpret II. PARAPHRASTIC APPROACH
literary works. It involves looking at how stories reflect the The paraphrastic approach is a teaching method for literature
values, beliefs, and experiences of a particular society or group that focuses on the surface meaning of a text by paraphrasing
of people. By understanding the cultural background of a text,
or rewording it in simpler language. It can also involve recognizing the author’s craft, exploring themes, and
translating the text into another language. experiencing the emotional impact of the text.

Advantages of Paraphrastic Approach ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES IN TEACHING LITERATURE

1. Easier grasp of meaning Effective assessment strategies in teaching literature help
2. Good for beginners teachers measure students’ understanding and progress at
different levels of comprehension. Some common assessment
Disadvantages of Paraphrastic Approach strategies include:
1. Limited vocabulary
2. Dependence on teacher’s interpretation 1. Formal Assessments:
 Tests: Multiple-choice, short answer, essay questions, and
Strategies for implementing paraphrastic approach in teaching standardised tests.
literature:  Quizzes: Short, informal assessments to check
 Retell the text and Use simpler language understanding of specific concepts or skills.
 Ask questions  Projects: Independent or group projects that require
 Have students express their answers students to apply their knowledge and skills in creative
ways.
III. MORAL-PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH
The moral philosophical approach to teaching literature is a 2. Informal Assessments:
pedagogical method that emphasises the ethical and moral  Observations: Observing students’ participation in class
dimensions of literary texts discussions, group work, and individual activities.
 Anecdotal Records: Keeping notes on students’
Key principles of Moral-Philosophical Approach; performance and progress over time.
1. Critical Thinking  Journals: Having students write reflective journals about
2. Value Exploration their reading experiences and understanding of the text.
3. Societal Relevance  Portfolios: Collecting samples of students’ work to
showcase their growth and development.
Strategies for implementing the Moral-Philosophical
Approach: 3. Performance Assessments:
1. Character Analysis  Presentations: Having students present their
2. Value Identification understanding of the text through oral presentations,
dramatisations, or multimedia presentations.
IV. STYLISTICS APPROACH  Debates: Engaging students in debates to discuss and
Stylistic approach in relation to teaching literature focuses on argue different perspectives on the text.
the writer's choice of words, sentence structure, imagery, and  Role-playing: Having students take on different roles and
other linguistic elements to create a particular effect. perspectives to explore the characters and themes of the
text.
Main Characteristics of Stylistics Approach:
1. Language analysis
2. Contextual understanding

Benefits of the Stylistics Approach:

1. Enhance critical thinking
2. Improves writing skills

GROUP 7
LEVELS OF COMPREHENSION

Teaching literature involves guiding students to understand and

appreciate literary texts at various levels of comprehension.
These levels typically include:

Literal Comprehension. Understanding the explicit information

stated in the text. This involves identifying main ideas,
supporting details, and factual information.

Inferential Comprehension. Making inferences or drawing

conclusions based on the text, using context clues and prior
knowledge. This includes understanding implied meanings,
predicting outcomes, and identifying the author’s purpose.
Evaluative Comprehension. Critically analysing the text,
evaluating its effectiveness, and forming judgments about its
content and style. This involves assessing the author’s point of
view, identifying biases, and comparing and contrasting
different texts.

Appreciative Comprehension. Understanding and appreciating

the literary elements and techniques used in the text, such as
imagery, symbolism, and figurative language. This involves