Ph.D.

CoLube Wrk

Reeat ch Melhodol0gu
gnmen-

.1).Pelne. Resajch. W heut arc the vaeuy typev

fesearch ? Explair braesl

AM). Research art invtigatev i
Ematuzecl oher t gairv neu krbwladge

Qun
ongual atltiln tthe avilabfe
Breotedge xiieh etibutey to it urther advaremnert

Reyeatch the March or knbleolge, unnpbedv

8tarnoukie methoolw toinelsolukin to a prohlen

The Varies p eeafch are Cylow

Ppliea fesearch:
t rehers t cjenhc trisly AK
esearch ha bechy e l e practical problenms

Applied eearch y uecd ind oluttong to everyday

prrhpms cute llne,
Pa oleyelop amevatire t echnologion,
ralker than t atauise rewledgerereuwledgey soke
 2). Brnic Rocarch
Bane (or huncamental of pufe) fnearch is

diiven b a Aeentuti cureuby of rese in a

eeruic question.he maln metivelien iy toecparc

Cerhe
er Rnewledlae, net to ceote of inwert Atnethun

here
here&y
ay ne bvieus commercial valle to the

duSCEverAe3 Hot reuut /onn baie reseafchh

3. Corelaterol fResearch:
rele P h e rermabs

iwetg aion or laluhal tucly relaten-shps

ame D of mere variabtey,witeut netayol
dlelefminirg cae oet

3.Hecaplove Kesearch
feers reseoEch that pievid
an ccbusale. portayal o caaeleridtiey aparbular
indavtouaAilahehv,or gfoup is aluo r e v

feseofc.

epearc
4)EHhngliepkic
t fehers t the ivestigako
Cullnle thfotgh an ir-depth Mtiucly the
(2)
 membels of the cularei twDiwe3 the steatc
collecken, descripten,d arolyis daa for developmert

theotie GLLUlUal be havieur

5.Epetunental reseprch
Es a Muoy in which a

trecetpmert, proceduye, or progfam rlentonally

inroduced a ruult ef oulzeme ebserved

BPdevel
BP mecuuure

Eplefolery Histsry Feserlth

t a tyfe o
resenrch condute2d er a problern that has net been

cteaila dlejned t helps determire he bex reseach

deun, dala celeton methec. seleelken eeks
&uualUature Researnh
ehers he e

obervauony t aMUe Why? 9uesbens, wkile uanutuve

methoos me d a thal dan be wented of cewesed

uumer Co T o addrey heo"? auueten.

ualtabve fescatch fnearch dealurg-

deeur
Lstr
LAstt
phertmona thot cibieut o impositble to
are

quanty athe mabicell-, Muh ay belheps, éaurgs, m

octt/btte, Mmboly
 Lditatve fesealcv
t Rekerothe malte empiriucil
urwestigecherv a n phrenera via statuheal, nathemateal
r
ctmPutatinol techriqu0
opodyUa FEpie

Dpservobora Caue Aepott

Cphort sudy sesies
Caxe-contfel. buud C-Aethono
spelirnental
Rerdermized tiok
2). Hete pplied. reseasch oles with bake researeh
2ssplaiin with exampley

cnApptiud texeosch Baue fexearch

treers
feersto eienkahre stdy .t s drivn b

fesenic that sehs do cierlk cufLeut or

elve pactunl propleany unterest a aKienbhie
Ouueuohv

2) E as uscel to esfana

audions to everydoj pribler rais aretvledige. ,nvt to

ufe alness, 2 cevelop inno vattvt, cfeate vr inNert emeu

tecinrletHeS .
)Enarmple apphed fuearch )lrn ple 8
feNearch are
ase
Bai cLence wetgalwry
moy invegate s tob
prota fef arwes to
mprore rieulusal cp
quustens u e ay:
reclucien
Ieo e tuic a
speupie Hew clid the unwehe

dweaye. begin?
Smprort the enef7 Whab aue plsters nulWens

ohtcien honey thjs, electjory ornposeo 4

What specihe gonebe
of mbdev tanyporbabav code the Bruit by
What ft the main eomponenk fesealeh

poblem
Anu) he Componenk a feseasch prclalem are.
4here m be an ndivduel t a
qrotup uhich
has ETY cliyheulby er the pvblem

h e r e Muu be sere bycekva t be. atained ak

e n e Narg nehur ne. cant howe a protjem

iiThere mwt be altmnakve mears lbr the cuses o

ecuendor bbtainnr he thpectivg one wiskos b

atain
vhele mut emain Aeme denbt in the. nud a
Ceeescher utth egard the seleebio abealtesnobves
 h e r e mu be seme envirormes to Ehe
vhck the

cuvut pertaiy

&1) Wre c hort aote en ipaeacUor

Any) Apouea ler calulatd akter 3 yeaya eu

Loueh Nuo jeuf ral aeuld not be opectrc to h t

day1,

Themoru Reuuter, TSL releases eunol Ckaion Repor

eNery 2Jears be Pubtishy IF evere Oumo

rpoet faeter, oee owgre Theryon Reulars to a

jowralL,wlll eligible prn he dote o t br birth

Jptuhal and their TF

Tety a Nome Smpaet fatler

e w trgland IoLura s 53 48CD

medien

Ncre eviec Meulor 3865

Cell
9 w h fesecueh feveu umportat in. rsearch
Pi'Oces
astnt in
reinrg skalemert hthe prablern
ter9ferurg the algumert lecton safesearch

opie
3thdps bo get amahar wlh vatous typs

methcolbiog tha mught be e d in the study

.helps to bex abot he rojar imuej 2 debak

abeult the reseofch problern

5. -helps ts bre aleu art gopA n hreieledge
h e puubjeet
6). ene Reyearch oths. tprentiok bdivten
reenrch problemy feyeoreh bHpothey
A c4 yfetheuiy y an sumplien abeu felaten

yalinble. 9t s leed a a leguenll

benweern

uD rmore ariable
COLetufed relaluerupP w

i he ofm aRable olemen.

epresecd
Relatiershps are coreeburec ot he baus
the
neltvok tiators estotluhe ir the
the
theorerenl. ameJR Henuloted or the rerarch liudy
 elere b ReAeorch roblem Reseast h HyfOHheus

tyrethos ian aumplor, that carv be tested

conbebe prevo be a ght or win

c pforele s a road quenror Nth car be

ducclly eNadA pfotlerm co be Acenihicoly

AY&sqate d ater cevef tu

pohe
Q. Pejie the ellew-tng terrs

a.Crlual feHonv
cAfequsrv cerrePordirg to a let He
he aple shne whiek lendy do rejection
Ataiste n
Caleel etabual
etatual fegien er
s
Hypothesiy (He)
NAU
reioekier.
fenonv

evel ghicee
he ohobilty stheT cfror
NLUT
a evtl gruhteane A it is deralad
buj
The tevel. g r c n e e s 4a emplayed

4 iturg hypothets are 5 21

(8)
cCriicol valu
which
he vaue otet staise
the
the
Aepercl he crilieal (or fepectn)feqer
CA ceptoree fegion called the crilaal value

of kgnhicart Vaue t deperd upenv

evel igriheoe
The alernctive huypathuis whether t tourd-lauled
ef 6uHe -tald

eekone anfhrg A efrer. Pnun kypes

ampuing
Ars. cple Mmaller (buut topelully fepreenlalne)
ceeen u n i s tror a populoo wed to clelerir

uts
tutks abeut tht populatierv t h e selention prec.ey
as called anP
Sampling fror
Acrpr erofs ae. the fandem asolcnN

en the Aample eshmale areund the tue populal+n

pefon elers.

Suce thu weur farddomlyare epuclly likely

to he n ethe lrechen, their nauure hopfensto be
valuc. e h eror
CominAalory pethe chupettvd
haprens
 Snpling effof deereases otth 4nCfease rv the No4e the

it happen o he a Amall1r magu.de

magnuade
somple,

Ca homogen eeiu pepullLn

Typ Samplhrg
Ter are
cujen ypes amflrg haseo e
olesin9 tv acrs:

Repfeeratn baus

).Elemert election lechniope

On fepreertotuon bo the plan na b
On
Crobatal phr
E bosca h e ConcepE

fcunclonn elechon

b) Non Probabelly barnping

Non -pfobolbaliby amfir
nen anolam nplurg

On elenmest seletuon baMs, lhe omPlirg may be

a Linfestruelrd smpluNg .
Wren ench Aarple elermert duen

ndiidualy ethe populabin at

large he sample, o

pnen a y 'unfestpeled Mmpe. preces hneur

aun
CUS Lunrestructed mlurg
b) Robfucd_ r at4 o dAmylun tt
thes ssfos
ciher
uNestrneted anfiir9 ate. cNered ander
CEVefed urder

Lhe lem felrcked 6amplur

1)relne erfs in kpotkes tertrg.

T). n hypothe teig here every choee de

clecua egordurg
feyorcur anuu hypotheis mey he. correct
CT
C my b ret correel There are luwr P S erfery.

Th are:

TyPeI efrb he. errar jetng He whên tt is brue

A e I effor pLeurs when the mpk
elela apperrs to how o tre ctmert pheeesleben her,
in a u , there s end

n ths c o h restortr will feer the nLUl hPohess

aley cOncuude thot he tre atmer hous anethc

1 eriofs csed
by puL, unfepresertative
Aunple Tu by chanee the fucerchr Aelecis on erlfernt
Nmpe Ntth the feuult thot the npleal n the

crubical feqion even eheughv he reatmert hav no eyhtek

Type Lefrors he errer e atteblin2 when Ho i halue

pe T erier téeuuS wen he sample
cleesr appeoy tr hUve been
ae utd by hetrealmrr
when v h ealrmer des hart an eee
an thus costdhe eseorches trll ail to rejeek he NU

hyrbthei alely cncude to dhe Hoatrt doe hare

Can peek

p e I eisors (re Cemmenly he ruult 4 a very mall

catmert hee ch theugh dhe treatment dees hawre
e the
4t s nbl lorge entugh to h e up in th
Rbeareh study.

n e in bru Recarch Roign>heet are mportaut

eces Rescorc Peugv
r o fesecurth deign s 2he roungemert Condito her
coleclien CLralysis a dlata a m a
mamer tha au
cOrnbire relewarec to the feyearch PupON t h ccmomy

OCedure
th concepua ruulurt
hfeearch degn 4

thinn whirtv fesearhv 3 conduelid, 'at centluudes the bbue

prir or the colleabian, meauurerent & arlsis data

he
he imp obot 5eares t h e feeArchv deugr are:

). a plan thot peys the weurces 1ra artpmmalin

feleNant o th fesearchv problernv

whth ouptach rill be IRO

aatherang 9 aalyAng 1he dota

budgels are mevt tudy
1) Culse tnekucis the ttme cO
ore Core under thes TD conuiounto

2
S2)DCus n detail tpes earch deugn
avoDUy
4pes feecucv deiug a
Aulu
Revorch deop 0 cse eplectory Feeach
tthe
he ALUvey o Concerning lulesotwe
bthe expericnea sVeH
the aralps 2 LMghE-stumulaling exernpley

2RoLeoleh desugr cae oleefiptare & diagnZe

research uoluep
rejearth
Roeqch deigr i cae hypobhejis -testir9
shdio
Eolei atery ReAe auch shoup
fnulive FAecurch uoy

pupeve s eh a ioly teuati

ma
ct problen her merepfecae iyevtigolionv er b
thetheiy Hrom an speraluoral
obvlopirg9 a worring

meyer enphas in uthy Mudiuy a h

Br
he
h e
duiceveny deay Rngrk brererally he etlewung

Lhfce methody av the content rekearch devgrv

ekefaliure Mvey
Fpetienee A

the analysis n49 sturulaing' osampla.

 ycliptive & ingroutie Roasd studu

(Aexeriplzve Canered vh
he ore
hese hese stuolieg eh are

deeihng the
he chacueteAsktg aosRelar anclivtdua
of o Pep

sa9npLhe fesea/ch studes oleerpey the STecpesy

wtth hish onmelhng BeeUTs ef t asceialipr wtb
em lhng ee

ore
Ihe Nuoies cencelrNg Whether rtain vaiiobles
ameciatrd are exampled e cuagrestie Fexearc

sndiey
Getat Rtep å
N a olescraphive ciagrdsbie sudy he

tpeciby he eetrvey th Mubfevert Preuen o

erure a t he clala celeatta ore rele vart

3Hupe-thesisteAing Research suodiew

Hypotheystesling reearhh shudiep (gOneraly brourv

oy Xperumento-l stucdiey are dhe here the researder

ests t pohests coual. fdaborvps w yariablev

wU rot orty
Stuth Muduy euures pfeceduses tha
ecuAe bacy & ncrecye riabilly,but d l pemu

QllaLn9 neiencep nbouu causaut

 elp
exramexerAn ers mett this recuiulermett Henee Ne

mear the
eyeacv deign 4 wh lucey, we gterv
oleugn e epefirners
13Bus he beloduen PproPrce melhed
dlate Celle eto
Ans) e electuon oapprepriale method er dala
cetleetuorv depenc on the ipllcusig baeors

1) Nabure Scope &

bbieek enquiuy
hi cenuhule he mest imfortartacer apeting
th cheLe parteular melhod

beleetaoahDuld be ueh thok it

he mehed

L tyhe naju thot u to be conduuelod

byhe researher.

is acter s alsd urhertort in decicir Nhether tA

dot alseocy ayruilobe (eordoyy lota) are t h ed
data
0,
r he et- yet ayrilable (ptimyar olota) ore bo
Ee colleele

2 vailabiluy unoly
-cdveilabildy uncle er lhe seseash rqeet cdelejmur
alarge ectent he meod o he ed the
colleelion dato
-henudy C the diubea Ohe
he fesearche are
o 1 i m i d , he ndl ha Lo eleet a cembcyalively

choapef methed wieh n a t be as chieityt

 ephecbove a seme ether Cetly metheol

bg tentiait in prakee & the

w
Finane, kac a

thi lirmitahon
fesecuicher hay to aEE within th

Time alle
Avcuilabiliby ine hay olo to be tahorv io oLceount
irv clotiodur o mrtueulor melhed data colleelerv.Ae
metho tae relatively rore tune, where ay wth thers
/he
lhe dato car be celleebd un aCCmpalabuvely herr
dusalen.
I h e ime ot tA duiperal he fesearr, thu ohkeb
the oeletten theth methed by whueh the data are to
be coleeliol

4 Preuuern (equred
to be
Prebwpr requirec yet OLNether umportart
Cesidefed at h e lum eleeling the method

Colleeon dotq.
1 clab-he meauyemeNAcaules by lapung Muubable
exombley
An Ccales o meoujemt cON he cehudered èrv efms of

her malhem cdua prerertuey h e mct widlely wsed oloviu

-ACaion meaUemer ACaley are

oNCmunnt bcode
-Nomuna onle unpuy a edm
umber ybely toevtnb in 9rder tLabel
hem
 he U eamb this s CMnmert
nLumbers hasalhou plyers in c o r t Loea dhe

numbers cappok be concereodl to be awecateo rtth

ar ef dered ecle n
fer her rdef as cMse9peNece
6) Ordlinal Neale
h e erdinat mole plotes eenty onv etdef, but
re 43 o atempt to mabs dhe. rkr-cly he al
euol inv lem beme nule

Or dinal ealev sny permik the fanping lemy ton

hughe o leuue.Ordiral meaurey have a ahieue vaua
2the feol Lbhefereep bl adyacer rarb ray noE be

eyuOY
ompl Rar's poulin in his cbs lo Mohas
pombon 4o,ib canndt e audhoE Rans posulen
ii u r tne C qpe-d o thot Moho

dienal scale
>n the case A k val eale,dhe unerva

aie acuusted n ms ome ha been

l e dha ha

establushed a bas making he un equal

he uruls e enual tn rv0ar a ene atcoply he

orv hch th fule 'w baed

cumblony

T UTy nmtaken t h e inserya serle i the lack sta

sute em, F deesnt hovihe coei mecfe h

Complete absene iubr chafouebruue,

(14)
Ralio eale
abyetute o kue Left
Roabio eoley haye on

meauener
ots LO)
tenm 'absolude zero is eb ay pfeise
he
conciove an abaolutle zefp
eree beueved to be We nn

bunne
inueeues
for eanpledhe za a e i r n a contumeter neale

COmpete Qbene lergth er heighk

2otip cale represen the ccual omurt Valiablev

Menures ophipiea dlinenisrs ueh a wught, heg,

otarces, eke or cxanplep

15) Rij relncle bluns

a) Rosearch Methodu Rexerch Melhodobgy.

Reseaich nehody are the mlhech thou dhe fesearcor

adtph ciducing the reseafck atudies

Reseaich Methoooloy t h e y n yhich resecfeh

sov ytemalically.} t s t h Lenee a
problems re

fesearcw i caducted eertuheally

Miuljrg

Reseaich QuLartutotuve Reseafch

) Suali talu
L9n tenny byecbove I n term oAuanlitntive
Fescorchv
q aliairt uoeat- dala
do gin o quOnahy the

rling t the underlpang reaAND 9eneraluze he reult rDm

matvotuons the ample ito the populabiory
2n tefm sample 2 In tefms o apAe

a l t Umber t noniepresentajwe age nDfepfesenve

Coses Casey
3) Rata Cclleclienv 3 ) a t a Colleclen

Dotrtlired StCutured

) ata dralyey 2nta ckralysus

Nen - talnucal ->Statuta
SJn tems oOulatme S In tems Ou eme
Revelep an anlal Lunder,tandirg-> Reeemmind a inal couue
actenv
perumert Suurve
8t Conduchd in case o 1) s concuilic) un case t

deiuptve rexeasch enperimertal/ cunal felearch

studup
2) hese studus uually havt
2).1hese tuelie have mall
ager ample. bamples.
3 he reseascher dee
manipulote the varable or
3).he tes eafcher may manhulate
thevanoble or arrare or
asffarge jof events to hprer
evenliy to habper
4). apboptiale in cae o 4).tt is apppriake inv cae
o
sCCia b bchavÈfol siience picalnatulal ciente
5)t an example held S ccnulbuey an
Cxample
eyearthv RaboteUy reseasch
Poible retthenuhps bw fe)Epe fumenty afe mear t
dalo the unPnouyw in th cete imne stuch
be dien thoughA
felalsrhipo
universe
(19