Skeleton System - Notes
The skeleton system forms the structural framework of the body, providing support, shape, and
protection to vital organs.
The human skeleton is divided into two main parts:
1. Axial Skeleton (80 Bones):
- Skull: Protects the brain, consists of cranial and facial bones.
- Vertebral Column: Protects the spinal cord, has 33 vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum,
coccyx).
- Rib Cage: Protects the heart and lungs, consists of 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum.
2. Appendicular Skeleton (126 Bones):
- Pectoral Girdle: Connects arms to the axial skeleton, includes scapula and clavicle.
- Pelvic Girdle: Supports the lower body and protects pelvic organs.
- Limbs: Arms (humerus, radius, ulna) and legs (femur, tibia, fibula) with their respective bones.
Functions of the Skeleton System:
- Support: Provides structural support for the body.
- Protection: Shields vital organs like the brain, heart, and lungs.
- Movement: Facilitates movement with the help of muscles.
- Mineral Storage: Stores calcium and phosphorus.
- Blood Cell Production: Bone marrow produces red and white blood cells.
Types of Bones:
1. Long Bones: Found in arms and legs (e.g., femur).
2. Short Bones: Found in wrists and ankles (e.g., carpals).
3. Flat Bones: Found in the skull and rib cage (e.g., sternum).
4. Irregular Bones: Found in the vertebrae and face (e.g., mandible).
Joints and Movements:
- Joints connect bones and allow movement. Types include:
- Ball-and-socket joint (e.g., shoulder, hip).
- Hinge joint (e.g., elbow, knee).
- Pivot joint (e.g., neck).
Diseases and Disorders:
- Osteoporosis: Weakening of bones due to low bone density.
- Arthritis: Inflammation of joints causing pain and stiffness.
- Fractures: Breaks or cracks in bones.
Care and Maintenance:
- Eat a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D.
- Regular exercise to maintain bone strength.
- Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
Skeleton System ensures the body's functionality and structure, playing a vital role in overall health.
