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BUOYANCY - The property of liquids to exert an upward force on a body immersed in it is called
buoyancy.
BUOYANT FORCE OR UPTHRUST - The upward force acting on a body when it is partly or wholly
immersed in a liquid is called buoyant force or upthrust. Symbol - &
Forces acting on an object immersed in a liquid -
i. Weight (W) - (acting in vertically downward direction)
. Upthrust (F) - (acting in vertically upward direction)
CHARACTERISTICS OF UPTHRUST -
i, More the volume of the body, more is the upthrust
. upthrust acts in the vertically upward direction at the centre of buoyancy
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY (0) - centre of gravity of the displaced fluid
REASON FOR UPTHRUST - (Pc ro)
We know that pressure increasés with depth. If an object is immersed in a liquid,
~dpward pressure on the lower face(P, > downward pressure on the upper face(P )
So, there is a pressure difference = B -
between the upper and the lower faces
Since, F=PxA
So, difference in pressure causes a net upward force
; he bodyQ. Derive that upthrust is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
Downward pressure on the upper face, P = tf gg.
Upward pressure on the lower face, R= P g— ©
So, downward force on the upper face, F =P xA=|P gxA—(3)
Upward force on the lower face, E =P xA=bP gxA—_@)
Due to pressure difference on the upper and the lower faces,
there is a net upward force i.e., upthrust on the body.
he he BF
Therefore, net upward force, & =F -F
a OxMP h vn
at" x
(ny Ph) d6h§— hya=V]
a FRYE 8S) Lae
which is the formula for upt . al
*=— ©
We know that, P = m_s, Pp V
v
Fo! g=mg=W
ee
Hence, proved that Upthrust = Weight of the displaced fluidFACTORS AFFECTING UPTHRUST. Fg = VF,G)
1. Volume of the body ( Fee Vv) 2. Density of the liquid Rh )
EFFECT OF UPTHRUST - Due to upthrust, the weight of the body immersed in the liquid appears
be less than its actual weight.
ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE - states that when a body is partly or wholly immersed in a liquid, it
experiences an upthrust, which is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by it. This principle
applies to both liquids and gases. Apparent loss in weight = Upthrust on the body
FLOATING AND SINKING -
If V = volume of a solid object; = density of the solid? = density of the liquid in which the solid
is immersed completely; g = acceleration due tq gravity, then
weight of the body acting vertically downwards, W= VP) E. =\/P4.
Maximum upthrust on the body acting vertically upwards, \f, = V2 gj. Then, B
CASE1: if W> £ .or Y B AV gfonf _, the objectwill sink.
Net force =W -& acting vertically downwards.
CASE 2: If W =< ,or N g =v g, ft f= , the object will float.
Net force on the object =
CASES: WEF cor ff g Av gfoch the object will float. aH
Net force = -W_ acting vertically upwards. “VY>P
DENSITY - mass per unit volume of an object. Density = mass
© yolumé? Be Vv 3
‘As temperature increases, volume increases, density decreases.
Sl unit - kg m CGS unit - g cm tkgm = 1 gcm 4gom = 1000k
1000
Itis a scalar quantity
a
RELATIVE DENSITY (R.D.) = Density of a substance = Mass of unit volume of a substance
Density of water at 4 C Mass of unit volume of water at 4 C
1
= weight of body in air = weight of body in air = W
w-
weight of body in air - weight of body in water upthrust w
Itis a scalar quantityQ. What do you mean by the statement - the density of iron is 7800 kg m> ?
Ans. The statement means that the mass of 1 m® iron is 7800 kg.
Q. The density of iron is 7800 kg m, What is its density in CGS units ? What is its R.D. ?
Ans. In SI units, density of iron = 7800 kg mm 3 3
In CGS units, density = 7800 g crf =7.8 g/ctt (1 gem? = 1000 kg i? & 1kgm =_1 gon? )
1000 3 1000
~. RD. of iron =___densityof iron _=7.8géin =7.8
density of water at4C 1. gcinFLOATATION - Q wa
Two forces act on a body immersed in a liquid
i. Weight (W) - acting vertically downwards, through the centre of gravity (G) of the body.
This force has a tendency to sink the body
Magnitude of Weight (W) = volume of body x density of body x g= Ves p &
ii, Upthrust Cs ) - acting vertically upwards, through the centre of buoyancy (B) of the body. This
force has a tendency to make the body float
Magnitude of Upthrust (f ) = volume of submerged part of body x density of liquid x «
= x
* magnitude of Upthrust = magnitude oft the weight o of “nebauia displaced
* Upthrust (F,) is maximum when the body is completely immersed inside the liquid p- on
oe
Ts we baTHREE CASES OF eer bLiNS AND SINK! A BODY IMMERSED IN A LIQUID
CASE 1: Centre uoyancy ; INKING, OF hee ly
When weight of body > weight of the displaced fluid
ie, Wr & ene body will sink
Apparent weight of bo - B , acting ver mwards
Also, density of solid censiy liquid i.e., Pes ge
CASE 2:
When weight of body = weight of the displaced fluid
.2., W- & The body will float just below the liquid surface
Apparent weight of the body = 0 Sse
Also, density of solid — density of liquid i.e.,7 5
CASE 3:
when ysight of body < weight of the displaced fluid
ie, W only due to the submerged part of the body Wie
The body will float partially above and partially below the liquid surface
Apparent weight of the-body = 0 acting vertgalysupgards
Also, density of solid < density of liquid ie., C
While floating, W acts at the centre of gravity (G) while #8 acts at the centre of buoyancy (B) which is
vertically below G5 (A) NUMERICALS 6
1, Volume of solid = 100 cm? = [OOO ya
weight in air = 5 kgf
gignsity of quid = 18x 10kgm>
froust, Fo, = VA 100 %\0- °K VB X IO xs
\&
wow an beg oy aie sie
-(5- o'1%)PRINCIPLE OF FLOATATION
According to the principle of floatation, the weight of a floating body is equal to the weight of the
liquid displaced by its submerged weight.
RELATION BETWEEN VOLUME OF SUBMERGED PART OF A FLOATING BODY, DENSITY OF |
AND DENSITY OF THE BODY
For a floating body,
Weight of the body = weight of liquid displaced by the submerged part of the body
We
Therefore, apparent weight of a floating body = 0
But, weight of the body, W = volume of body x density of body x g=V f@_ xg——— @
Upthrust or weight of liquid displaced by body, §, =volume of displaced liquid x density of liquid x g
Pvx xg
Putting these values of equations @) and@), we get @
For floatation, W
Vv x{
9g
A volume of submerged part of body = density of bod ®
> Ofal volume of body density of liquidAPPLICATIONS OF PRINCIPLE OF FLOATATION
1. An iron nail sinks in water while an iron ship floats.
2. Aloaded ship is submerged more while an unloaded ship is less submerged
3. A ship begins to submerge more as it sails from sea water to river water
4
5.
. Plimsol line
. An unloaded ship is filled with sand at its bottom
6. It is easier for a man to swim in sea water than in fresh ( or river) water
7. Floatation of submarines
8. Volume of iceberg above the water surface while floating
9. Icebergs are dangerous for ships
10. No change in level of water on melting a floating piece of ice
11, Floatation of fish
12. A ballon filled with hydrogen or helium rises in the air
13. The balloon does not rise indefinitelyloss in wt = wt in air - wt in water = 450 - 310 = 140 gf
iii. upthrust = loss in wt = 140 gf
i. volume of the body = loss in wt x density of water = 140 gf x 1 gicc = 140 cc
4. daily of sole = 5000 kgim?
wtin air = 0.5 kgf =p She,
density of water = 000 04S | ootes [vs he
upthrust = = x = OBks —_ «
vis oe 7 P, Le 4 2
. s peeo ¢
FR =07\ kof
Apparent weight of the solid in water = weight in air - upthrust = 0.5 kgf - 0.1 kgf = 0.4 kgf8. volume of body = 100 om 5(B) NUMERICALS
Weight in air = 1 kgf = 1000 gf
Mass of the body = 1 kg = 1000 g 23
density of the body=_mass = 1000g =10gcm
volume (9 gen?
ii. relative density of the body, ‘Bo 10 co
i, R.D. a waiahtin aire >=10= 1000 > =10(1000- )=1000 = 1008-10 =
we weight in water 10002
10000 - 1000 = 10% > 9000=18 >= 9000 X22 = 900
10
“+ weight in water = 900 gf
10. weight in air = 120 gf
weight in water = 105 gf
relative densityof solid, R.D. = weight in air = 120gf = _= 120 =8
weight in air- weight in water (120-105) gi 15
1. density of copper = 8.83 g/cc
insl = 8.83 x 1000 kgith = 8830 kg/h5(C) NUMERICALS
5. density of ice = 0.9 g/cc
density of sea wter = 1.1 g/cc
Let the total volume of the iceberg be V
and volume of the immersed portion be v
So, by the Principle of Floatation,
volume of immersed part of ice = __densityofice_ } v=09 =9
Total volume of ice density of sea water V1.4 1
So, (9/11)th portion of the iceberg will remain below the surface of water in sea.
7. Portion of wooden block submerged in water = 2/3
If total volume of the wooden block be V
Then, the volume of wooden block will be (2/3)V
So, by the Principle of Floatation, >
~votume-of submerged_part of weedenblock=density of wood —
Tatal volume of wooden block density of waterPortion of wooden block submerged in water = 3/4
If total volume of the wooden block be V
Then, the volume of wooden block submerged in oil will be (3/4)V
So, by the Principle of Floatation,
volume of submerged part of wooden block=density of wood =) 0-66
Total volume of wooden block density of oil
w - x
2IL= 0664 X4 = PBR goa
2REVISION QUESTIONS
1. Define buoyant force or upthrust. What is the cause of upthrust? What is the effect of upthrust on an
object ?
2. State the SI unit of upthrust. Also, state the direction and the point at which it acts.
3. State the two factors on which the upthrust on a body dipped into a liquid experiences.
4. State the characteristic properties of upthrust.
5. State the two forces experienced by an object completely immersed in a liquid. Draw a diagram showing
the direction of these forces acting on the object. State how the magnitude of the two forces determine
whether the body will float or sink in liquid when it is released ? What will be the net force on body if it floats
or sinks ?
6. Write the mathematical formula for upthrust on a bod completely immersed in a liquid
7. Derive a relation to prove that upthrust is equal to the weight of displaced liquid
8. How goes the density of material of a body, determine whether it will float or sink in water ? A body of
density” is immersed in a liquid of density/\_. State the condition when the body will float or sink in the
liquid.
9. State Archimedes’ principle. To which states of matter is this principle applicable ?
10. Differentiate between density and relative density
11. The relative density of copper is 8.83. State the density in CGS and SI unit.
12. State the principle of flotation
13. What is the mathematical relation between the volume of submerged part of a floating body, the
densities of liquid and the body ?
14. Explain why an iron nail floats on mercury, but sinks in water 2