Physics Floatation Class 9 th
Trust:-
The force acting normally (perpendicular) on a surface is called thrust. The thrust is a vector quantity
and is measured in the units of force i.e., Newton (N).
Pressure:-
Pressure is defined as the thrust acting per unit area of a body mathematically we have
Thrust
Pressure =
Area
-2
Unit of pressure is Newton per square metre (Nm ) or Pascal.
Examples of the applications of the concept of pressure:-
1. A school bag has wide straps made of thick canvas. This is done to distribute the entire weight of the bag
over a larger area. This in turn will produce a small pressure.
2. The tip of a needle is made sharp so that the force applied on it acts on a small area. This increases the
pressure on it and hence it can easily pierce the cloth.
The concept of Buoyancy:-
When a body is immersed in a fluid (liquid or gas) it exerts an upward force on the body. This upward
force is called up thrust or buoyant force (U or F ) and the phenomenon is termed as buoyancy.
B
It is a common experience that when a piece of cork is placed in water it floats with two-fifth of its
volume inside water. If the cork piece is pushed into water and released it comes to the surface as if it has
been pushed by some one from inside.
Factors on which Buoyancy Depends:-
Upthrust depends upon the following two factors.
(i) The volume of the body submerged in the fluid
(ii) The density of fluid in which the body is immersed.
(i) It is found that greater The volume of a body greater is the upthrust it experiences when placed inside a
fluid. Fore example place a small piece of wood in water and experience the upthrust. Now replace the piece
of wood with a bigger piece. What do you fined? It is noted that now you have to apply a greater force in
pushing it into water. This is due to the fact that the upthrust acting on the piece of wood has increased. This
is due to the increase in the volume of the piece.
(ii) It is also found that greater The density of the fluid greater is the upthrust it applies on the body. For
example when a piece of wood is pushed into different fluids, different forces have to be applied to do so.
The denser the fluid more is the forced required pushing a body into it. This is the reason that we apply more
force to push a body into salt water than into ordinary water.
Cause of Buoyancy:-
Physics Floatation Class 9 th
When a fluid (either liquid or a gas) is at rest, it exerts a force perpendicular to any surface in contact
with it, such as a container wall or a body immersed in a fluid. This is the force that you feel pressing on your
legs when you dangle them in a swimming pool. While the fluid as a whole is at rest, the molecules that make
up the fluid are in motion; the force exerted by the fluid is due to the molecules colliding with their
surroundings. This force per unit area is termed as pressure.
The pressure at all points and in all directions in a liquid is same. It increases with the depth of the
fluid. When a body say a block, is immersed in a liquid the pressure experienced by it is found to be greater at
its bottom surface than its top surface. The difference in this
pressure is the upthrust.
Principal of floatation:-
When a body floats, it is acted upon by two forces. These forces are
1. Its weight W acting downwards
2. The upthrust F or U acting vertically upwards.
b
Since the floating body is in equilibrium, the net force acting on it must be zero. Therefore the two forces
Archimedes’ Principle:-
Archimedes’ principle states, “When a body is immersed fully or partially in a
fluid, it experiences an upward force that is equal to he weight of the fluid displaced by
it”.
Density:-
The density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume.
mass (m)
Density (d) =
Volume (V)
-3 -3
Unit of density: in cgs system, the unit of density is g cm while the SI unit is kg m .
-3
Density of water = 1000 kg m .
-3
Density of iron = 7800 kg m
-3
Density of gold =19300 kg m
-3
Density of aluminimu = 2710 kg m
Physics Floatation Class 9 th
Relative Density:-
The relative density (RD.) of a substance is the ratio of the density of the substance to he
0
density of water at 4 C.
From definition, relative density of a substance is given as
RD = Density of the substance
0 0
Density of water
Example RD of Gold is
-3
RD = 19300 kg m = 19.3
0 0
-3
1000 kg m
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Physics Floatation Class 9 th
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