MODULE 1

Unit 1: Starting A Career in Technical Drafting

The Construction Sector
Introduction
The construction sector encompasses a wide range of professions that are
involved in the creation of a wide variety of products and services. Because of this,
the industry enables the creation of jobs for various individuals.
In the Philippines, the construction industry is one of the key sectors in the
economy, contributing greatly to the country’s financial status.
There are several jobs in the construction industry. One of these is
the draftsperson, who works closely with architects and engineers, creating and
producing technical drawings and plans based on designs and specifications
given by an architect or engineer. These drawings will be used as a basis to build
new infrastructures.
This lesson will present and describe the construction sector. Particularly, it will
describe what technical drafting is, including their job duties and responsibilities.

The Construction Sector

 Industrial Construction
This refers to the creation, design, installation, and maintenance of specialized
buildings such as factories, warehouses, and power plants.
 Residential Construction
This refers to the creation, design, and renovation of spaces to be occupied for
residential use.
 Horizontal Construction
This refers to the creation and design of structures that are made on the ground.
These may include longer infrastructures such as bridges, roads, and highways.
 Vertical Construction
This refers to the creation and design of structures and buildings that extend above
the ground level, typically skyscrapers and highrises.

What is Technical Drafting?

Technical drafting is the process in which designs are converted into technical
drawings and plans for the purpose of communicating specific information to other
technical individuals such as engineers, architects, electricians, contractors,
plumbers, and construction workers.

In the construction sector, Technical Drafting is considered as the unifying

language between designers and builders. Without it, the efficient design and
construction of various projects may be overlooked.

Prior to building a structure, the design is presented first through various sketches
and drawings that present all relevant data and information on the project.

Before drafting, research and analysis are first done by the architect and
engineer in - charge to ensure that the design is applicable to the chosen location
in which the building will be erected. After appropriate analysis and research, the
vision of both the architect and the engineer is translated into technical drawings
that will further establish the form and design of the building.

 Proper Visualization
Technical drawings and plans serve as a crucial factor in the field of construction.
These drawings are created to help in visualizing and conceptualizing ideas from
architects and engineers.
 Ensured Accuracy
By providing these plans, the details of a structure can be easily understood. Aside
from that, it provides precise and accurate measurements and specifications to
ensure structural integrity.
 Avoiding Miscommunication
Without technical drawings created by draftsperson, various consequences and
challenges may be experienced. As technical drawings serve as a unifying language
for everyone in the field, their absence may be grounds for miscommunication and
design errors. Aside from that inaccuracies may be experienced that may be caused
by safety risks.
Lesson 2: Participating in Workplace Communication and Collaboration
Introduction
Communication and collaboration are two of the most important aspects when
it comes to workplace engagement. It is essential that individuals inside a
workplace are able to communicate and collaborate with their peers to achieve the
best possible efficiency and effectiveness as a team.
In this lesson, we will discuss the team roles of each individual involved in the
organizational structure of the field, various ways of communicating, essential and
relevant workplace documents, and the workplace in general.

Identifying the Organizational Structure and Team Role

In an architectural or engineering firm or agency, the organizational structure is
composed of various professionals in the construction industry. Often, the team is
led by the head architect or head engineer who spearheads the projects they will be
creating. A draftsperson commonly works under the supervision of the architect or
engineer of a firm.
The hierarchy of an organization is typically depicted using organizational charts, to
determine the people in charge of every division or team, presenting a delegation of
authority to the appropriate individuals.

 Head Architect/Head Engineer

The head architect or head engineer is the person who is responsible for all
architectural or engineering activities of the firm. They are the ones who spearhead
the projects catered by the firm.
 Construction Manager
The construction manager works directly under the head architect or head engineer.
They aid in the planning, organizing, directing, controlling, and evaluating of the
various activities in a construction department.
 Senior Architect/Senior Engineer
The senior architect or senior engineer acts as the direct mentor, manager, and
advisor of the draftsperson. They are responsible for the planning and creation of
various building designs to ensure that they match industry standards and client
requirements.
 Draftsperson
The draftsperson is responsible for drafting technical drawings in accordance with
the architect’s or engineer's instruction and design.

Communicating Effectively in the Workplace

In the field of Technical Drafting, communication is involved within varying groups of
individuals. It is important that relevant information related to the job is properly
accessed from the following:
1. Team Members
2. Suppliers
3. Trade Personnel
4. Local Government
5. Industry Bodies
Aside from that, interactions with your co - workers are important to properly attain
both organizational and personal goals. It can either be through face to face,
the telephone, electronic radios, and written documents. These interactions can also
be done through various verbal and non - verbal communication styles.

Types of Communication
Communicating effectively in the workplace entails knowing when to talk, whom
to talk to and whom to address in every professional situation. Effective
communication increases productivity, reduces conflict, and builds a healthy
workplace and organizational culture.
Interactions with your co - workers are important to properly attain both
organizational and personal goals. It can either be through face to face, the
telephone, electronic radios, and written documents. These interactions can also be
done through various verbal and non - verbal communication styles.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
There are various types and styles of verbal communication.
 INTRAPERSONAL VERBAL COMMUNICATION
This is defined as the communication of a person to themselves. A person exhibits
intrapersonal communication when they perform self - talks, imagination,
visualization, and even recall.

Example: When you try to imagine how the head architect wishes to design the
roof, you try to imagine how their vision would be translated into drawings. You try
to determine what the best possible course of action would be. You try to imagine or
visualize what they want to see to reach a decision.
 INTERPERSONAL VERBAL COMMUNICATION
This is defined as the communication between two or more people. In this type of
communication, the transfer of ideas, messages, and information is done.

Example: You try to ask for the approval of your drawing to one of your
supervisors. Upon reviewing your work, they gave you feedback and told you that
they want you to change the design of the roof. The both of you have reached a
decision and decided to change the design of the roof to fit the client’s needs.
 GROUP VERBAL COMMUNICATION
This is is similar to interpersonal communication. The only difference is the number
of individuals involved. If there are more than three individuals involved,
interpersonal communication becomes group verbal communication.
Example: Together with your immediate supervisor and the company engineer, you
attend a meeting with two of your clients to discuss the aesthetic design and
timeline of the project they commissioned your company to do.

Below are the things to remember when communicating verbally:

 BE ASSERTIVE
Assertive communication entails the expression of ideas without disregarding
respect. Through this, an individual is able to minimize possible conflicts.
Example: Your supervisor wants you to change your design because the style
deviates from the intended modern design. You respected your supervisor’s
comments and accepted their criticism. At the same time, you also explained the
reasons why you made changes to the intended design by establishing facts and
supporting data behind it. You told your supervisor that it is more efficient and the
client wanted to tweak the modern design a little.
 ENSURE CLARITY
Avoid using jargon and complex words when discussing important information to
others. Make sure that you are able to deliver your message and establish your
point in a direct manner.
Example: When your supervisor asks you what the dimensions of the site
development plan is, you directly state the measurement immediately, avoiding
other unnecessary details.
 PRACTICE ACTIVE LISTENING
Pay close attention to the person you are communicating with. Make sure that you
engage with them and ask questions when needed.
Example: Your supervisor is discussing the new revisions that the client wants you
to do. You did not understand how the roof would be revised, with that, you clarified
it to your supervisor for further information.
 BE MINDFUL
Always watch your tone, actions, and expressions. Make sure that you are aware of
your surroundings and aware of the message that you are conveying.
Example: When talking to a client, you make sure that the tone of your voice is
genuine and kind. You always make sure that your facial expression is
welcoming, and that your body language is open.
 SPEAK CLEARLY
Always speak with confidence to establish credibility. By speaking clearly, you will
be able to gain the trust of the person you are communicating with, as well as your
audience.
Example: You are delivering a presentation to your supervisor and your client. They
approve of your presentation because you were able to discuss all important
concepts clearly.

THINGS TO AVOID:
 AGGRESSIVENESS
Aggressive communication presents an overall intense and confrontational tone.
Aggressive communication commonly includes shouting, yelling, demanding,
blaming, and commanding tones.
Example: Your client did not like your drawing. Instead of accepting their request
for revisions, you got frustrated and yelled at them for being too hard to please.

 PASSIVENESS
Passive communication presents an overall demeanor that is avoidant. Individuals
who are passive communicators tend to avoid the expression of their thoughts and
ideas to avoid possible conflict.
Example: Your supervisor did not like your drawing because they believe that it is
not efficient and ideal. Instead of explaining why you designed it that way, you just
mumbled your defeat.

 PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVENESS
Passive - aggressive communication is a way to convey displeasure in a certain
situation without saying it outright. A person who is using passive - aggressive tone
is someone who makes comments that are offensive.
Example: Your client wishes to change the design of the ceiling. Instead of
communicating properly, you chose to imply that they are not knowledgeable on
what they are saying. Instead of saying “alright, let us discuss what you wish to
see,” you said “Okay then. Since you are so knowledgeable about it, redesign the
ceiling, it is.”

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Any means of communication that makes use of body language and gestures is
called non - verbal communication. Non - verbal communication is often overlooked
when it comes to effective communication.
TYPES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
 GESTURES
Gestures are visible actions that aid in communicating certain messages.
Example: Your supervisor is in a meeting and cannot be disturbed. You used your
hand and gestured to him that you will go ahead and leave for the day.
 BODY LANGUAGE
Body language are physical expressions and mannerisms that convey the way you
feel at a specific moment of time.
Example: Your client asks you if you are okay with their requests. You agreed, but
your eyebrows are furrowed, conveying a confusing message to them.
 EYE CONTACT AND EYE GAZE
The eyes play a huge role in communicating non - verbally. It commonly shows a
wide range of emotions that can be communicated even without speaking.
Example: Your supervisor reprimanded you for being late. You were unable to look
him in the eye, expressing embarrassment and sadness.
 APPEARANCE
The appearance of a person communicates a message as well. Your clothing and
hairstyle creates an impression on others.
Example: Your supervisor wants you to join them in closing a deal with a client. You
were asked to dress appropriately to convey a message of trustworthiness and
confidence.

Accomplishing Work-Related Documents

Paperwork is part of any professional’s life. Often, in our respective fields, we
address and attend to documentary needs essential for the job. It is important to
familiarize ourselves with these documents and to train ourselves in accomplishing
them. Here are some of the common work-related documents you will encounter
PERSONNEL FORMS
Personnel forms are those that contain the key information on an employee.

MATERIALS REQUEST FORM

Materials request form is typically used for the procurement of products and
materials needed for technical drafting.

SAFETY FORMS
Safety reports form are documents used to report an incident that occurred in the
workplace during working hours. This is often used to determine what is currently
happening on the field.

BUILDING PERMITS
Building permits are considered as documents that show the approval of a local
government unit to proceed with construction.

Lesson 3: Practicing Career Professionalism

Introduction
Being a professional requires an individual to establish goals, set priorities,
develop their careers, and achieve set plans according to the standards that
are placed by an institution. Every field has its certain set qualifications that must
be followed, which can be improved accordingly to develop one’s performance.

Aligning Personal and Organizational Goals

To be a successful and effective draftsperson in the construction industry, it is
important that one is able to have adequate contributions to the organization or
institution that they are in. It is essential that one remembers to take care of
themselves and the people around them.
To do this, certain measures must be taken into consideration. Certain actions must
be done to make sure that as an employee, one is driven towards the improvement
and success of themselves and the organization.
Let us now identify various ways to make the most of one’s ability as employees:
WORK-LIFE BALANCE
Being an effective employee does not mean that one must bury themselves in work
and tasks all day without any regard for rest. Disregarding the importance of rest
may lead to burnout that can deeply affect how one performs and delivers duties
and responsibilities. Therefore, it is important to establish personal and professional
boundaries that will ensure the most effective and efficient way that we can deliver
our job.
As they say, no man is an island and there is no “I” in “team.” Always remember to
balance everything to avoid adverse effects and consequences.
PERFORMING WELL ACCORDING TO INDUSTRY STANDARDS
The performance of an individual, their internal and external motivators, and drivers
to success are what makes an institution or organization successful. It is essential
that an employee is able to integrate their own goals to the goals of the institution
that they are currently in. Through this, the motivation to improve will be achieved.
To ensure that all deliverables in an organization are met accordingly, we have to be
deeply committed to the institution that we are a part of.

Achieving KPIs
Key Performance Indicators or KPIs are considered as a quantifiable
measurement of an individual's progress towards a specific goal or objective.
One can show commitment to an organization by achieving every goal set by them
through their own means. Typically, a company provides KPIs that you must reach
to be able to achieve institutional goals.
It is important that these KPIs are addressed accordingly to ensure that our work is
finished in a timely manner.

You are a draftsperson in an architectural firm. Your primary KPIs include meeting
project deadlines, maintaining high-quality drafting standards, ensuring compliance
with regulations, and collaborating effectively with the team. Your performance in
these areas will determine your success and opportunities for growth within the
company.
Your manager assigns you a new project with a tight deadline. You must prepare
detailed drawings for a new office building.

Setting and Meeting Priorities

Work can be demanding at times. These demands can be hindrances in achieving
our goals and establishing our work plans. Because of these barriers, stress and
challenging experiences are unavoidable. With this, it is important that these
demands are prioritized to achieve the goal of the employee and the organization.
One good way to start your work week is to determine which set of work is most
urgent and important. You can do this with the help of the Eisenhower’s
Urgent/Important Principle:
Use left and right arrow to change slide in that direction whenever canvas is
selected.

 IMPORTANT AND URGENT

Urgent tasks can either be foreseen or unforeseen.
For foreseen tasks, plan ahead and avoid procrastination to address it immediately.
For unforeseen tasks, leave some time in your schedule so that you will have ample
time to handle unexpected issues and unplanned important and urgent activities.
 IMPORTANT BUT NOT URGENT
Important but not urgent tasks are activities that help you achieve both your
personal and professional goals. These are the activities that must be addressed in
a timely manner so that you can complete all important work.
 NOT IMPORTANT BUT URGENT
Not important tasks but urgent tasks are activities that hinder you from completing
your personal and professional goals as an individual. These are the tasks that you
can choose to take on or delegate to others. Here is how to know when to say “no”
to the task:
When to say “NO”:
Ask yourself first:
1. Do I have time to do it?
2. Am I the right person for the task?
3. Does this request fit with my goals and objectives?
If your answer to at least one (1) question is “no,” practice effective communication
and communicate your concern to your immediate supervisor.
 NOT IMPORTANT AND NOT URGENT
These tasks are a distraction. It is important that you avoid these kinds of tasks. If a
task does not contribute to your own goals and outcomes, you may say “no” to the
task.

Developing Career and Life Decisions

Learning never stops. It is a life-long process that can benefit us by providing
various opportunities for us to grow as professionals in our chosen field.
However, these developments and growth does not occur instantly. For the growth
of one’s career, there are various training and career opportunities that one may
participate in. This includes training programs, workshops, and seminars both
attended or delivered by the professional.

Performance Appraisals
These are used to assess how well employees are doing their jobs. They also help to
identify the specific goals of the organization. Performance appraisals evaluate not
only individual employees, but also the organization as a whole.
Training Programs
These help equip an employee with additional knowledge and skills to advance
further in their careers. These programs are commonly led by specialists.
Workshops
This also contribute to the enhancement of one’s knowledge and skills. However,
workshops differ from training programs through means of delivery. Whereas
training programs are led by subject matter experts, workshops commonly
composed of groups of individuals in the same field whose aim is to share their
knowledge with their fellow colleagues.
Seminars
A discussion with a large group of individuals regarding a specific topic. This also
contributes to the enhancement of an individual’s knowledge and understanding of
a certain field.
As we are now in the digital age, these programs are now easier to attend to. Some
of these workshops and short training programs can be found online in sites such as
Coursera and Udemy.

Lesson 4: Practicing Occupational Health and Safety Procedures

Introduction
When working in a certain environment, several controllable and uncontrollable
events may happen at certain times. Especially in the construction sector, there
are circumstances that may affect an individual physically and mentally.
Various risks and hazards can be identified in the workplace. It is important that
these are addressed accordingly, while complying to the mandated laws and
regulations established by the governing body.
In this lesson, the different safety regulations that govern the sector are discussed,
along with the risks and hazards that must be noted and observed, as well as the
emergency response and procedures to be identified, and the different personal
protective equipments to prepare.

Safety Regulations
There are several safety regulations that govern the construction sector. In technical
drafting, it is important to familiarize and identify these laws and codes to ensure
high-quality practice among professionals in the field. By familiarizing with these
regulations, a draftsperson or CAD operator is informed of the standards in the field
and how it is addressed in their fields of expertise.
The National Building Code
The Republic Act No. 6541, also known as the National Building Code of the
Philippines, was mandated to ensure that various developers in the country will
follow the implemented rules and regulations on building design, construction,
occupancy, maintenance, and its usage.
General Building Requirements
1. Buildings or structures must adhere to the principles of safe construction.
2. Buildings or structures must observe proper and adequate environmental
safeguards.
3. Buildings or structures including that of the facilities must be maintained in a
safe, sanitary, and good working condition.
Site Requirements
For buildings that will be used for habitation of humans, a safe distance from bodies
of water and air pollutants must be identified.
Building Permit
Any organization, institution, or individual cannot construct, alter, repair, move, or
demolish a structure without securing a building permit.
Exemptions
Public buildings and dwellings of traditional indigenous families must be excluded
from paying building permit fees.

Fire Code of the Philippines

The Republic Act No. 9514, also known as the Fire Code of the Philippines, is
the basis in which the Bureau of Fire Protection is guided to ensure that the law is
enforced, and public safety and development is observed through the suppression
of dangerous fires.
Inspection Required
Before the granting of permits and licenses, a fire safety inspection is required.
Inspections typically include the installation of fire protection and safety equipment,
as well as the assessment of building usage. All explosive, flammable, combustible,
poisonous, and hazardous materials within the premises are also inspected.
Hazardous Materials
Hazardous materials includes but are not limited to the following:
1. Paints, varnishes, stains, and organic coatings
2. Foam, rubber, sponge rubber, and plastic foam
3. Combustible waste products
Fire Safety Measures
Fire safety measures for hazardous materials includes but are not limited to the
following:
1. Trash management
2. Refining, distillation, and solvent extraction
3. Fire detector and alarm system installation
Penalties
1. Administrative penalties - violators will be fined for no more than Php 12, 000
2. Punitive penalties - violators will be fined for no more than Php 20,000

Batas Pambansa Blg. 344 - Accessibility Law

The Accessibility Law or Batas Pambansa Blg. 344 is an act established to
improve the mobility of persons with disability through the installation and
implementation of appropriate facilities. This act states that various architectural
facilities must enhance the mobility of persons with disabilities through the
installation of ramps, railings, and accessible sidewalks.

Philippine Clean Air Act

The Philippine Clean Air Act or R.A. 8749 is an act that aims to control air
pollution and quality in the Philippines. It is a policy that pursues the development
and protection of the environment.

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 or R.A. 9003 is a state
policy regarding the implementation of solid waste management programs in local
government units.

Philippine Electrical Code

The Philippine Electrical Code provides the minimum requirements and
standards for the installation, design, and maintenance of various electrical systems
in the country.

Department of Labor and Employment Department Order No. 16

The DOLE Department Order No. 16 states the required training and
accreditation of personnel regarding occupational safety and health.

Risks and Hazards

In a workplace setting, there are instances in which risks and hazards are impossible
to avoid. At times, adverse events may occur to individuals in a workplace that may
compromise the safety of an employee.
Let us now identify the various risks and hazards that are present in the workplace:

ACCIDENT
An accident is an unforeseen or unplanned adverse result or consequence of an
action done while fulfilling your duties.
Example: You are asked to visit the building site with the engineer to check some
of the designs in the foundation plan. As you move towards the next area of the
structure, you tripped on a rebar and dislocated your knee.
HAZARD
A hazard is a potential danger that might occur in the workplace.
Examples:
1. Physical hazards - These include possible physical impacts, poor lighting
conditions, air pressure, noise, vibrations, inadequate temperature in the
workplace, and possible radiation.
2. Biological hazards - These include possible infection and transmission of
viruses in the workplace.
3. Chemical hazards - These include possible exposure to dusts, fibers, mists,
fumes, smoke, gasses, vapors, and other chemical substances.
4. Ergonomics - These include possible psychological and physiological factors
that affect an employee such as fatigue and monotony.
RISK
A risk is the probability in which an accident or a hazard may cause harm.
Example: Since you dislocated your knee in an accident, this may put you at risk
for other physical hazards thatmay worsen your condition.

Emergency Response and Procedures

Everyone is considered to be at risk when it comes to disasters. Although, there are
certain procedures in place to ensure the prevention of adverse consequences when
disasters arrive.
CONTINGENCY MEASURES
Contingency plans and measures are put in place to ensure that all anticipated
events and crises are addressed. These measures are composed of the initial
response strategies that an organization will implement should the need arise. For it
to be successful, a contingency plan must be:
1. Easy to follow and conduct.
2. Specific
3. Process - driven
4. Realistic

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
Earthquake Drills
In times of earthquakes, always remember to duck, cover, and hold. Duck on the
floor, cover yourself using a sturdy table or material, and hold until the quake
stops.
Emergency Evacuation Drills
During emergencies, the fire alarm system of the building will be activated, followed
by a disciplined and orderly evacuation. Afterwards, the officials and trained
professionals will inspect the building to ensure its safety.
Fire Drills
Fire drills are implemented to ensure the familiarization of proper evacuation
measures within a group. Always remember to pause everything that you are doing,
go out and line up quickly, and walk out of the building properly.
Occupational Health and Safety Records
Occupational Health and Safety Records ensure the proper documentation of
incidents and accidents that occurred in the workplace. Keeping these records
ensures that interventions may be developed in the future.
FIRST AID
A first aid is the immediate care that is provided to an individual who has been
affected by an accident or an incident. Ensure that a first aid kit is available at all
times.

Personal Protective Equipment

In technical drafting, a draftsperson is usually not required to wear personal
protective equipment (PPE) unless the workspace or setting is in a high-risk area.
When in a construction setting, a draftsperson is required to adhere to the safety
standards that a site is following. For instances where the draftsperson must report
on-site, the following PPE must be worn by the employee to ensure a safe and
smooth flow of work in the workplace.
These include the following:
 Coveralls
Provides protection from hazards and dirt in the workplace
 Safety Hat
Provides head protection.
 Safety Goggles
Provides eye protection.
 Safety Shoes
Provides foot protection.
 Gloves
Provides hand protection.
 Face Mask
Provides respiratory protection.

Lesson 5: Observing Sustainable Workplace Practices

Introduction
As part of the industry, it is highly encouraged that we participate in acquiring,
adapting, and practicing sustainable actions to facilitate the conservation of our
environment through our own means. This is to improve both operational and
environmental aspects in our respective organizations or institutions.
In the vicinity of our field, there are practices that can be easily observe, which can
contribute greatly to society.
In this lesson, you will learn about the 3Rs in the workplace, the best workplace
practices for ensuring efficiency, and the 5S of good housekeeping to ensure a safe
and clean workspace.

Practicing 3Rs in the Workplace

One of the sustainable behaviors that we can adopt in the field is the reduction of
waste, reusing of products, and the recycling of goods.
When it comes to sustainable practices, the basic action plan typically revolves
around the 3Rs. Usually, these are implemented to ensure that the workplace
maintains an effective waste management. Practicing the 3Rs in the workplace is
important to ensure that work practices have reduced adverse effects on the
environment.

Let us now identify what these 3Rs mean:

REDUCE
emphasizes the importance of resource conservation in ensuring waste
minimization such as buying in bulk and purchasing high-quality products that will
last longer.
REUSE
is the process of using items for the same or different purpose without the alteration
of physical and chemical characteristics.
RECYCLE
refers to the treatment of used or waste materials through a process of making
them suitable for beneficial use and for other purposes. To recycle, buy recyclable
products that can be sold to junk shops and recycling facilities.

Best Workplace Practices

Aside from practicing the 3Rs in the workplace, there are other practices that can be
done and adopted to ensure that the working environment is optimized to fulfill
one’s duties and responsibilities.
The workplace is a common area that is shared among other individuals. As part of
an organization, it is important that you are able to observe behaviors that will
make your environment suitable for working.
By doing your part, you are contributing to the success of the organization,
including you, and its stakeholders.
PRACTICING GOOD HYGIENE
A clean workplace is a productive workspace. It is important to observe proper
hygiene in the environment we work in to ensure that illnesses and diseases can be
avoided. By avoiding the spread of possible infections, employees have the
assurance that they will be in good health.
 KEEPING THE WORKSPACE NEAT AND CLEAN
The workspace is where a draftsperson carries out most of their job duties and
responsibilities. It is important that it is kept clean and organized at all times.
 WASHING AND KEEPING HANDS CLEAN
Working as a draftsperson entails one’s hand to be clean at all times. This is to
ensure that the drawings that are being made are kept neat and tidy. Aside from
that, being a draftsperson poses a high risk for dust and dirt accumulation. It is
important to wash hands at all times to ensure that germs and viruses are not
spread in the office.

 DRESSING APPROPRIATELY AND NEATLY

As a draftsperson, risks and hazards are present in the workplace. It is important
that proper work clothes are worn to ensure that the project one is working on
remains neat and tidy.

USING RESOURCES ECONOMICALLY

Using resources economically aids in the contribution to a more cost-effective
organization. As a draftsperson, it is important that drawing tools and materials are
utilized properly to ensure that no resources go to waste.
 OBSERVING ENERGY CONSERVATION
ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING
Use LED bulbs and turn off lights in unoccupied areas.
POWER DOWN ELECTRONICS
Turn off computers, printers, and other equipment when not in use.
EMPLOYEE AWARENESS
Educate and involve employees in energy-saving practices to create a culture of
conservation.
 AVOID HOARDING

ESTABLISH CLEAR POLICIES

Clearly communicate and enforce policies on office space usage and clutter.
REGULAR DECLUTTERING SESSIONS
Schedule regular decluttering sessions to discard unnecessary items.
STORAGE GUIDELINES
Set guidelines on what can be stored, where, and for how long.
MONITOR WORKSTATIONS
Regularly check and address excessive items at individual workstations.
EDUCATIONAL INITIATIVES
Conduct awareness sessions to educate employees on the importance of a clutter-
free workspace.
 PRACTICE FRUGALITY

COST-EFFECTIVE PROCUREMENT
Prioritize affordable options when purchasing supplies and equipment.
EXPENSE MONITORING
Track expenses closely to identify areas for cost reduction.
REUSE AND RECYCLING
Encourage the reuse of office supplies and implement recycling practices.
FLEXIBLE SPENDING POLICIES
Implement flexible spending policies to control discretionary expenses.

MAINTAINING EQUIPMENT
There is a wide range of equipment in technical drafting. However, not everything is
being used. Regardless, it is still important to clean and maintain them one by one,
to ensure the longevity of its functions.
 USING THE EQUIPMENT PROPERLY
In using the equipment, ensure that the manual is followed and used correctly. Make
sure before using, the equipment is verified to be correct for the job.
 INSPECTING THE EQUIPMENT REGULARLY
Before and after using the equipment, it is important that regular checks are done.
This will ensure that issues and inconsistencies are found even before it becomes
noticeable.
 CARRYING OUT REGULAR MAINTENANCE
To avoid spending more on equipment, it is important that regular maintenance is
carried out. This will aid the organization in ensuring that all errors are fixed and
prevented.

5S of Good Housekeeping
Observing sustainable workplace practices are not just focused on proper waste
management and segregation. Aside from observing the 3Rs and best workplace
practices, you can take part in ensuring that the workplace is conducive by
observing proper organization and maintenance of a neat and clean workspace.
Let us now identify the 5S of Good Housekeeping to guide us in facilitating a good
working environment.
 Sort (Seiri)
This is the process of segregating items for keeping and items for waste.
  Seiton or Set in Order
This is the arrangement of items needed in the workplace for easy access and use.
 Seiso or Shine and Clean
This is the continuous process of cleaning the workplace and ensuring that every
item is in good working condition.
 Seiketsu or Standardization
This is the standard maintenance of the clean and organized workspace.

 Shitsuke or Sustain
The last S of good housekeeping ensures that the first 4S’s are observed by other
personnel in the workplace.
Unit 2: Fundamentals of Technical Drafting
Performing Mensuration and Calculation
Introduction
Proper mensuration and calculation are crucial in technical drafting as they ensure
the accuracy and precision of drawings. Accuracy and precision are the foundation
of both engineering and architectural fields to ensure integrity within their projects.
The technical drawings drafted by a draftsperson or CAD operator serves as detailed
plans that guide the construction process, and any errors in measurement can lead
to significant structural issues, increased costs, and safety hazards
Proper mensuration and calculation are two of the most important skills that a
draftsman must possess.
In this lesson, you will learn about the basic geometric shapes used in technical
drafting, the measuring tools and instruments essential for drafting, as well as the
different measurements and calculations that are commonly used by professionals
in the field.
Geometric Shapes
The foundation of technical drafting is a strong understanding of geometric shapes.
These shapes are the building blocks used to create accurate and detailed technical
drawings. Just like letters form words and words form sentences, geometric shapes
combine to create the technical language used to communicate design ideas.
The following are the geometric shapes that are commonly used in technical
drafting:
TRIANGLES
Triangles are geometric shapes that are commonly formed by the interconnection of
three line segments. Every type of triangle is made up of three sides and three
angles. These sides and angles are what distinguishes and classifies them into
specific categories.
  TRIANGLES BY SIDES
Triangles can be distinguished into three sides.

 TRIANGLES BY ANGLES
Triangles can also be distinguished into three angles.

QUADRILATERALS
Quadrilaterals are geometric shapes that have four sides.
Let us now identify the different types of the most common quadrilaterals.

CIRCLE
A circle is a geometric shape that is classified as a set of points all equally distanced
from the center.

Measuring Tools and Instruments

PROTRACTOR
This is an instrument that is used to create and measure plane angles.
STEEL RULE/STRAIGHT EDGE
This is also known as a straightedge, A steel rule is considered as the simplest and
most common tool used for measurement. This tool is used as a solid guide for
creating markings and cutting straight lines.
 TRIANGLE
This is also known as a straightedge. A steel rule is considered the simplest and
most common tool used for measurement. This tool is used as a solid guide for
creating markings and cutting straight lines.
DRAFTING TRIANGLES
These are made of transparent plastic or other materials and come in two main
shapes: 30-60-90 triangles and 45-45-90 triangles. These numbers represent the
angles of the triangles.
 30-60-90 TRIANGLE
One angle is 30 degrees, another is 60 degrees, and the third is 90 degrees. It is
particularly useful for drawing lines at 30, 60, and 90-degree angles.
 45-45-90 TRIANGLE
This triangle has two 45-degree angles and one 90-degree angle. It is useful for
creating lines at 45-degree angles and is often used in isometric drawing.
 SET SQUARES
This is also known as adjustable triangles or triangles with an adjustable angle,
allow the user to set any angle within a certain range. These triangles are useful for
drawing lines at specific angles other than the fixed angles provided by the 30-60-
90 or 45-45-90 triangles.
TRIANGULAR SCALES
These are specialized rulers used in drafting and technical drawing to measure and
draw accurately scaled drawings. These scales are triangular in shape and typically
feature a variety of calibrated scales on each of their three sides.
Each side of the triangle represents a different scale, allowing users to quickly
switch between measurements without having to change tools.
T-SQUARE
This is a drafting tool consisting of a horizontal blade and a vertical stock, forming a
"T" shape. Used in technical drawing, it ensures straight and parallel lines by
aligning the blade with the drawing edge. Drafters position the T-square on the
drawing board, anchoring the stock to maintain precision while drawing horizontal
lines.

Measurements and Calculations

The language of technical drafting relies heavily on precise measurements and
calculations. These form the foundation for creating accurate and functional
drawings that translate an idea into a real-world object or structure. From
determining the dimensions of a building component to calculating the angles for a
roof slope, a solid grasp of these fundamentals is essential for a draftsperson.

The following are the common measurements and calculations used in Technical
Drafting:
Measurement of Angles
Measurement of angles in technical drafting is a fundamental process that involves
the use of a protractor, a tool designed to measure angles in degrees. Protractors
are semi-circular or circular instruments with marked graduations ranging from 0 to
180 degrees or 0 to 360 degrees, respectively.
In the context of technical drafting, the protractor is used to accurately determine
and draw angles on drafting surfaces, ensuring the precision required for
architectural and engineering designs.

To measure an angle, you can use a protractor:

Protractor Method
1. Place the protractor with its center hole over the vertex (corner) of the
angle. Align the baseline (flat edge) of the protractor with one arm of the
angle.
2. Read the degree measure where the other arm intersects the protractor.

Conversion of Systems of Measurement

There are different systems of measurement that are commonly used by different
professionals worldwide. Commonly, countries all over the world use the Systems
International (SI) system of measurement, also known as the metric system.
However, in the United States, the English system is still being used.
Knowledge of unit conversion is important to ensure that international and local
standards are met. In a highly globalized economy, it is important to know how to
convert from different systems of measurement to facilitate international
collaboration.
Knowledge of unit conversion is essential, especially when drafting. This is
important to ensure accuracy of measurements and avoid possible confusion.
Below is a representation of unit conversion:

Engineer’s Scale
An engineer's scale is a type of ruler used in technical drafting for creating scaled
drawings. Unlike a standard ruler that measures in inches or centimeters, an
engineer's scale allows you to represent real-world distances at a reduced size on a
drawing.
Interpreting Technical Drawings and Plans
Introduction
The role of a draftsperson is not limited to just drafting and creating technical plans.
It is also important that other skills are developed to ensure an efficient and
effective role in a workplace.
As professionals in the field, it is important that you understand how to interpret
technical and work plans accordingly. It is also important that we determine each
element that is a part of it.

Technical and Work Plans

Technical drawings are detailed representations of how a building works or is
constructed. Under technical plans are different variations of layouts and drawings
that we will later discuss further as we move forward in the discussion.

Technical plans are specific. These include the following:

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC PLANS
These consist of drawings that show all components that are powered by electricity
through a plug and wire, as well as all connecting wires between them.
STRUCTUAL PLANS
These are composed of foundation and framing plans. These plans typically show
drawings of a building’s structural components that help in supporting weight and
load.
ARCHITECTURAL PLANS
These depict the overall design of the building as well as its location. This typically
includes the site development plan, the roof, ceiling, and floor plan, as well as the
elevations and sections of a structure.
PLUMBING PLANS
These consist of drawings regarding the building’s plumbing system. It typically
includes sanitary and drainage systems, as well as the septic tank.
MECHANICAL PLANS
These consist of drawings that depict various mechanical systems involved in a
household such as HVAC, fire system, and lifting and transport systems.

Technical drawings are made to be unambiguous. Meaning, they can only be

interpreted in one way. They have to be clear and concise for a better
understanding and interpretation. To make a technical drawing unambiguous, it has
to include the following:
1. A precise scale or measurement
2. Multiple and different angles
3. Specified dimensions
Work Plan
Work plans are the overall representation of how a building will be constructed. This
will include the following:
1. Job requirements
2. Installation instructions
3. Components instructions
Drawing
A drawing typically includes a detailed and precise plan that indicates information
on how a building, structure, or object is constructed.
General Notes
General notes provide detailed information regarding the design and materials of a
structure.
Symbols
Symbols are graphical representations of various features and components that can
be found in a drawing.

Observing Technical Drawing and Quality Standards

Introduction
In every field and profession, certain standards are set both locally and
internationally to maintain consistency in outputs. As professionals, it is imperative
that we ensure that the services we provide are of the best quality
possible. Certain technical drawing and quality standards are implemented to
ensure that every work done is substantial and at par with its perceived quality.

In this lesson, you will learn about the different technical drawing standards that
you must observe in the field, especially as a draftsperson, as well as the different
quality standards that will help in ensuring the production of high quality outputs.
Technical Drawing Standards
Technical drawing standards are sets of rules and conventions that provide
guidance on the creation, interpretation, and distribution of technical
drawings. These standards ensure consistency, clarity, and accuracy in
representing designs across different industries, both national and international.
These are considered as the guidelines which depict and define how architectural
and engineering drawings should be created.
In the next following subchapters, you will learn about the different technical
drawing standards that are observed in the industry.
Drafting the Title Block
In drafting technical plans, it is important that the drawings produced are properly
labeled with regards to its ownership, for proper citation and for recording
of necessary information regarding the project.
Below are the different components of a title block, as well as the steps and
procedures in drafting it:
A title block contains various sections that contain relevant information. These are
the boxes that you commonly find in drafted plans that includes all details and
information such as:
1. Logo
2. Project Title
3. Author Name
4. Sheet Content
5. Date
6. Sheet Number

The following are the steps and procedures to properly draft the title block:
1. Place your drawing paper and T-square on the drawing board.
2. Use your t-square to make sure that your paper is aligned. Ensure that the
top and bottom part of your paper is aligned with the edges of the t-square.
3. Once aligned, use a masking tape to secure the edges of the drawing paper
to the drawing board.
4. Using a ruler, measure the sides of the paper by half an inch and mark each
side with a dot accurately using a pencil.
5. Place your t-square on top of your drawing paper.
6. Afterwards, place your 30-60-90 triangle on the top edge of the t-square.
 7. With the dots as reference to the margin measurement, create vertical and
horizontal lines using your pencil to connect the four edges, forming a half
inch margin around the paper.
8. After creating the margin, use your ruler on the drawing paper to measure
the dimensions of the title block.
9. Measure 1 inch from the bottom margin of the drawing paper. Mark the area
of the drawing paper with a dot using a pencil.
10.Afterwards, use the t-square to create a horizontal line connecting the two
sides of the drawing paper to create the title block.
11.Divide your title block into six sections using a ruler.
12.For the first section, measure a width of 1.5 inches. Mark the area with a dot
using a pencil to identify the end point.
13.For the second to fourth sections, measure a width of 4 inches each. Mark the
area with a do using a pencil to identify the end point.
14.For the fifth and sixth sections, measure a width of 1 inch each. Mark the area
with a dot using a pencil to identify the end point.
15.Using the t-square and 30-60-90 triangle, draw a vertical line aligned with the
markings to divide the sections of the title block.
16.From the second section to the sixth, measure a 0.5 m header from the top of
the title block using a ruler. Mark the area with a dot using a pencil to identify
the end point.
17.Using the t-square, draw a horizontal line to connect the header from the
edges of the second to sixth sections.
18.For the sixth section, divide the block into three. First, divide it horizontally in
the center. Then, divide the bottom half into two using a vertical line.
19.Indicate the logo of the organization on the first section.
20.For the second to sixth sections, use the t-square to create 0.3 m lettering
guidelines on the header. Use the t-square to create 0.5 m lettering
guidelines on the sections.
21.Using these guidelines, label the header with project title, author, content,
date, and sheet number respectively.
22.Afterwards, label the sections with appropriate information.
23.Finalize your title block.

Alphabet of Lines
Drafting technical plans is not a simple task of drawing designs in accordance with
your own drawing style. Each element or component in a plan has its own meaning,
including the different lines used in finalizing each design.
Below are the different alphabet of lines that you must take note in drafting
technical plans:
The lightness or heaviness of a line within a drawing is called the line weight. It
typically varies by thickness and item importance. At times, technical drawings use
a variety of line weights. These line weights are usually depicted in different line
types.

Alphabet of lines consists of line symbols that are commonly used in technical
drafting. These are the following:
Lettering
Technical drawings also consist of written information. It is important that these
details are legible and uniform. Below are the different types of lettering used in
technical drawings:
Single Stroke Capital Letters

Single Stroke Capital Inclined Letters

Double Stroke Capital Letters

Double Stroke Inclined Capital Letters

Small Vertical Lowercase Letters

Small Inclined Lowercase Letters

Dimensioning and Labeling

DIMENSIONING
It is the process whereby size information is presented in numerical values to
indicate the proper unit of measurement that is used in the drawing.
LEADERS
These are lines or series that connect an element in a drawing to an annotation.

LABELING
It is also known as coding in technical drawing. This is commonly used to reference
different parts of a technical drawing, either on the same sheet or from another.
General Layout and Configuration of Technical Plans
Technical drawings and plans are presented and produced using uniform templates
and formats. Each sheet layout can differ from one organization or firm to another.
However, it is still important to take note of the important details that can be found
in a technical plan.
Layout
This is the drawing of the plan itself. This is drawn on the drawing area.
Dimensions
These provide numerical values and linear measurements regarding the precise
size, location, and arrangement of features and components included in a plan.
These are indicated using leader lines beside objects that it defines.
Drawing Title and Scale
This ensures that the plans are properly labeled and scaled for an accurate transfer
of information from the designer and the builder. This will be the indicator on what
technical plan is being discussed from one person to another.
Labels and Annotations
These are are textual or graphical elements that provide essential information about
the roof’s dimensions and other important factors.
Notes
Notes provide textual information regarding the drawing and its features. This is
commonly located on unoccupied spaces in the paper.
Title Block
This provides relevant information such as the organizational logo, title, author
name, date of creation, and other details. Take note that this is an example of a title
block template. Organizations and firms generally have a format or template of their
own.
Quality Assurance Standards
Providing services to various individuals entail the assurance of quality work. To
ensure that the output to be provided to our clients is of standard, it is important
that we follow processes and procedures that will guide us in determining whether
our final product reaches its desired specifications.
 Ensure that Safety Regulations are Followed
All technical drawings must be in accordance with Laws, Codes, and Standards set
in the profession.
 Ensure that Drawing Guidelines are Followed
All technical drawings must be in accordance with the revised 2020 ISO standards
for technical drafting.
 Ensure that Drawings are Signed and Sealed by a Licensed
Professional
All technical drawings must be signed and sealed by a licensed architect or
engineer, specifically the senior architect and engineer which you, as a
draftsperson, report to, for proper quality control.

Setting-Up Drawing Tools and Materials

Introduction
In technical drafting, certain processes are governed by specific procedures to
ensure consistency and uniformity in all products or outputs produced.
Before drafting technical plans, it is important to take note of the proper set-up of
tools and materials before starting the drafting process. This will ensure that
everything needed is already in place. Aside from that, by learning about proper
procedures, errors may be minimized.
Drawing Tools and Materials
The foundation of any technical drawing is precision. To achieve this accuracy, a
draftsperson relies on a variety of tools beyond just pencils and rulers.
These tools will help the draftsperson in achieving the technical drawing and quality
standards that is expected in the field.
Below are the different tools and materials to familiarize with before starting the
drafting process:
DRAWING TOOLS
 Drawing Board
A drawing board is a flat, angled surface used in drafting and technical drawing.
Typically made of wood or similar materials, it provides a stable platform for
creating precise drawings.

 Technical Pens and Pencils

The following are the primary materials used, both mechanical and automatic. Only
one type is required while the others are deemed optional.
Technical Pens
Disposable Technical Pens
Ideal for quick, precise drawings with fixed nib sizes.
Refillable Technical Pens
Economical and environmentally friendly, suitable for consistent, long-term use.
Technical Pencils
Mechanical Pencils
Excellent for precise drafting, offering a consistent line thickness.
Lead Holders
Flexible pencils with a broad range of lead options for diverse applications.
 Erasing Shields
An erasing shield is a thin, flat template made of metal or plastic with various
openings or shapes. Placed over a drawing or writing surface, it shields specific
areas while erasing, allowing precision in correcting mistakes. It helps prevent
unintended removal of adjacent lines, making it a useful tool in detailed drafting
and drawing.
 Drawing Templates
Lettering Template
A lettering template is a tool used in drafting and graphic design that provides
predefined guides for creating consistent and uniform letters, numbers, and
symbols. It typically includes a variety of typefaces and sizes, enabling users to add
precise and standardized lettering to drawings, diagrams, or illustrations.

Architectural Templates
Include symbols for doors, windows, furniture, and other architectural elements.

Geometric Shapes Templates

Circles and Ellipses
Templates with circles and ellipses of various diameters for precise representation.
Squares and Rectangles
Templates featuring squares and rectangles of different sizes for accurate
dimensions.
Triangles
Templates with equilateral, isosceles, and right-angled triangles for geometric
drawings.
Hexagons and Octagons
Templates that provide hexagons and octagons for creating regular polygons.
Curves and Spirals
Templates featuring curved lines and spirals for creating smooth, controlled shapes.

MATERIALS
 Sketch Paper
A sketch paper is a common paper that is used in drafting. It can be a bond paper.
 Tracing Paper
A tracing paper is a translucent type of paper that can be used to create overlays or
copy a certain aspect from previously made drafts.
 Blueprint
A blueprint is considered as the duplicate of a technical drawing that is copied
through contact print processes.
 Ink Refills
Technical pen ink refills are replacement cartridges or containers filled with pigment-
based ink for drafting and precision drawing. They come in various colors, providing
a reliable and long-lasting ink source for technical pens.
 Mechanical Lead Refills
Mechanical lead refills are slim graphite sticks used to replace worn-out leads in
mechanical pencils. They come in various sizes and hardness levels, offering a
practical way to keep a sharp point in mechanical pencils without the need for a
sharpener. Ideal for straightforward and continuous writing or drawing.
 Graphite Pencils
Graphite pencils are writing and drawing tools with a graphite core encased in
wood. Lead grades indicate the pencil's hardness and darkness. Common grades
include:
9H to H (Hard)
Harder leads for light marks.
F to HB (Medium)
Standard for general use.
B to 9B (Soft)
Softer leads for darker marks.
 Eraser
An eraser is a small, handheld tool used to remove pencil or graphite marks from
paper. Typically made of rubber or similar materials, erasers work by friction to lift
and erase pencil markings. Essential in drawing and writing, they come in various
shapes and sizes, allowing for precise corrections and adjustments
Set-Up Procedures
Before beginning with the drafting process, it is important to familiarize with the
different set-up procedures that one must do in a workplace.
 Plotting Coordinates
 Aligning of T-Square with Drawing Paper
 Proportioning of Drawings within the Sheet of Paper
MODULE 2
Lesson 1: Drafting Floor Plans
Introduction
Designers and builders rely on technical plans such as floor plans to understand the
scope of work and material requirements. This will guide them in determining the
estimated cost of construction, as well as the depicted timeline for the project.
Floor plans are essential documents in architecture, design, and construction that
provide a detailed and scaled representation of a building's layout from a top-down
perspective. They serve several important purposes in the design and construction
process, as well as in various other contexts.
A floor plan is an important aspect during the construction of a building because it
guides the designers and builders in ensuring the efficient use of space within a
building. It helps them visualize and plan the efficient use of space within a building.
The floor plan provides them a clear layout of the room arrangements to be built,
aiding in design decisions and further adjustments.
Topic 1: Elements of Floor Plans
Structures are not easily built from scratch. One must first assess the best possible
design for a structure before starting the building process. To know this, an architect
or engineer will create a design that is most suitable for the land where the
structure will be built. After this, the draftsperson will be assigned to create the
layout that will depict these designs and features into a visual representation.
The Floor Plan
Door Symbols
These are the doors or openings of a structure.
Window Symbols
These are windows or wall openings of a structure.
Section Cutting Plane
This is where the floor plan will be sectioned. This will be the basis in drafting thne
section plan.
Furnitures and Fixtures
These are the different furnitures, appliances, fixtures, and plumbing components
that can be found in a structure.
Interior Walls
This is the internal part of a structure's walls or partition of a structure. This is
thinner than an exterior wall.
Exterior Walls
This is the external part of the structure's walls. This is thicker than the interior wall.
Wall Outline
This depicts the layout of the building walls. This includes the interior and exterior
walls of the stucture.
Topic 2: General Layout and Configuration
The specific general layout and configuration of floor plans can vary depending on
the intended design. The common general layout and configuration of floor plans
are as follows:
The Layout of the Floor Plan
Floor Layout
This depicts the floor area itself, including the different partitions, furnitures and
fixtures, as well as room identifiers.
Topic 3: Drafting Floor Plans
In laying out a floor plan, it is important to take into consideration various
procedures to ensure the proper placement of elements:
1. Draw the perimeter walls of your structure.
o Determine the center of the drawing area where the floor plan will be
drafted.
o Take note that the scale is 1:100.

o Afterwards, draft the perimeter walls by drawing the initial building

outline of 7x7 meters.
o Draw the exterior wall of the building with a width of zero point twenty
meters.
o Draw the interior walls of the building with a width of zero point ten
meters.
2. Identify its orientation and locate where the main entry would be.
o Identify the doors and windows.

o Block out spaces for the doors and windows.

o Using a drawing template, trace the doors and windows appropriate for
the floor plan.
o Erase unnecessary lines from the blocked out doors and windows.
 o Using the drawing template, trace the different furnitures that are
appropriate for each room identified.
3. Using your 30-60-90 triangle and t-square create appropriate guidelines for
the drawing texts. In this drawing, 0.03 m guidelines for the labels and
annotations
4. Label the drawing accordingly.
5. Using the t-square and 30-60-90 triangle, add the dimensions of the
structure. Make sure to use an architectural tick.
6. Using the t-square and 30-60-90 triangle, add guidelines and indicate the
dimensions.
7. Using the t-square, create a guideline for the drawing title.
8. Afterwards, using a drawing template, trace the appropriate circle for the
drawing title.
9. Create guidelines using the t-square.
10.Divide the circle into three parts.
11.Using your 30-60-90 triangle, create appropriate guidelines for the drawing
texts. In this drawing, a 0.05 m guideline for the drawing title.
12.Write the letter "A" on the top part of the circle, "1" on the lower left part and
"6" on the right.
13.Label the drawing with a title: Floor Plan.
14.Below the drawing title, write scale and indicate one is to one hundred.
15.Using your t-square, create appropriate guidelines for the drawing texts.
16.In this drawing, 0.03 m guidelines for the title block information.
17.Label the sheet with all important information:
18.For the content: Floor Plan
19.For the sheet number, write the letter "A" on the top part of the last title
block section, "2" on the lower left part and "4" on the right.
Lesson 2: Drafting Roof Plans

Introduction

Roof plans are essential in architecture and construction plans. These plans provide critical
information on the design, structural integrity, safety, and functionality of a
structure’s roof. These plans serve as a critical reference throughout the construction process.

Roof plans present the top view of a building. It projects how the building is seen from the top.
Commonly, it is important as it defines the position of the building on the plotted location plan.
Roof plans are an essential part of building construction and design because it helps in
providing a clear and detailed representation of a roof structure. It helps designers and builders
involved in further understanding the building roof’s specific layout and features.

Furthermore, roof plans ensure that all structural elements are shown and stated accordingly.
The creation of these plans are crucial as it ensures that the roof can support its own weight,
and is in accordance with the building’s weight capacity. Without roof plans, energy, safety, and
hazard considerations may be disregarded. This is because roof plans are vital when it comes
to the provision of proper drainage and wastewater management, as well as the addition and
placement of various elements that may aid in the building’s energy efficiency and conservation.
Aside from that, roof plans also provide various considerations to fire safety. Without these
plans, there will be no cohesion on how other mechanical and sanitary features will be
adequately placed in accordance with the structure of the roof.

Topic 1: Elements of Roof Plans

Various elements that can be typically found in roof plans. These elements help in providing a
detailed view of a building’s roof structure, as well as its various components. Although
elements differ depending on the intended design of a roof, below are common elements that
can be found in roof plans.

Overhang

This is the portion of the roof that provides the shade for wall openings. It also provides wall
protection from adverse weather conditions.

Roof Slope

Roof slopes refer to the incline or pitch of a roof's surface, indicating the degree of its slant from
the horizontal plane.

Roof Ridge

The roof ridge is considered as the horizontal intersection between two or more roof planes.
This is typically the highest point of a roof.

Topic 2: General Layout and Configuration

The general layout and configuration of a roof plan is depicted by a designated format that is in
accordance with the standards of a profession. It typically includes relevant information on the
outline of the roof, the dimensions, and the parameters to be included. Aside from that, it
presents how the elements should be placed in the document itself.

Roof Outline

The roof outline is commonly found in a roof plan. This may include its shape and dimension, as
well as the basic understanding on the roof plan.

Topic 3: Drafting Roof Plans

In laying out a roof plan, it is important to take into consideration various procedures to ensure
the proper placement of elements.
1. Determine the center of the drawing area where the roof plan will be drafted.
2. Take note that the scale is 1:100.
3. Using the triangle and t-square, project construction lines from the drafted floor plan.
4. Afterwards, draft the perimeter walls by drawing the initial building outline of 8.4 x 8.4
meters.
5. On each of the four corners, offset zero point seven meters from the exterior walls. This
will serve as the basis for the roof outline.
6. Using the t-square and triangle, draw a line to connect the marked offset.
7. Using the triangle, draft the roof ridge bye drawing diagonal lines on the corners of the
roof outline.
8. Draw other roof details indicated.
9. Using the t-square and 30-60-90 triangle, add the dimensions of the structure. Make
sure to use an architectural tick.
10. Using the t-square and 30-60-90 triangle, add guidelines and indicate the dimensions.
11. Using the t-square, create a guideline for the drawing title.
12. Afterwards, using a drawing template, trace the appropriate circle for the drawing title.
13. Divide the circle into three parts.
14. Create guidelines using the t-square.
15. Using your thirty - sixty - ninety triangle, create appropriate guidelines for the drawing
texts. In this drawing, a 0.05 m guideline for the drawing title.
16. Write the letter "A" on the top part of the circle, "two" on the lower left part, and "six" on
the right.
17. Label the drawing with a title: Roof Plan.
18. Below the drawing title, write scale and indicate one is to one hundred.
19. Using your t-square, create appropriate guidelines for the drawing texts.
20. In this drawing, 0.03 m guidelines for the title block information.
21. Label the sheet with all important information:
22. For the content: Roof Plan
Lesson 3: Drafting Ceiling Plans

Introduction
Ceiling plans are an integral part of architectural and construction documentation, serving
several important purposes in the design and construction of buildings. They are crucial for
ensuring that the ceiling design is executed accurately, safely, and in compliance with building
codes and regulations. Aside from that, they play a key role in the overall functionality,
aesthetics, and long-term maintenance of interior spaces in buildings.
Ceiling plans or reflected ceiling plans are technical drawings that represent the features of
a building’s ceiling. Typically, a reflected ceiling plan shows ceiling construction as well as finish
sections, details, and other specifications. Aside from that, it also includes various special ceiling
features such as entertainment and communication system wirings, safety and security devices,
and an HVAC system. Reflected ceiling pans are an important aspect of building construction as
it provides a detailed and scaled representation of the ceiling design and layout which includes
all elements, fixtures, and architectural features. Through this, the accurate planning and
communication regarding the ceiling aspects will be ensured.
Without proper design, creation, and visualization of ceiling plans, various conflicts and
overlapping of elements and components will be avoided. Without these plans, the ceiling will
have no coherence with the building structure and possible safety hazards may arise.
Topic 1: Elements of Ceiling Plans
Ceiling plans provide a detailed view of the ceiling design and layout. It includes various
elements that aim to convey relevant information regarding its design, construction, and
materials.
Furthermore, these elements help in accurately planning and designing the ceiling and ensuring
proper placement of all features in accordance with safety and building code regulations. The
elements of ceiling plans are as follows:
Wall and Ceiling Outline
The wall outline depicts the layout of the building walls. This is used as a reference for the
ceiling outline that depicts the different partitions of the ceiling on the different parts of the
structure.
Light Fixtures
Light fixtures are visual representations of the lighting equipment that will be used in the
structure.
Recessed Ceilings
Recessed ceilings are areas of the ceiling where different ceiling height is observed, as well as
elevation changes.
Topic 2: General Layout and Configuraton
The specific general layout and configuration of ceiling plans can vary depending on the
architectural design and purpose of the space. The common general layout and configuration of
ceiling plans are as follows:
Ceiling Layout
This includes the drawing of the entire ceiling, including the different recessed areas and light
fixture placements.
Room or Space Identifiers
Room or space identifiers indicate each room or space for reference and clarity.

Topic 3: Drafting Ceiling Plans

In drafting ceiling plans, it is important to ensure that various steps and procedures are followed
in order to execute its construction in accordance with all regulations and safety compliances.
Drafting ceiling plans is an essential step in ensuring that the structural integrity of a building is
intact. Below are the following steps in the creation and drafting of a ceiling plan:
1. Take note of the dimensions used in the floor plan. You may use the floor plan as your
reference.
2. With the floor plan as a reference, identify the interior and exterior walls of the structure.
3. Using mechanical pencil, lightly trace the exterior walls and key interior walls from the
floor plan onto the ceiling plan.
4. Identify the recessed ceiling and use the drawing template to trace its desired design.
5. Determine the center of each recessed ceiling.
6. Using the drawing template, trace the lighting fixtures appropriate for the structure.
7. Using your 30-60-90 triangle and t-square create appropriate guidelines for the drawing
texts. In this drawing, 0.03 m guidelines for the labels and annotations
8. Label the drawing accordingly.
9. Using the t-square, create a guideline for the drawing title.
10. Afterwards, using a drawing template, trace the appropriate circle for the drawing title.
11. Divide the circle into three parts.
12. Using your 30-60-90 triangle and t-square, create appropriate guidelines for the drawing
texts. In this drawing, a 0.05 m guideline for the drawing title.
13. Write the letter "A" on the top part of the circle, "1" on the lower left part, and "4" on the
right.
14. Label the drawing with a title: Ceiling Plan.
15. Below the drawing title, write scale and indicate one is to one hundred.
16. Using your t-square, create appropriate guidelines for the drawing texts.
17. In this drawing, 0.03 m guidelines for the title block information.
18. Label the sheet with all important information:
 19. For the content: Ceiling Plan
20. For the sheet number, write the letter "A" on the top part of the last title block section, "3"
on the lower left part and "4" on the right.
21. Clean the sheet using an eraser to erase unnecessary lines and dusting brush to
remove dirt.

Lesson 1: Drafting Elevations

Introduction
Elevations are crucial elements in technical drafting and design for various reasons, particularly
in fields like architecture, engineering, and construction. In technical drafting, it plays a pivotal
role in conveying design intent, ensuring compliance with regulations, facilitating effective
communication, and aiding in the successful execution of construction projects. They are
essential tools for architects, engineers, and other professionals involved in the field.

Elevations are drawings that show the height of walls, as well as its outline from one corner to
another and from the floor to the ceiling. Elevations can be identified into two: the exterior and
interior elevations.
An exterior elevation represents the drawing of a wall that is outside a building while
an interior elevation represents the drawing of the wall inside a building, as well as the interior
side of the external wall. Elevations are important as they provide a clear and detailed visual
representation of a building or object's external façade or specific views. This helps
stakeholders, including architects, engineers, builders, and clients, to visualize the appearance
and aesthetics of the structure. They convey design intent, including the placement of windows,
doors, materials, and overall proportions, ensuring that everyone is on the same page regarding
the design.
Similar to other architectural plans, the lack of an elevation layout will cause miscommunication
among designers and builders. They show how various architectural and engineering elements,
such as structural components, electrical fixtures, and plumbing details, integrate into the overall
design.
Topic 1: Elements of Elevations
In technical drafting and architectural drawings, elevations are representations of a building's
vertical faces or facades as seen from various viewpoints. Elevations provide important
information about the building's appearance, dimensions, and architectural features. The
elements typically included in elevations are as follows:
Door and Window Openings
These are doors, windows, and other openings in the building facade.
Exterior Walls
The primary building envelope, including exterior wall materials, cladding, textures, and colors.
Roof Outline and Overhang
Projections of the roof that affect the appearance of the facade.
Other Architectural Features
These include specific details like balconies, railings, parapets, canopies, and other design
elements.
Topic 2: General Layout and Configuration
In technical drafting, elevations are graphical representations of the vertical faces or sides of an
object or structure. They are typically used to provide a clear and detailed view of how a
structure or object will look from various angles. The general layout and configuration of
elevations in technical drafting follow a set of conventions and standards to ensure clarity and
accuracy. Here are the key elements of a typical elevation drawing:
Orientation
The orientation of the elevation drawings in relation to the building's cardinal directions such as:
o Front

o Rear

o Left

o Right

Elevation Layout
This is the layout of the different elevations in a building itself. Often, these are drawn in four (4)
different orientations.
Topic 3: Drafting Elevations
In laying out elevations, it is important to take into consideration various procedures to ensure
the proper placement of elements.
1. Prepare your paper and place it on the drawing board.
2. Align your paper with the t-square to ensure proper placement.
3. Draft the title block.
4. Determine the scale that you will be using for your drawing. For this sheet, use a one is
to one hundred scale.
5. Proportion your drawings according to the divided areas of the drawing paper.
6. Determine the center of the drawing area.
7. Lay the manually drafted floor plan as the basis for your elevations.
8. Identify the main entry point. This serves as the basis for the front elevation.
 9. Prowject construction lines from the floor plan to draw the upright outline.
10. Establish the floor line bye measuring up bye zero point forty five meters from the bottom
of the structure.
11. Establish the ceiling bye measuring up bye three point fifty five meters from the floor line.
12. Establish exterior walls bye measuring up bye three meters from the floor line.
13. Establish wall and roof space bye measuring up bye zero point three meters from the
exterior wall.
14. Establish the roof ridge bye measuring up bye two point forty five.
15. Identify door placement bye measuring up bye two point two meters from the floor. This
will also serve as the top part of the window.
16. Mark the bottom of the window bye measuring up bye zero point nine meters from the
floor line.
17. Establish the window dimensions at one point two meters for width and height.
18. Using your thirty - sixty - ninety triangle, create appropriate guidelines for the drawing
texts. In this drawing, zero point zero three meter guidelines for the labels, annotations,
and title block information, and zero point zero five meter guidelines for the drawing title.
19. Using a drawing template, trace the appropriate circle for the drawing title. Divide the
circle crosswise into two, then divide the bottom half lengthwise into two.
20. Indicate the labels appropriately.
21. Label the drawing with a title: Front Elevation.
22. In the circle, write the letter "A" on the top part of the circle, "three" on the lower left part
and "six" on the right.
23. Below the drawing title, write scale and indicate one is to one hundred.
24. Label the sheet with all important information:
25. For the content: Front Elevation
26. Clean the sheet using an eraser to erase unnecessary lines and dusting brush to
remove dirt.
Lesson 2: Drafting Sections

Introduction
Sections are a crucial component in drafting architectural layouts. It is important that these are
included in plans, to ensure that accurate depictions of how buildings are constructed are
represented.
Sections are technical drawings that are used to graphically present the interior details of a
building correctly. To obtain the section view, a cutting - plane line is used. Sections are
important in technical drafting as it provides a clear and concise visual representation of a
building's interior spaces and how they are arranged vertically. This helps stakeholders,
including clients and builders, better understand the building's layout. Furthermore, sections
show the height and depth of various building elements, including walls, floors, ceilings, and
structural components. This is vital for understanding how different levels of a building are
organized and connected.
Aside from that, sections reveal the spatial relationships between different parts of a building.
This is especially valuable for conveying how spaces are stacked on top of each other or how
various building systems, like plumbing or HVAC, are routed through different floors. They
provide a common visual language that helps ensure everyone is on the same page regarding
the design and layout and help assess the accessibility of spaces within a building, ensuring
compliance with building codes and regulations, particularly with regard to features like ramps,
stairs, and elevators.
Without the presentation of a building’s sections, possible errors may be encountered, including
miscommunications and misinterpretations among the designers and the builders.
Topic 1: Elements of Sections
Similar to elevations, a section plan has a certain layout that must be adhered to in accordance
to technical drawing and quality standards. These differ depending on the regulations in certain
areas and countries. However, a section plan must have the following:
Openings
These are other openings in the building, including their dimensions, positions, and architectural
details.
Exterior Walls
This is the primary building envelope, including exterior wall materials, cladding, textures, and
colors.
Roof Outline and Overhang
Projections of the roof that affect the appearance of the facade.
Topic 2: General Layout and Configuration
The general layout and configuration of sections in technical drafting follow a set of conventions
and standards to ensure clarity and accuracy. Here are the key elements of a typical section
drawing:
Section Layout
This is the layout of the building when cut through a plane.
Topic 3: Drafting Sections
In laying out sections, it is important to take into consideration various procedures to ensure the
proper placement of elements.
1. Proportion your drawings according to the divided areas of the drawing paper.
2. Identify the section cut line.
3. For the Lateral Section, use your t-square to draw a section line at the center of the
drawing.
4. For the Longitudinal Section, use the t-square and triangle to draw a vertical section line
at the center of the drawing.
5. Using the t-square and drawing template, trace the appropriate circle for the section
label.
6. Afterwards, using the t-square and drawing template, choose the appropriate triangle
and trace it on top of the drafted circle for the section label.
7. Using the t-square, trace the horizontal section line with phantom lines.
8. Afterwards, using the t-square and triangle, trace the vertical section line with phantom
lines.
9. Using your thirty - sixty - ninety triangle, create appropriate guidelines for the drawing
texts. In this drawing, draw zero point zero three meter guidelines for the labels,
annotations.
10. Indicate the labels appropriately.
11. After finalizing the sectioning of the floor plan, use the plan as reference for the sections
and place it under your drawing paper.
12. Align your paper with the t-square to ensure proper placement.
 13. Prowject construction lines from the floor plan using a mechanical pencil to draw the
building outline.
14. Use a mechanical pencil to sketch lines indicating floor and ceiling levels, aligning with
the floor plan.
15. Identify the areas inside the structure and draft its openings accordingly.
16. Draft the roof of the structure.
17. Using your thirty - sixty - ninety triangle, create appropriate guidelines for the drawing
texts. In this drawing, zero point zero three meter guidelines for the labels, annotations,
and title block information, and zero point zero five meter guidelines for the drawing title.
18. Using a drawing template, trace the appropriate circle for the drawing title. Divide the
circle crosswise into two, then divide the bottom half lengthwise into two.
19. Indicate the labels appropriately.
20. Label the drawing with a title: Section A-A.
21. In the circle, write the letter "A" on the top part of the circle, "two" on the lower left part
and "three" on the right.
22. Below the drawing title, write scale and indicate one is to one hundred.
23. Label the sheet with all important information:
24. For the content: Sections
25. Clean the sheet using an eraser to erase unnecessary lines and dusting brush to
remove dirt.
26. For Section B-B, rotate the floor plan ninety degrees counterclockwise to draft the
identified section.
27. Repeat the same steps as the first section drawing.
28. Finalize the drawing bye inking the lines using a zero point three technical pen for the
labels and annotation, and zero point five for the drawing.
29. Clean the sheet using an eraser to erase unnecessary lines and dusting brush to
remove dirt.
Lesson 1: Determining the Components of a Site Development Plan
Introduction
A site development plan is a document that shows the general layout and configuration of a
site. It illustrates the intended creation of a certain property. It is typically composed of building
footprints, street layouts, landscaping, lighting, and elevations. It is important to familiarize with
this document as it depicts whether a property has been planned and prepared in accordance
with various aspects such as:
 Building size and placement
  Site circulation
 Parking
 Materials
 Landscaping
 Amenities
Topic 1: Importance of a Site Development Plan

 A land can be functional in many ways. It can be used for different purposes and means.
However, land cannot be instantly used in accordance with what we wish to do. It has to
be studied, analyzed, and understood to have an idea on what it may provide us.
 We have to be critical in assessing what other features it can offer us that will be
beneficial to what we are planning to build. To do this, a site development plan must be
created.
 A site development plan is a crucial requirement during the planning and development of
proposed structures.

Meeting Set Standards

They are considered to be crucial in fulfilling all building and construction needs according to the
proposed or prescribed budget. Because it includes all requirements needed in engineering and
construction, it provides a better picture of its possible costing ahead of time. When building
structures on land, it is important that certain factors such as environmental and physical
aspects, are taken into consideration to ensure that specific standards and criteria are met
accordingly.

Communication
The site development plan is an important aspect in construction. Without it, the vision of the
designer cannot be translated into its graphic representation for the creator. In a project, the site
development plan serves as the sole basis of what is being built. It is the main reference of the
designers and builders to make sure that all aspects are accurate in accordance with what the
designer and owner wants. The engineers, architects, contractors, and workers all use this to
ensure the cohesion of their areas of expertise in one project.
Address Client Needs
A site development plan is created to address the needs of the clients, particularly the
occupants, in terms of their habits, perceptions, and aesthetic. It is used to inform the end user
of the facilities and features of a structure so that they will know what other features they wish to
include, and what other aesthetic they intend to add.
Topic 2: Elements of a Site Development Plan
A site development plan consists of various elements that are essential in conveying the
intended information regarding a project. These elements are used to communicate among the
stakeholders which will aid in the unification of the project and its completion.
The elements of a site development plan vary from one development to another. It also varies
from one regulation to another. However, some elements are common for all. Below is an
example of a site development plan:
Property Lines
Property lines are represented by phantom lines that are marked around the property. It
commonly encloses the building outline.
Proposed Structure
This refers to a building or construction project that is intended for implementation on the
specified site. It includes details such as building footprint, dimensions, location, and other
relevant information, providing a visual representation of the intended development on the site.
Setbacks
This is the required minimum distance between a building and the property boundary. According
to the National Building Code, residential buildings must have a 4.5 meter setback in front and 2
meter setback for the rear and side areas.
Lesson 2: Finalizing the Site Development Plan
Introduction
In drafting a site development plan, it is important that every regulation and components
required are included and addressed. To do this, one must have an idea on what these layouts
and configurations entail.
Topic 1: General Layout and Configuration
The general layout and configuration of a site development plan is presented using a
designated format in accordance with the standards of the profession. This includes important
information regarding the property, as well as the important elements that must be included
within the document. The general layout and configuration depicts what should be placed in the
document itself:
Technical Description
This contains the measurements of bearings that depict the location of the land in a site
development plan.
Compass
The compass indicates where the property is facing. This is usually denoted with a North arrow.
Site Design and Layout
This mainly depicts the site development plan. It is the initial drawing that shows all the
building’s requirements, including all planned building footprints, open spaces, roadways,
walkways, landscape areas, outdoor lighting, and signages.
Roof Plan
This contains the outline of the structure’s roof. It represents a bird’s eyeview perspective of the
proposed structure.
Topic 2: Steps and Procedures in Drafting a Site Development Plan
Various steps and procedures are involved to ensure that the development of a site
development plan is in accurate accordance with what was proposed, as well as with various
local regulations. After the designated engineers and architects have established a site analysis
and data collection, the task of the draftsperson is to translate their vision onto a paper.
The following are the steps and procedures to draft the property lines:
1. Set Up the Drawing Board
1. Place your drawing paper below the T-square, aligning it with the bottom edge of
the T-square and ensuring it is straight.
2. Ensure that the drawing paper is aligned with the drawing board edges.
3. Tape the edges of the paper to the drawing board using masking tape. Place the
tape along the edges, ensuring that the paper is secure.
2. Draft the Title Block
1. Draw a rectangle for the title block area.
3. Determine Scale
1. Using the scale ruler, set the scale to 1:100.
2. Indicate the scale on the drawing (e.g., 1 cm = 1 m).
4. Draw Building Outline
1. Start by drawing a rectangle to represent the proposed building.
2. Use the given area (49 square meters) to determine the dimensions (e.g., 7m x
7m).
5. Add Setbacks
1. Measure 2 cm from the rear side of the building and draw a parallel line to
represent the 2-meter rear setback.
2. Repeat the process for the two side setbacks (2 meters each) from the sides of
the building.
3. Measure 4.50 cm from the front side of the building and draw a parallel line for
the 4.50-meter front setback.
6. Complete Property Lines
1. Connect the ends of the setback lines to form the property lines.
2. Ensure that the property lines enclose the entire area, including the setbacks.
 7. Check Measurements
1. Verify that the dimensions and setbacks align with the provided specifications.
2. Use the scale ruler to double-check measurements on the drawing.
8. Label Setbacks
1. Label each setback with its corresponding distance (e.g., Rear: 2m, Side: 2m,
Front: 4.50m).
2. Place the labels outside the property lines for clarity.
9. Neatly Draw Property Lines with Phantom Lines
1. Go over the property lines with a lighter pencil line to represent phantom lines.
2. Use the 45-45-90 triangle to draw dashed lines for the property lines,
emphasizing setbacks.
3. Ensure that the phantom lines are clearly distinguishable from the building
outline.
4. Maintain consistency in line style throughout the drawing.
The following are the steps and procedures to properly draw the floor area in the site
development plan:
1. Determine Scale and Setbacks
1. Choose a 1:100 scale. Use a scale ruler with 1:100 markings for accurate
representation.
2. For setbacks, allocate 2 meters for the rear and side setbacks, and 4.50 meters for the
front setback.
2. Draw the Base Rectangle
1. Locate the starting point. From the center, measure 2 meters upward for the rear
setback.
2. Draw the rear line. Use a thin pencil line to draw the rear boundary.
3. Measure and draw side setbacks. Add 2 meters on each side, drawing the side
boundaries parallel to the rear.
4. Measure and draw the front setback. Add 4.50 meters to the front, drawing the
front boundary parallel to the rear.
3. Outline the Floor Area
1. Measure the proposed floor area. Determine the dimensions of the building (49
square meters or 7x7 meters).
2. Locate the starting point for the building. From the bottom-left corner, measure
the front setback and side setback distances.
 3. Draw the building. Use thin lines to outline the floor area based on the specified
dimensions (49 square meters or 7x7 meters).
The following are the steps and procedures to finalize the site development plan:
1. Label all the rooms inside the proposed structure. Make sure to label it in accordance
with this floor plan.
2. Draw the landscape around the proposed structure. Ensure that the property line is
followed.
3. Add general notes.
4. Add dimensions.
5. Add the north arrow, legal descriptions, and other title block information. Ensure to
properly label your drawing and indicate all information needed.Label all important
information and instructions. Include all details regarding materials and specifications.
MODULE 3
Lesson 1: Preparing and Operating the Computer
Introduction
Various advancements have been made in the field of technical drafting. The integration of
technology in the construction sector became revolutionary with the launching of Computer -
Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) or what is now known as the CAD software.
Although manual drafting is still as important in the present day, AutoCAD provides us a more
accurate and efficient process in drafting plans. Through this software, plans can be replicated
and stored easily.
Operating the AutoCAD software entails the preparation of various tools and equipment to
optimize its features and specifications. In this lesson, you will learn the basic and
recommended system requirements, as well the additional materials needed for digital technical
drafting.

Topic 1: System Requirements for AutoCAD

Accessing AutoCAD, or any CAD software, requires a set of equipment that can cater its
functions, memory, and user interface. In certain instances, when a computer cannot handle a
software, it crashes, causing important documents to disappear and be corrupted.
It is important to take into consideration the basic and recommended specifications when
installing and using AutoCAD in your computer. This will ensure that the drawing process will be
smooth and efficient. Click the arrow below to know more about the recommended
specifications for both Windows and MAC Operating Systems:

System Requirements for Windows Operating Systems

Operating System
o 64-bit Microsoft® Windows® 11 and Windows 10 version 1809 or above.

Processor
o Basic: 2.5–2.9 GHz processor (base) ARM Processors are not supported.

o Recommended: 3+ GHz processor (base), 4+ GHz (turbo)

Memory
o Basic: 8 GB

o Recommended: 32 GB

Display Resolution
o Conventional Displays: 1920 x 1080 with True Color
 o High Resolution & 4K Displays: Resolutions up to 3840 x 2160 (with "Recommended"
display card)
Display Card
o Basic: 2 GB GPU with 29 GB/s Bandwidth and DirectX 11 compliant

o Recommended: 8 GB GPU with 106 GB/s Bandwidth and DirectX 12 compliant

Disk Space
o 10.0 GB (suggested SSD)

Network
o Windows 7 SP1

o Windows 10

o Windows Server 2016

o Windows Server 2019

Pointing Device
o MS-Mouse compliant

.NET Framework
o .NET Framework version 4.8 or later

System Requirements for MAC Operating Systems

Operating System
o Apple® macOS® Ventura v13

o Apple macOS Monterey v12

o Apple macOS Big Sur v11

Model
o Apple Mac® computers compatible with macOS Big Sur or above

o Recommended: Apple Mac models supporting Metal Graphics Engine

CPU Type
o 64-bit Intel CPU

o Apple M series CPU

Memory
o Basic: 4GB
 o Recommended: 8GB or higher

Display Resolution
o Basic: 1280 x 800 display

o High Resolution: 2880 x 1800 with Retina Display

Disk Space
o 6 GB free disk space for download and installation

Pointing Device
o Apple-compliant Mouse, Apple-compliant Trackpad, Microsoft-compliant mouse

Display Card
o Recommended: Mac native installed graphics cards

Disk Format
o APFS, APFS(Encrypted), Mac OS Extended (Journaled), Mac OS Extended (Journaled,
Encrypted)
Topic 2: CAD Materials and Consumables

In creating computer-aided drawings, various tools and equipments are needed to perform
certain functions. These items aid the draftsperson in producing technical drawings efficiently.
Below are basic tools and equipment that are used by a draftsperson to produce computer-
aided drawings:

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS FOR CAD

Computer System

This is a device that is commonly used by CAD operators that contains softwares and
hardwares that are essential in using AutoCAD. It is a programmable electronic device which
aids in creating, storing, and retrieving data and information. In technical drafting, the computer
is primarily used to launch the AutoCAD, create designs, store drawings, and retrieve them for
later use.
Laptop
Aside from a computer system, you may use a laptop to access AutoCAD.
Creative Software
To draft computer-aided drawings, one will need a creative software such as AutoCAD installed
in their laptops or computer systems.
Printer/Plotter
A tool that is commonly used to create physical copies of drawings or blueprints.
Printer Ink
These are consumables that are commonly used in printers to print technical drawings on
paper.
Mouse
This is a peripheral device that is commonly attached to the computer with buttons that are used
to perform various actions using a cursor. The mouse is commonly used in technical drafting,
particularly in AutoCAD to manipulate objects on the screen, and select or deselect items.
Keyboard
This is a computer peripheral device that is commonly used to input data into the computer
system. In technical drafting, the keyboard is commonly used to input various commands in
AutoCAD.
External Drive
This is useful in storing projects and drawings. It is a portable storage that lasts longer than
most flash drives, offers more capacity, and provides faster reading and writing speed.
Flashdisk
This is used as a portable storage for drawings.
Drawing Paper
This is a plain paper that is used with plotters and printers to produce technical drawings and
engineering designs.

Lesson 2: Performing CAD System Set-Up Procedures

Introduction
Aside from ensuring that the AutoCAD software is compatible with your personal computer,
familiarizing yourself with the set-up and features of AutoCAD will help you optimize your
software to suit your needs.
Performing these set-up procedures will help you in effectively utilizing the AutoCAD software
for a more efficient and configured use. Through this, you will have a seamless drawing
experience.
Topic 1: Familiarizing with CAD User Interface
Before starting the drawing process, familiarizing with the CAD user interface is an important
first step so that proper tools and commands will be used accordingly. The user interface of
AutoCAD may differ from one version to another. Although, most components remain the same
throughout. Below is the overview of the main elements included in the AutoCAD software user
interface.
Application Menu (AutoCAD Logo)
Located in the upper-left corner, the application menu (often represented by the AutoCAD logo)
provides access to various commands, including opening, saving, and printing files, as well as
access to application settings.

Quick Access Toolbar

This toolbar contains commonly used commands like Save, Undo, and Redo. You can
customize it by adding your frequently used commands.
Layer Properties Manager
This is used to create, manage, and control the visibility of layers in your drawing. It's often
accessed via the Home tab on the Ribbon.
Ribbon
This is a prominent part of the AutoCAD interface. It's organized into tabs, panels, and
commands, providing easy access to drawing and editing tools. Common tabs include Home,
Insert, Annotate, and View.
View Cube
In the upper-right corner of the drawing area, the View Cube provides a visual reference for
orienting your drawing in 3D space. You can click on its faces to change the view.
Navigation Bar
This offers quick access to navigation tools like Zoom and Pan.
Drawing Area
The central area of the AutoCAD window is where you create and edit your drawings. This is
where you'll draw lines, shapes, and objects.
Grips
When you select an object, grips appear, allowing you to make quick edits to the object's shape
and size.
UCS Icon
The User Coordinate System (UCS) Icon helps you define and visualize the orientation of your
drawing in 3D space.
Model and Layout Tabs
These tabs are usually located at the bottom of the drawing area. The Model tab is used for
creating and editing the actual drawing. Layout tabs are used for creating multiple views or
sheets within a drawing file.
Command Line
Located at the bottom of the AutoCAD window, the Command Line is a text-based interface
where you can enter commands and see prompts and feedback from AutoCAD. It's a versatile
way to interact with the software.
Status Bar
This displays various toggles and settings that you can enable or disable, such as grid, ortho
mode, snap mode, and more.
Types of Cursors
AutoCAD, a computer-aided design (CAD) software, employs various cursor types to assist
users during different operations. These cursor types include:
Pickbox Cursor
A small square that appears when selecting objects, representing the area where AutoCAD
recognizes a selection.
Crosshair Cursor
A crosshair symbol at the cursor's center, indicating the pick point. It's the default cursor for
most operations.
Rotation Cursor
Appears during operations involving rotation, providing a reference point for the rotation angle.
Command Line Cursor
Indicates the text entry area for AutoCAD commands. Users type commands and options here.
Dynamic Input Cursor
Shows the dynamic input tooltip near the cursor, providing real-time feedback on length, angle,
and other parameters during command input.
Zoom Cursor
Appears during the Zoom command, enabling users to change the view scale by clicking and
dragging the cursor.
Topic 2: Selection of Workspace and Toolbars
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Customization of Toolbars
Toolbars can be customized according to your preferences. The following are the steps and
procedures to properly customize toolbars:
Access the Toolbar
Toolbars in AutoCAD are usually located on the Ribbon under specific tabs. For example, the
"View" tab may have a "Toolbar" panel with options.
Show or Hide a Toolbar
To show or hide a toolbar, click on the related toolbar option in the Toolbar panel. This will toggle
the visibility of the toolbar.
Customize Toolbars (Optional)
AutoCAD allows you to customize toolbars further. Right-click on an empty space on a toolbar
and select "Customize." You can add or remove tools from the toolbar, create new toolbars, or
modify existing ones using the Customize User Interface (CUI) editor.
Save Customizations (Optional)
If you've made significant changes to your workspace and toolbars, consider saving your
customized settings. Go to the "Customize" menu, select "Transfer," and choose "Save As." This
will save your workspace and toolbar configurations as a profile.
Switch Between Workspaces
You can switch between different workspaces and toolbar setups as needed during your work
by repeating the steps to access the workspace dropdown and selecting a different workspace.

Topic 3: Automatic Saving

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Unit 2: Producing Computer-Aided Drawings and Details

Lesson 1: Applying Technical Drawing Standards and Symbols in CAD
Introduction
After familiarizing with the AutoCAD user interface, as well as the different commands and
procedures involved in the use of AutoCAD, we now move forward to familiarizing the technical
drawing standards and symbols to be used in creating a technical drawing.
Technical drawing standards and symbols are important to take note of so that you will be able
to organize and manage your drawings and its elements, as well as fulfill all requirements
needed in a plan.
Topic 1: Applying Layers
In using AutoCAD to create various technical plans and drawings, it is important to familiarize
with the process involved in applying layers. Through this, you will be able to organize and
manage your drawing elements, as well as control its visibility, color, and linetype. In order to
apply layers in AutoCAD, you may follow these steps:
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Topic 2: Applying Texts
Notes, labels, and annotations are important to include in technical drawings. The following are
the steps and procedures to properly create texts:
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Topic 3: Leaders and Labeling
Leaders and labels are important elements that must be found in a technical drawing. These are
typically used in technical drafting to ensure accuracy in placement, materials, as well as the
construction instructions to be provided.
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Topic 4: Dimensioning
In technical drafting, dimensions are graphical representations conveying size, location, and
specifications of objects in a drawing.
Essential for manufacturing and construction, dimensions include numeric values, symbols, and
lines, ensuring precision. They comprise elements like dimension lines, extension lines, arrows,
text, and symbols, facilitating accurate interpretation and reproduction.

COMPONENTS OF A DIMENSION
In AutoCAD, a dimension is composed of several parts that collectively convey the size and
location information of an object. These parts include:
Dimension Line
The line itself indicates the extent or measurement of the object.
Extension Line
Lines that extend from the object to the dimension line, forming a T-shape. They show where
the dimension starts and ends.
Dimension Text
Numerical or alphanumeric values that represent the measured distance. It can be placed
above, below, or within the dimension lines.
Arrowheads or Symbols
Placed at the ends of the dimension lines, arrowheads indicate the direction of the dimension
and which feature is being measured.
Leader Line
If the dimension text is placed away from the object, a leader line connects the text to the object
it is dimensioning.
DIMENSIONING COMMANDS
Dimensioning commands are used to automatically preview a dimension type suitable for
drawings. They are typically used to create and display various types of dimensions in projects.
Dimensions are essential for communicating the size, shape, and location of objects within your
drawings accurately. AutoCAD provides several dimensioning commands and tools to help you
add dimensions to your drawings.
Linear Dimension (DIMLINEAR, DLI)
Using the linear dimension command will create linear dimensions that would show distances
between two points in a straight line.

Aligned Dimension (DIMALIGNED, DIMALI)

Using the aligned dimension command will create dimensions that are specifically aligned with
an object but are not necessarily horizontal or vertical.
Arc Dimension (DIMARC, DAR)
Using the arc dimension command will provide measurements on the arc length in a drawing.
Angular Dimension (DIMANGULAR, DIMANG)
Using the angular dimension command will create a dimension that measures angles between
two lines, arcs, or circles.
Radial Dimension (DIMRADIUS, DRA)
Using the radial dimension command will measure arcs or circles by specifying its radius.
Diameter Dimension (DIMDIAMETER, DIMDIA)
Using the diameter dimension command will measure a circle to specify its diameter, or the
distance between its two points.
Baseline Dimension (DIMBASELINE, DIMBASE)
Using the baseline dimension command will create a group of dimensions that are measured
from a common baseline or origin point. This is useful when you want to dimension multiple
objects from a single reference point.
Continue Dimension (DIMCONTINUE, DIMCONT)
Using the continue dimension command will create a dimension line from an existing dimension.
If you want to stay consistent in your drawings, you may use this command.
Ordinate Dimension (DIMORDINATE, DIMORD)
Using the ordinate dimension command will specify the location of various features that are
relative to a common baseline. The X and Y coordinates of each feature will be displayed. This
command is typically used in mechanical drawings.

Lesson 2: Sheet Requirement Accomplishment Procedures

Introduction
After learning about the basic functions of AutoCAD, it is important to know the essential
commands that are used to complete a drawing.
Before we begin to create plans using the AutoCAD software, it is important to know first the
essential settings and commands that help us customize, control, and arrange the format and
appearance that we want.

Topic 1: Drawing Commands

Drawing commands are commonly used to create and modify drawings. If you wish to create a
drawing or a plan, you may use the Draw Toolbar. Under the Draw toolbar are various drawing
commands that may be used to create accurate and precise technical drawings, plans, and
layouts. AutoCAD provides a wide range of drawing commands that serve a specific purpose.
Below are a list of commands that are common in AutoCAD:
Line Command (LINE)
Using the line command will create a series of line segments that can be edited separately. For
example, if you wish to edit or move the line segment on the left side, none of the other line
segments would move along with it.

Polyline Command (PLINE)

Using the polyline command will create a sequence of segments that will create a single object
that can only be edited as a whole. For example if you wish to edit the left section of a
multisegmented object, you would have to edit the whole thing.

Circle Command (CIRCLE)

Using the circle command will create a circle object based on the specified measurements.
These circles may be defined using various options such as:
o Radius
 o Diameter

o 2-Point

o 3-Point

o Tangent-Tangent-Radius

o Tangent-Tangent-Tangent

Arc Command (ARC)

Using the arc command will generate an arc with various possible combinations of points and
values. There are three (3) points that may be specified such as:
o Start point

o Center

o Endpoint of the arc

SPLINE Command
A Spline in AutoCAD is a smooth, flexible curve passing through given points, enabling the
creation of complex and organic shapes.

Centerline Command
Using this command creates a centerline in association with selected lines.
Construction Line (XLINE)
Using this creates an infinite line extending in both directions from a specified point, aiding in
geometric construction.

Ellipse Command
Using the ellipse command will generate ellipse based on parameters such as:
o Center

o Endpoint of major axis

o Endpoint of minor axis

Revision Cloud
In AutoCAD, a Revision Cloud is a freehand drawing tool used to highlight and indicate areas of
change or revision in a drawing.
POINT Command
In AutoCAD, a Point represents a precise location in the drawing, serving as a reference or
marker.

Breakline Command
Using this inserts breakline symbols or polylines in a drawing.

Donut Command
In AutoCAD, a Donut is a filled circle or ring shape, useful for representing holes or circular
cutouts in technical drawings.
Multiline Command (MLINE)
Using the multiline command will generate more than one line.

Topic 2: Modification Commands

Modification commands in AutoCAD will allow you to perform various modifying operations on
your project. Typically, these commands can be found in the modify panel of the home tab.
Move Commands
Using this command moves an object selected to a specified direction.

Copy Command
Using this command duplicates selected objects and places the copy at a specified location.
Rotate Command
Using this command rotates selected objects around a certain base point.

Mirror Command
Using this command creates a mirrored copy of the objects selected.

Trim Command
Using this command trims objects to meet the edges of other objects.

Scale Command
Using this command will enlarge or reduce a selected object while keeping its proportions the
same.

Break at Point Command

Using this command breaks objects into two parts at a specified point, and Join is used to
combine two or more objects into a single object.

Join Command
Using this command will connect lines, arcs, or polylines to create a single object.
Fillet Command
Using this command rounds or fillets the corners of two intersecting lines or objects.

Offset Command
Using this command creates parallel copies of objects at a specified distance.

Explode Command
Using this command will break complex objects into their individual components.
Stretch Command
Using this command stretches an object at desired position.

Topic 3: Special Commands

Aside from the drawing, modification, and dimensioning commands discussed, special
commands are also used often to ensure the creation and manipulation of objects created.
Hatch Commands
In AutoCAD, the Hatch command fills a specified area with a pattern. It is useful for indicating
materials, defining boundaries, or adding texture to drawings.
Superhatch Command
Using this command uses images as a hatch pattern.
Gradient Command
In AutoCAD, the gradient command fills a specified area with a gradient fill.

Lesson 3: Drafting Computer Aided Plans

Introduction
After familiarizing with the AutoCAD user interface, different commands that are essential in
AutoCAD, as well as the technical drawing standards needed in the creation of your drawing,
you may now proceed to apply these skills on actual drafting.
Drafting computer - aided plans are complex tasks that require precise and accurate information
in accordance with the standards discussed previously. To execute CAD, various steps and
procedures must be followed.
Topic 1: Drafting Computer-Aided Architectural Plans
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Topic 2: Drafting Computer-Aided Structural Plans
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MODULE 4