GENERAL
BIOLOGY I WEEK 1
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, learners are expected to:
1.Discuss how the idea of cell started.
2.Enumerate and identify the scientist involved in Cell
theories.
3.Identify the different organelles within a cell
4.Describe the structure and function of cellular
organelles.
5.Explain the give analogies related to the parts and
function of the cell.
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
Zacharias Janssen, a Dutch
1590s eyeglass maker, invented the
microscope
very first _______________.
CLUE: It is an instrument used
to magnify small objects.
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
While looking at a piece of
1665 cork under the microscope,
Robert Hooke saw box-shaped
structures that he
cell
called__________.
CLUE: It is a basic unit of structure
and function in living things.
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
______________________,
1674 while looking at pond water
under the microscope,
observed that he called
“animalcules”.
CLUE: He is known as the Father
of Microbiology.
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
Matthias Schleiden, a German
1838 botanist, stated that _______
plants
are made up of cells.
CLUE: What do botanists’ study?
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
Theodor Schwann, a German
1839 physiologist, concluded that
________ are also made up of
animals
cells.
CLUE: Examples of this includes
mammals, birds, fish, amphibians,
reptiles and insects.
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
Rudolf Virchow stated that cells
1855 come from pre-existing cells
through ________________.
cell division
CLUE: It is the process by which a
parent cell divides into two or
more daughter cells.
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
Rudolf Virchow stated that cells
1855 come from pre-existing cells
through ________________.
cell division
CLUE: It is the process by which a
parent cell divides into two or
more daughter cells.
THE CELL THEORY POSTULATES
• Zacharias Janssen (1500)
–Invented the microscope
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(1600)
-a Dutch shopkeeper who had
great skills in crafting lenses
observed the movements of protists
(a type of single-celled organism)
and sperm, which he collectively
termed “animalcules”.
• Robert Hooke 1665
–coined the term “cellulae”
which was shortened to “cell”
for the box- like structures he
observed when viewing cork
tissue through a lens.
CELL THEORY
• Matthias Schleiden 1838
– a German botanist, stated that all plants are composed of cells.
• Theodore Schwann 1839
– a German zoologist, concluded that all animals are composed of
cells.
• Rudolph Virchow 1858
– theorized that all living cells come from pre-existing living cells.
All living things are composed of
one or more cells and cell
products.
CELL All living cells come from other
living cells by the process of cell
THEORY division.
Cells are the basic units of
structure and function on
organism
Cells carry genetic material
which is passed from cell during
cell division.
MODERN All cells are basically the same in
CELL structure and chemical
composition.
THEORY Energy flow (biochemical
processes) occurs within cells.
ASSESSMENT
CELL AND ITS PARTS
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
THE CELL STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS
• All cells share four common components. These are the
plasma membrane or the cell membrane, an outer covering
that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding
environment; the cytoplasm, consisting of a jellylike cytosol
within the cell in which other subcellular components are
found; the DNA, the genetic material of the cell; and the
ribosomes, which synthesize proteins.
A. PLASMA MEMBRANE/ CELL
MEMBRANE
• All cells have plasma membrane or cell membrane, a
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that
separates the internal contents of the cell from its
surrounding environment.
• A phospholipid is a lipid molecule with two fatty acid
chains and a phosphate-containing group.
• The plasma membrane controls the passage of organic
molecules, ions, water and oxygen in and out of the cell.
Wastes such as carbon dioxide and Ammonia also leave the
cell through the plasma membrane.
• selectively permeable because it allows some molecules to
pass through the membrane but prevents polar molecules
and ions to enter or exit the cell freely. A specialized
transmembrane protein facilitates the polar molecules and
ions to and from the cell.
B. CYTOPLASM
• The cytoplasm is the entire region of a
cell within the plasma membrane. In
eukaryotes, it is made-up of organelles
suspended in the gel-like cytosol.
• The cytoplasm is responsible for the
fluid nature of the cell’s internal
environment and that which allows
the organelles to suspend dynamically.
Many metabolic reactions, includes
protein synthesis takes place in the
cytoplasm.
C. NUCLEUS
• The nucleus is the most prominent
organelle in a cell. It houses the cell DNA
(termed as chromatin strand) and directs
the synthesis of ribosomes subunits and
proteins.
• The control center of the cell which is
enclosed in a double membrane which
selectively permits certain materials like
mRNA to exit.
D. RIBOSOMES
• Ribosomes are the cellular organelles responsible
for protein synthesis and are considered the
protein factories of the cell.
• They appear as clusters, single, tiny dots that
floats freely in the cytoplasm. They may be
attached to the cytoplasmic side of plasma
membrane, endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear
envelope.
• Ribosomes receive their “orders” for protein
synthesis from the nucleus during DNA
transcription and RNA translation into a specific
order of amino acids in a protein. Amino acids
are the building blocks of protein.
RIBOSOMES
E. MITOCHONDRIA
• The mitochondria (mitochondrion)
are often called the “powerhouses”
or “energy factories” of the cell
because they are responsible in
making Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP), the cell’s main energy carrying
molecules using the chemical energy
found in glucose and other nutrients
through cellular respiration.
F. PEROXISOMES
• Peroxisomes are small, round
organelles enclosed by single
membrane which carry out oxidation
reactions that break down fatty acids
and amino acids. They detoxify many
poisons that may enter the body.
• Peroxisomes in plants are called
Glyoxysomes which are responsible
for converting stored fat to sugars.
H. THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
• A group of membranes and
organelles in eukaryotic cells
that works together to modify,
package and transport lipids
and proteins. It includes the
nuclear envelope, lysosomes,
vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum
and Golgi apparatus.
1. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• A series of interconnected membranous
sacs and tubules that modify proteins and
synthesize lipids. The hollow portion of
the ER tubules is called the lumen or
cisternal space. The membrane of the ER
which is phospholipids bilayer imbedded
with proteins is continuous with the
nuclear envelope.
– Rough ER is mainly for protein modification
and transports.
– Smooth ER synthesize carbohydrates, lipids,
steroid hormones, detoxification of
medications and poisons and storage of
calcium ions.
2. GOLGI APPARATUS
• Golgi Apparatus or Golgi
bodies are series of
flattened membrane which
is responsible for sorting,
tagging, packaging and
distribution of lipids and
proteins to their proper
destinations in the cell.
3. LYSOSOMES
• It is the digestive component and
organelle-recycling facility of
animal cells. Lysosome use their
hydrolytic enzymes to destroy
pathogens that might enter the
cell through phagocytosis. A good
example occurs in a group of
white blood cells called
macrophages, which are part of
the body’s immune system.
I. CYTOSKELETON
• A network of protein fibers that
help maintain the shapes of the
cell, secure some organelles in
specific positions, allow
cytoplasm and vesicles to move
within the cells, enable cell
within multicellular organisms
to move. The three types are
microfilaments, intermediate
filaments and microtubules.
J. SPECIALIZED CELL STRUCTURES
• Structures that are
specialized for plant cell only
or for animal cell only. Cell
wall, chloroplast and central
vacuole are present in plant
cell only while lysosomes,
centrosome(centriole) are
structures that are present in
animal cell only.
1. CENTROSOME
• The centrosome is a microtubule-
organizing center found near the
nuclei of animal cells. It contains a
pair of centrioles, two structures
that lie perpendicular to each
other. Centrosome, where all
microtubules originate, replicates
itself before a cell divides.
2. CELL WALL
• The cell wall is a rigid covering
that protects the cell provides
structural support and gives
shape to the cell. Beside from
plant cell, Fungal and protistan
cells also have cell walls while
the chief components of the
prokaryotic cell wall were
peptidoglycan. In plant cell, the
major components of the cell
wall are cellulose.
3. CHLOROPLASTS
• Chloroplasts are plant cell organelles
that carry out photosynthesis. Like
mitochondria, chloroplasts have their
own DNA and ribosomes. It has also
an inner and outer membrane like the
mitochondria.
• It contains chlorophyll that captures
the light energy that drives the
reaction of photosynthesis. Some
photosynthetic protists also have
chloroplasts, and some bacteria also
perform photosynthesis, but their
chlorophyll is not relegated to an
organelle.
4. CENTRAL VACUOLE
• Plant cell each have a large central
vacuole that occupies most of the area
of the cell. The central vacuole plays a
key role in regulating the cell’s
concentration of water in changing
environmental conditions. It supports
also the expansion of the cell. When the
central vacuole holds more water, the
cell gets larger without having to invest a
lot of energy in synthesizing new
cytoplasm.
REFLECTION
