Notes on the Skeletal System
Overview of the Skeletal System
The skeletal system is the framework of the body that provides support, protection, and movement. It
consists of 206 bones in the adult human body, along with cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. The
skeletal system works in conjunction with the muscular system to enable movement and serves as a
protective structure for vital organs. It also plays a crucial role in producing blood cells and storing
minerals.
Functions of the Skeletal System
1. Support: Provides structural support for the body and maintains its shape. 2. Protection: Shields vital
organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs. 3. Movement: Works with muscles to enable movement of
body parts. 4. Mineral Storage: Stores calcium and phosphorus essential for bodily functions. 5. Blood
Cell Production: Bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. 6. Energy
Storage: Yellow bone marrow stores lipids as an energy reserve.
Classification of Bones
Bones can be classified into four main types: 1. Long Bones: Found in limbs (e.g., femur, humerus). 2.
Short Bones: Cube-shaped and provide support (e.g., carpals, tarsals). 3. Flat Bones: Protect internal
organs (e.g., skull, ribs, sternum). 4. Irregular Bones: Complex shapes (e.g., vertebrae, pelvis).
Structure of a Long Bone
A typical long bone consists of: - Diaphysis: Shaft or central part of the bone. - Epiphysis: Ends of the
bone that form joints. - Metaphysis: Region between diaphysis and epiphysis, containing growth plates.
- Periosteum: Outer membrane covering the bone. - Medullary Cavity: Hollow cavity filled with bone
marrow.
Divisions of the Skeleton
1. Axial Skeleton: Consists of 80 bones including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It forms the
central axis of the body and protects the brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs. 2. Appendicular
Skeleton: Consists of 126 bones including the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and the limbs. It is
responsible for movement and locomotion.
Common Skeletal Disorders
1. Osteoporosis: Condition where bones become weak and brittle. 2. Arthritis: Inflammation of joints
causing pain and stiffness. 3. Fractures: Breaks in bones due to trauma or stress. 4. Scoliosis:
Abnormal curvature of the spine. 5. Rickets: Caused by vitamin D deficiency, leading to weak bones.
Conclusion
The skeletal system is essential for providing structural integrity, facilitating movement, and protecting
vital organs. Understanding its structure, function, and related disorders is crucial for maintaining
overall health.
