b 0 Ml p | S [Most Probable Questions This section features questions meticulously compiled by trends over the past five years. These questions are likely to appear inthe 2 recommend that you prepare the entire syllabus to ensure comprehensive readiness. Chapter 1 Electric Charges and Fields (1 @ Find the expressions for the force and torque on an electric dipole kept in (b) Unstable equilibrium uniform electric field. What happens, if the field is non-uniform? = (ii) Depict the orientation of the dipole in (a) stable (b) unstable equilibrium in a uniform electric field. U=-pEcos =~ pE U=-PEcos 180° = + pE Eas shown in figure. Both charges ofthe dipole experience equal and opposite forces and hence, net translatory force on dipole is 2r0. distance. Sol, () Bataxial point oran end on position tong Ey PE oe ao 8B ® _—I dipole is given by =A-R=9e-ge=0 As the lines of action of forces F, and F, are different, so dipole experiences a torque given by 1 = Either force xperpendicular distance between lines of ation of force A) «i In vector notation, += pxE Incase of non-uniform electric field dipole will Resultant electric id intensity, E= Ey ~ Ey along PX ‘experience both force as wel s torque. a fl (@ @) Stable equilibrium ear a | _sar E--L| fe p= aq] aati ley " Sol. (@) Consider a dipae placed in uniformcleetricfeld 9» Find the expression for the electric field strength at a distant point situated (i) on the axis and (ii) along the equatorial line of an electric dipole. Draw graph for E versus ‘The electric field at axial point P due to charges of ol) a expert teachers with extensive experience, based on examination 1025 examination. However, we strongly (Gil(a) When Bis parallel to p, the dipole hasnet Gi) Ler would happen, nme at im force in the direction of increasing field. is increasing (a) parallel to p and (b) (b) When Eis anti-parallel to p, the dipole has anti-parallel to p? net force in the direction of decreasing field Scanned with CamScanneri tiv) po ieetion of electri fie Faction of dipole moment, j ateguatrial Hine of elec dipg @ gE, féesino at axial point isin ‘Theelectric field at equatorial point Pdue to charges of dipole is given by oe ope Fares ty aig tor 49 ate On resolving E, and Ey into two rectangular components their sine components being equal land opposite, cancel out each other while ‘osine components actin same direction, so net cdectric field intensity is E= F,cos0 + Fycos| 2 =F (ee) fa a a = 2E cos = (vi) f (ayay fe peal lop (viii) Mra Begs posite to direction of ‘The dection of Bis oP} re = le to line joining the dipole moment and paral charges of dipole. Inboth cass for short dipole, EWP 235 {3° ( Define electric ux. Mention its two SI units, i) Use Gauss’ law to obtain the expression for the electric field due to uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, Inthe figure, there are 125-26 three infinite long thin | sheets having surface | charge densities +20, 4) g| c| D = 2oand + orespectively. Give the magnitude and | direction of electric field at a point to the left of sheet of surface charge density +2c and to the right of sheet of charge density + 0. ) Electric flux Its defined asthe numberof cleetic ines of force passing normal tothe surface. It isa salar quantity $= B-d5= Ecos TheSI unto leeic fx is Nor vvoltsmetre, (ii) Let electric charge be uniformly distributed ‘over thin, non-conducting infinite sheet, so charge density is given by o= 4 E = 2) gs,o-90 wf ho ie Ras 18, as, ft 7_* 0-0 aT oer 4 te0-90 Inns ae ehetose ee ay Sa : fe es ‘ios ‘rea ta af scos0* + E4Sc0s90° yin fase % Cele oa 50 MPQs Most Probable Quest Scanned with CamScannerBe ESuoceed Physics Cas y = 107 em! aaa cd fe eos = 01 7 0) Menve, Bis independent of distance for uniformly charged infinite plane sheet As point Ais on let hand side of al sheets, $0 t ‘i meer els ae : + Jaw, obtain the expressio using Gauss’ law; 0! i for Negative sign means direction of electric a 0.5 Using Gr il due to uniformly charged towards Aspoint Dison igen prea hell at a DE 26 ,{-20),(0)_ 6 (j) outside the shell and Fo De * (ey) ” Gea) 200 ' lot the graph of 2 2 fz] 2 (ii) inside the shell. Plot the graph of ‘The direction of electric field at point Dis on insetric field with distance r from the right hand side. centre of shell. ;) Electric field outside the 04 G@ Using Gauss’ law, obtain an expression Sol. 6) Bet eonsidera for electric field due to infinitely long shetymmy charged thin spherical shell of radius R thin straight charged wire with carrying charge Q uniform linear charge density }. i) An infinite line charge produces a Inorderto find electric field of 9x 10% NC” ata distance of feldat distance’ (r> RB ‘ imagine a spherical 2.em, Calculate the linear charge ‘Gonasian surface concentric with shell, then density. direction of Eand dS are same, so by Gauss’ Sol. (i) Consider an infinitely long charged wire of law linear charge density 2 = In onder to find feus-2 a % lectric field at distance’ from wire, assuming 4 ojlindrical Gaussian surface as shown in the [esScost”= figure and using Gauss’ law, weave 4 4 Edn? = > B= ; gE fs cae (ii) Electric field inside the shell _ Consider spherical Gaussian surface of radius r(r< R) concentric with shell JE- 45, +2fE-d8, = Since, Gaussian surface % does not enclose any J Ets cos0° + 2f £45 c0s90° = charge. % So, JE as= E=0 i) (ii) Given, E=9 10" NC", r=2«10? m E pee tT tray ; 2x9 «10% i 9x 10¢ = 22x10 SS 20" Rr 50 MPQs Most Probable Questions Scanned with CamScanner27 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance urge 2is distributed over the Surfaces 1 ae wor aS ae spheres of or R=NBr @ sit’ pression for the potential ae yet Qt iy wn Gyo centre, ot 432Q-m, utgand be the charges distributed on smaller _sdlarger spheres, then according to question 4b Snr?” eR? <4nPoand gy = 426 Now, total charge Q= q, + 4, Q=oftn? + ank%y —2 ‘ me eR w) » or Now, potential at common centre, V=Y+¥, v=q [f+] Gay lr R {using Eq. (i) JNIEN drops of same size having same charge coalesce to form bigger drop. How will the following vary with respect to single small drop? Find (i total charge on bigger drop (i) potential on bigger drop and (ii) capacitance on bigger drop. ‘| Ler, qand V, be the radius, charge and potential of smaller drop. () Total charge on bigger drop, Q=Nq (Initial volume = Final volume 44 Noda Sak? 375 Gi R” daey Nor Where, Vis potential of small drops. (Gi). Capacitance on bigger drop, Gene R= AneyND fusing Eq.) G=CN fe Cy =Artgr 0.8 Three concentric metallic shells A, Band C of radii a, band c(a r palo, L20R-R yy 2a? 4x > ae es (Reve ey ay (i Forcoit Ry=3em,3,=4em, f= 1A, {RTH =5em Forcoil Ly, For net magnetic field at point 0, tobe zero, Current Jy must bein opposite direction as that of loop I, and = B My, 2nhRP io On RP i (Reap (Reape 91-16), 9 Jah o h=0568 we? ‘Two straight infinitely long wires are fixed in space, so that the current in the left wire is 2.A and directed out of the plane of the age and the current in the right wire is 3 A and directed into the plane of the page. In which region(s) is/are there a point on the X-axis, at which the magnetic field is equal to zero due to these currents carrying wires? 241 Most Probable Questions = 8 Scanned with CamScanneretween tivo current-carrying, field in the region Lat a be cateulated using, point Pata distance y Figure given be 3A, Due to 2A, & = 282. doyenward xh 2n(r +d) Hg x3 a(x + ra} Dueto3A. m= He pwnd Net magnetic field f= Me (2 . downward The magnetic field in region Ili be ty 2a p 3A, Chapter 5 Magnetism and Matter 0.17 @ Derive an expression for the force per unit length between two long straight parallel current-carrying conductors. Hence, define SI unit of current. (ii) The figure shows three infinitely long straight parallel J current-carrying conductors. Find the (a) magnitude and direction of net magnetic field at point A lying on conductor 1 (b) magnetic force on conductor 2. loa 1 3 Sol. (i) Consider two long thin conductors X;¥; and 1X, parallel to each other in air or vacuum separated by distance ras shown in fig. (a). If ‘and Ip are the currents in the wires respectively, then Most Probable Questions SO MPQs | i Succeed Physica, | Ducta2A, M2 upward ng upward anid uel A.B mo (2, 3 rhe magnetic ili eon His $d e A 3A ? Hox? upward atv dy Ducto2 A, A Ho *3 downward Od Duetod A, = NS Wg (3_ 2 «Net magnetic field, = 58] 7-5, downward ‘As the current and hence the magnetic field dye {02 Aisles than that due to3 A. wo(2__9.)_ wile su): So, for zero magneti = 2x +l =Srorx = 2d So, the point lies in region L » © The magnetic field produced by current-carrying conductor Xz¥, at location of Ho 2h other wire Xi is By = in Scanned with CamScannergeection Pespendicular to plang ad cards) of paper. or giants Pap pe fF eNPETINCY er unit lenge by eto Mi SAVINg current any song © Fleming’ left hand ry x le, ma ois towards X29 and similarly i ly force enced by conductor X,Y. in ly i towards X,Y, ong [3l- BR Ulelt jones, if curents i parallel conduct se direction, force is atractive erent in parallel conductors oposite dietin, forces reply pefintion of ST Unit of current F wo 2hh Ft by ‘rs 1S are in ‘in nature and are in sive in nature, (Ampere enc, if two infinitely long parallel conductors carrying same current in air or ‘acum separated by distance of 1 m experience force per unit length of 210° Nim then current in each wite is 1A, {i (0) Magnetic field at point A due to conductor 2, B= Ho 231) _ Mo. 6! ae ran and due to conductor 3, =Ho, 4a) to 81 ae or de ar Net magnetic field, Be lies perpendicular to plane of paper directing inwards, (0) Magnetic force per unit length on conductor 2s lg 6 _ tg 20D (41) der der a Fok- Pr i rete 2 ig tqa—He 4n 7 zs ax inthe direction of wire 1. ‘Bplain using a labelled diagram, the Principle and working of a moving coil meter. What is the function of (® uniform radial magnetic field Gi) phosphore-bronze wire? Define the terms current sensitivity and voltage Sensitivity of a galvanometer. Why does increasing the current sensitivity Rot necessarily increase voltage sensitivity? Sol. (Moving coi galvanometeris used to detect the ‘aurtent ina circuit It works on principle that current-carrying coil placed in uniform ‘agnetic field experiences a torque. IReonsists ofa light aluminium frame filled With soft ion. Copper coils are wounded on frame which is suspended between two concave pole pieces of strong magnet by means of phosphor-bronze wire and other end of Copper coil is connected to spring which Provides restoring torque. Concave pole pieces of magnet provides radial ‘magnetic field in which plane of col always remains parallel to magnetic field, so when ‘current passes through coil, it experiences maximum force and makes scale linear _ et — Z ® When current I passes through coil placed in ‘magnetic field B it experiences a torque, which, is balanced by restoring torque prodiuced in spring, so. Deflecting torque = Restoring torque BINA = Ko NBAL Maro K or GI or ext “ Scanned with CamScanner Most Probable Questions 0 MPOs 5 olESuccoed Physics Cassy, resistances Ry, Ry and Ry ohms -spectively, are required to be mor bnonire wine ts used because it isa connected in series with the high tensile galvanometer. Obtain the relationship oree constant thus it between Ry, Ry and Ry. the current sensitivity aa sant oontucting material having Ivanometer can be converted into Correat sensitivity His defined as defection of voltmeter by connecting high resistance in col per unit cerent flowing in coi. ts ST unit series with it The ideal resistance of voltmeter Sra ame is infinite 0 Nea er Gi) Voltage sensitivity Its defined as deflection of coil per unit potential difference applied across it Its ST unit is radian/volt ae ys- 8 NBA_ h Vo kR Let for current [,, galvanometer gives full seale sing the number of tums of coil, the deflection, so fof measuring V volt sitivity increases but it also : y V=1,(G+R 5 increases the resistance which may not y Teer RD @ necessarily inerease the voltage sensitivity For ¥ volt, $19 @ Explain how a galvanometer is YonGem) ey converted into an ammeter. What is the ideal resistance of ammeter? Gi) A galvanometer coil has a resistance 2 =1, (G+ Ry) ng Eq, () by Eq (i), we get of 15.2 and it shows full scale G=R-2R, (w) deflection for a current of 4 ma. Putting value of Gin Eq. (i), we have Convert it into an ammeter of range 0 v 1 to6A. RW iC Sol. ) By connecting low resistance known as shunt $ rutting values of Gan ii), wea in parallel with coil of galvanometer, an Putting values of Gand I, in Eq, (i), we have ammeter is obtained. we = (R= 2R, + Ry ter is obtain Ram (M~2% +R) TT > Ry=3R,-2R, 9.21 A bar magnet of magnetic moment 6 J/T is : aligned at 60° with uniform external magnetic field 0.44 T. Calculate @ work done in turning the magnet to Ty, ly The ideal resistance of ammeter is zero, align its magnetic moment (a) normal x10 Aand 1=6A, to the magnetic field (b) opposite to 4«107 «15 magnetic field and =0.01 (i) Given, G= 15,1, LG I-1, 6-4x10 oa Gi) the torque on the magnet in the final orientation in case (b) Thus, on connecting a shunt of 0.012 in F 8 8 ol i @ Work done, U = MB{cos 0, ~cos8,} Parallel with galvanometer, required ammeter is obtained. @) U= MBfeos 60° ~ cos 90°} 1 1 9.20 (® Explain how a galvanometer is 2 Mi = 5 x6 x044=132) converted into a voltmeter. What is (b) U = 5 60° — cos 180° the ideal resistance of voltmeter? a a i) To convert a given galvanometer into ou [3 . | eee! a voltmeter of ranges V, Gana wv (ii) Torque, + = MBsino For0= 50 MPQs Most Probable Questions 180°, + = 6 x0.44 sin 180° = 0 Scanned with CamScanner: = emagnetic field lines for 1 acurrey . at “otenoid when a rod of () awa (iii) When a ferron fic material (Iron) is placed Mit givin and (iii) iton is inserted in an internal magnetic field, the field lines are {att jenoid as shown, ‘d highly concentrated inside the material. ‘ne c Sep Hii ena bar of dimagnetic material (opp oy theinan external magni tla is (28 Write three points of differences between jase veeled or expted and theft para-dia and ferromagnetic materials, inside giving one example for each. - So, __ Diamagncic_Faramagnetic_Feromagnetic <0 -ez> Hy >> Hy 6 aura) placed in an external fl, the a feld lines gets concentrated inside the material__ Whe? eis any positive constant. 14 the field inside is enhanced Diamagnetc materials Bi, Cu, Pb Si, water, NaCl, — nitrogen (at STP) Paramagnetic materials Al, Na, Ca, Oxygen (at v pt s STP), Copper chloride Ferromagnetic materials Fe, Ni, Co, etc. uapter 6 Electromagnetic Induction |. (@ Derive an expression for the ‘otal magnetic flux linked with entie solenoid, self-inductance of a long solenoid. b=monlAnt ‘The current flowing through an Li=hor? All inductor of self-inductance L is or Lepy al i) continuously increasing. Plot a graph oNZA oy showing the variation of i ar) (a) magnetic flux versus current yp Numberoftums NV] B length (1) 3 j ar length (D) g (b) induced emf versus = 3 at Selfnductance ofa solenoid depends onthe (e) magnetic potential energy stored numberof tums, area of cross-section of 2 solenoid and permeability ofthe core material.“ versus the current. i) @) 3 ‘| @ Consider a solenoid of length I, radius r(r < aide Define mutual inductance and write its SI unit. Derive expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids of same length wound one over the other Along solenoid of radius r consists of nturns per unit length. A current T= Ip sin ot flows in solenoid. A coil of N turns is wound tightly around it near its centre. What is (a) the induced emf in the coil, (b) mutual inductance between the solenoid and the coil? Sol, (i) Whenever changing current is passing through coil, magnetic flux linked with neighbouring changes and induced emf is produced in neighbouring coil. This phenomenon is known as mutual induction. ‘Mutual inductance is numerically equal to flux links with secondary coil, when unit current passes through primary coil. The SI unit of mutual inductance is henry. Consider two long co-axial solenoids each of length J, radii f, and let n,n be the number of turns per unit length respectively. 25. i) a Gi) ve mrs Most Probable Questions field produced in §; when current 1, agnetic Magna sb psig though tis B= Hotel | Magnetic flux links with one tur of § | =HoreheA ‘Total magnetic flux links $y, orale Al Moly = Hott Alla Ma =HorrrAl rn) [Mg =Mutual inductance of solenoid S, with respect to solenoid $- Similarly, May = Ho" Aa! If radius of both solenoids are same, then M= My = Mn = Hol For solenoid, B=l1gn!=Honhsinot Magnetic flux linked with solenoid 6= BA =j1pitlyAsin ot i) i) (@) Induced emt, e= = = —NoNnlyar*ocos wt =-ecoscot where, ¢ =HoNnan” I, (b) Mutual inductance between coil and solenoid, M = x. wNnar* 0.26 (i) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, A conducting rod of length I with one end pivoted is rotated with uniform angular speed win a vertical plane normal to a uniform magnetic field 5 Deduce an expression for the emf induced in the rod. If R is the resistance of rod, what is the current induced in it? Sol, (@ According to Faraday’s law of electromagnet induction (ii) Scanned with CamScanneri Fs SS slong. a8 magnetic fu link Fruit changes, an emt is ing ci jy Te induced emt produced in gy magnetic flux, ‘ange of ea ob ema Negative sign indicates that indy ssicha manner that it opposes th sxpresion for Induced emf in 3 , With cot ior ced in the coil og iced emf acts in a change in fu. atin uametallic tod OA of length I rotate y ve ‘ocity ©in a uniform magnetic Feld station being perpendicular to the m, Consider a small element of length ds at irom centre. If vis the linear velocity o listance x this element then area swept by the element per second «. ‘ene 2 With angular B the plane of iagnetic field, wapter 7 Alternating Current tan AC voltage V = Vp sin ot is applied across pure inductor of inductance L . Find the expression for the current flowing in cireuit and show mathematically that current lags behind voltage by a phase r leof 5, angle of 5 Explain term inductive reactance. Draw the graph showing variation of inductive reactance with frequency of applied AC source, ‘0 Consider a coil of self-inductance Land negligible chmicresistance connected across the source of atemating emf, V = Vpsin ot a) Induced emf produced in coil is given by al ii) Lat dt TOTO L veV,sinot ‘The emf induced across the ends of clement, aa a Buto= x0 de Bru de ‘The emf induced across the ro, ' ef Brod = of xtc + “(a ofp ‘Current induced in rod, I ireuitis closed, power di 2 _ Bolt ROAR Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule, V + ¢=0 or or 1 hsin(ot -3) (iy ‘Thus, comparing Eqs. (i) and (i) itis clear that caret age vllagey phase angle of Phasor diagram 50. MPOs Most Probable Questions Scanned with CamScanner& Inductive reactance Its defined as opposition to, he current offered by pure inductor, fore X, = ob 29fl Thus, X, #1 0.25 A voltage V = Vp sin wt is applied to a series L-C-R circuit. Derive the expression for the average power dissipated over a cycle. Under what condition is (i) no power dissipated even though the current flows through the circuit, (ii) maximum power dissipated in the circuit? Sel We have, V = Vsinoat and = isin (ot + 4) and instantaneous power, P= Vi = Vosincat -jgsin (ot + 4) neat sin (ot + 4) = Voi: <2 Vina sin (or + 9) From trigonometric formula, 2sin Asin B = cos (A — B)-cos (A + B) © Instantaneous power, jgleos (ot - of ~@) cos (of +64 of) =} Weeos 6 cos 2a" + 4] Average power for complete cycle, P } Vpiglcos 6 - cos (2ai + §)) where, cos (ct + 9) is the mean value of cos (2uf + ¢)over complete cycle. But for a complete cycle,cos (2a + 6) = ‘Average power, By = “abo cos 4 Vo ig 608 $= V;., i. Po Gh = Mae bs 208 SO MPs Most Probable Questions 0.29 ANAC source of voltage V = v, | Fsuccoed Phys cigs | fo 6 NP Le IM CASE OF pure (i) phase inufuctor or pute capacitor, MO power jg | canard by AC GICuit a Ph,» Vie hast 2890" = 0 ease of pure um power is consumed ig ms 0° Vins fgg ne iM connected £0 a series combination y 1, C and R. Use the phasor diagram y, in expressions for impedance of the circuit and phase angle between voltage and current. Find the condition when current will be in phase with the voltage. What is the circuit in this condition called? Ina series LR circuit X, =R and power factor of the circuit is Py. When capacitor with capacitance C such that X, = Xe is putin series, the power factor becomes P,. Calculate w Py Impedance The opposition offered by the combination of a resistor and reactive component to the flow of AC is called impedance. Mathematically, itis the ratio of rms voltage applied and rms current produced Sol. in dreuitie, Z = Its unit is ohm (Q). Expression for Impedance in L-C-R series circuit Suppose resistance R inductance Lant capacitance C, are connected in series and an alternating source of voltage V = Vosinatis applied across it (ig. a). In series, circuit current is same but potential across them is different. g ob ¢ ada (Vp Ve VW sine @ © Scanned with CamScannersle~ YF MUA pe vie phase difference beta Pe iclay rn rstvoliage across a we, ‘of Va and (Ve ~ yy carctltis V, th, jtant of Ve, CV) will also be ents: i ® «,-alsinductive reactance, LR R= XP spedance of cuit, v - 2-7 ={R +P ie BRHF e = ws (Z-at) oi pstantaneous current, 1-—-sin(ot + 2 1 y {e+(ge-ey) ‘The phase difference (6) between current and raltage is given by 1 Resonant angular frequency, 0 = 7 1 2nVLC {i} InLR circuit if X, = R then {Ra Xp = /R+ R= RO Resonant frequency, «Power factor, i Res = 5-5 Now, X= X¢, then. Za {Re + -ky =R So,new power factor, R sos =k a1 Recosh= 7 Hes RD | 249 0.30 a cacYollage E = Ry sin ats applied across emeacitor of capacitance. Find the een for the current flowing in circuit show ‘mathematically that current leads voltage bya phase angle of 3 Explain the term capacitive reactance, raw the graph showing variation of Capacitive reactance with frequency of applied AC source. Consider source of alternating emt E=Rsinut i) ‘s applied across a capacitor of capacitance C. poe Ls Sol, ‘Then, q= CE = CE,sinot =H cet ine Inf = Ci £ (ina) = 0Cf,cosat Fy sin (at +2) Fp sn (or +8) ac In ghain(ot +3) I= tgsin( ot + 5) i ‘Thus, comparing Eqs.) and (tis lear that current leads the voltage by phase angle of 5 1 Phasor diagram 50 MPQs Most Probable Questions Scanned with CamScanner~=™FUS Most Probable Questions 250 itive reactance It is defined as opposition to Cap: ito. the current offered by pure cy Thus, 0.31 State the working of AC generator with the help of a labelled diagram, The coil of an AC generator having N turns, each of area A, is rotated with a constant angular velocity «a Deduce the expression for the alternating emf generated in the coil. What is the source of energy generation in this device? Sol. AC generator A dynamo or generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Principle It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When a coil rotates ina magnetic field, the effective area of the coil linked normally with the magnetic field lines, changes with time. This result in the production of an alternating emf in the coil. Construction It consists of the four main parts (i) Field Magnet In the case of a low power dynamo, the magnetic field is generated by a permanent ‘magnet, while in the case of large power dynamo, the magnetic field is produced by an electromagnet Gi) Armature It consists of a large number of tums of insulated wire wounded on the soft iron drum. It can revolve round an axle between the two poles of the field magnet. The drum serves the two purposes: (a) It serves as a support to coils and (b) It increases the magnetic field as. air core gets replaced by an iron core. (iii) Slip Rings The slip rings R, and R, are the two ‘metal rings connected to armature, These rings (w) iSneered Pesca, are fixed to the shaft which rotates the are coil, 80 that the FiNgS also rotate ale, with the armature. 7 Brushes These are to flexible carbon rog, (By and B,) which are fixed and constantly touch the revolving rings. The output curren, in extemal load R, is taken through these brushes. Working When the armature col is rotated i, the strong magnetic field, the magnetic fy Iinked with the coil changes and the current induced in the coll its direction being given, Fleming's right hand rule. 1 i | | | | | | armature LZ ran Expression for Induced emf When the coilis | rotated a constant angular speed « the angle between the magnetic field vector Band| | the area vector A ofthe coil at any instants 0=t (assuming 0= 0° att = 0). Asa reslt the effective area of the coil exposed to the magnetic field lines changes with time, the fux at any timet is ¢5 = BAcos0 = BAcos at Induced emf produced, | ts _ NBAwsinot at e=qsinot where, ¢, = NBAwis maximum value of induced emf. If Ris resistance of col, then induce current is i= £ =" sino = ipsinot R-R Moving coil galvanometer cannot measure current in AC generator because average alte of AC over complete cycle is zero. | | | } | Scanned with CamScanner_— 3 ri) ; g Electromagnetic Waves vite o Hens formula for a thin i eqncave lens, us 8 the necessary ray Dividing throughout by avf, se get “ag wa u : fovu fine power of lens, Wri A iy ve ae mg unde, This is the required lens formula. peduice ation 1 1a (i) Power of tens Is the reciprocal of focal length Ths of alens, m wo thin lenses kept in contact p=1(fisin metre) coaxially i re oration of mage by a concave leg Lj Unit of power ofa lens is Diopter. ini figure. ABs object and 4" Bing An objects placed at point O.The lens stage Triangles ABOand "8 Oar smiley, produces an image atl, which servesasa AB _ OB : Virtual objet for lens Ig which produces final ‘AB OB oni) image at I. As, the lenses ate thin, The optical centres(P) ayo triangles NOF and A’ BY F are ae similar, ofthe lenses fy and ly are co-ncident sat «iy comparing Eq. (i) and Eq. (i), we get 0B OF OB OF OB «FB OB’ «OF-OB' 0 ee (ti) >a h ‘Adding Eqs. () and Gi, we get flee ou hf hf {ng sign conventions of coordinate geometry, J Using sign conventlons © where, fis effective focal length of lens ol OP se! combination. eel my -f+0 ‘Thus, == 2 2 uf -w= of > w=uf-of 3 8 ts ie chapter 9 Ray Optics and Optical Instrument es E aera for the magnification produced by eyepieee is -& ‘3 Draw the labelled ray diagram d The microscope is cee ae ae formation of image by comp’ object. The distance between the ol 3 microscope. Write its magnifying power ‘and eye piece is 14 cm. Ifleast dlitance of 2 when image is formed at near point. distinct vision is 20 em, calculate the focal ‘The total: fication produced by ength of the objective and the eye-piece- S| compound microscope is 20. The = 2 3 \ Scanned with CamScanner282 i 2 2 s © = B 3 = oo is Es = ry rr Sol Sol. Diagram of compount microscope > Eve-pione Sogn peer <= ( Fes 2) Here, M=~20,m, =5, 1, =-20em Foreye piece, =2 Allo, lap 11 lay +141 y= 14- > fy=2em 9.36 @ Drawaneat labelled diagram of a astronomical telescope for the formation of image at near point. Write its magnifying power. Gi) Find the position of the image formed of an object ‘0’ by the lens combination given in the figure. +30em 10cm Jot 10cm 5 cm 410m ESucceed pf - Hs {) Diagram of astronomical telescope wy Oo eiyed at the least distance, OF distiney ie Span 0. Caine Eyepite Ry In normal adjustment when final image ig formed at infinity, M =—<2 (ii) For first ens, =-30em, fi=+ Wem From lens formula, ria hay pe -2lk 2 a fm 3 | = = 15cm The image formed by the frst lens serves astig ‘object for the second. This is at a distance of (15-5) cm-= 10cm to the right of the second lens. Though the image is real, it serves asa virtual object for the second lens. For second lens, fy =-10cm, th =15~5=+10em plate nh > 420 The virtual image is formed at an infinite distance to the left ofthe second lens. This acs as an object for the thied lens. For third lens, f, = + 30cm, im = 0 From lens formula, ah ty iy 30° 2 =30em ‘The final image is formed at a distance 30 cm'o the right of third lens. 9.35 (i) State two main considerations taken into account while choosing the objective of astronomical telescope. (i) Draw a ray diagram of reflecting tyP? telescope. State its magnifying powe™ Giii) State the advantages of reflecting ?* telescope over the refracting tyPe- Scanned with CamScanner2 ggain considerations for eho ee of astronontical fe bo lescap aperture ot ebjectiy ite oe) Gotha it ovight ima His hep collect suth ‘Pt large, cient ight ty cof distant object ™ eto length of objective is kept 0 at the magnifying pow lange, so thatthe maxnilying power high > x fant fate te oa lengtsof ojetng _nteye piece respectively, then magnifyin ince of distinct vision, mf inal image is formed at infinity, dist fo fe 5 The advantages of reflecting type telescope (yer refracting type telescope are (0) large light gathering power, high resolvin powerand large magnifying power {b) as mirrors are used, 50 it is fee from chromatic aberration, {@ spherical aberration can be removed by using proper concave parabolic mirror. ‘sprawa graph to show the angle of deviation 5 with the variation of angle of jncdence i for a monochromatic ray of light passing through prism of refracting angle A, Deduce the relation, e (4 +m 2 ‘hapter 10 Wave Optics 31 @ Draw the intensity pattern for a single slit diffraction and double slit interference for the fringes produced in interference. (i) State the difference between interference and diffraction. {WL Gy Intensity pattern for single slit diffraction. “The cenital bright fringe has maximum intensity and as we mave avy from central Sol. Let EF be the incident ray whicl deviates eile Passing through prism following path EPGIas shoun in figure, IfSis the angle of deviation, then In AOFG, 3= 20FG+ ZOGr Beith Heh) G48) Inaorn, tq + N= 180° In quadrilateral PENG, As DEN + N+ ZPGN = 360° of A+ N=180°[As ZPFN = ZPGN = 90°] From, Eg. (ii) and Eq, (il) Ait Hence, Eq (i) becomes. Beith A fi? + (Vin) ~ 2s + 2a ~ A i) co) iv) =a + 2-4 Swilbe minimum at A+ i- A => i= (v So, By = 2i 2 dv) andatieienen er a : so, rf ww tensity of bright fringes goes on fringe, the decreasing Intensity Scanned with CamScanner 253 60 MPQs Most Probable Questions254 SO MPOs Most Probable Questions Intensity pattem for double slit Interference nsity of all bright fringes are same, pf Intensity Tho in (Interference fraction Fringe width of alltringes are bright fringe is double as “same. __compared to other fringes Intensity of all Intensity of bright fringes bright fringes are goes on decreasing as we same, move away from central fringe. Good contrast Poor contrast between bright between bright and dark fringes. and dark fringes. Maxima occurs at Minima occurs at 0, = nid 8. = nid a (0.38 Define the term wavefront. Using Huygens’ Sol. Wave theory, verify the laws of reflection. Wavefront Itis defined as locus of all particles of a ‘medium vibrating in same phase. Laws of reflection by Huygens’ principle Consider a plane wavefront ABincident on mirror XY at point A at an angle of incidence i. According, to Huygens’ principle, all particles on ABlic in same phase acting as secondary wavelengths, 50 if in time t light reaches from B to B, then in same time light reaches from Ato A’such that AA’ = BB'= of With Aas centre draw an arc of radius AA’, then tangent A’B" represents reflected wavefront. Sol. “et PSs Oa Now: in rightangled triangles ABIFand 4.4.5 ARB = ZA’ B= 907 (each) Bit = AA'= ot AB" = AB" (common) Hence, triangles are congruent So, ZBAN’ = ZAB AY aise which isthe law of reflect [Faye with of nat 038 Use Huygens’ principle t0 show how a plane wavefront propagates from a dens, to rarer medium. Hence, verify Snelts lay of refraction. Weassumea plane wavefront AB propagating iy denser medium incident on the interface PP' angle ias shown in figure. Lett be the time take, by the wavefront to travel a distance BC If jy speed of the light in medium i Incident Medium (Dense) Al ‘Medium I (Rares) Rotacted wavefront In order to find the shape of the refracted wavefront, we draw a sphere of radius AE = ng, where a is the speed of light in medium II (rarer ‘medium), The tangent plane CE represents the refracted wavefront. AC (refractive index) * Sine which is Snell's law of refraction. Chapter 11. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 9.40 Find the ratio of the de-Broglie wavelengths associated with an alpha particle and a proton, if both (@ have the same speeds, Gi) have the same kinetic energy, (iii) are accelerated through the same potential difference. Sol. (i) As from de-Broglie wavelength, net [e=Sumel ; hth Ay Maly h 4 Scanned with CamScannerer we know: p= 2m (KE) i 255, 5 tt San i satan MO, “ata weg rays {i ye 4 : 5 ty 2let myo, fae fi For threshold wavelength i kineti hnckinetic energy, a fa . K=Qand work function 6, = 7 my \ | mm, “Y » site Einstein's photoelectric equati gate clearly the three salient features caserved in photoelectric effect which can peexplained on the basis of this equation, ‘he maximum kinetic energy of the 9.42 Determine the value of the de-Broglie shotoelectrons gets doubled when the wavelength associated with the electron wavelength of light incident on the surface _-tbiting in the ground state of hydrogen changes from 2 to Ap. 6 : 138 ey and Bohe perive the expression for the threshold | _ Aw wavelength 2.9 and work function for the radius ry =0.53 A). How will the de-Broglie metal surface. ‘wavelength change when it is in the first 2 Einstein's photoelectric equation, hv = vy + Vy Sol, oan jo *eVYo Sol. tn ground state, the kinetic energy ofthe electron where, =incident frequency, vg =threshold is frequency and Vy =stopping potenti 113.6 6V frequency an ping potential co e {i) Incident energy of photon is used in two ways z {@)to liberate electron from the metal surface #186 1.6 x10) (b) rest of the energy appears as maximum 21810} energy of electron de-Broglie wavelength, {i Only one electron can absorb energy of one photon, Hence, increasing intensity increases the number of electrons, hence current 38 a (ii) Ifincident energy is less than work function, 66x10 g then no emission of electrons will take place. Foran x28 10 g (iv) Increasing v (incident frequency) will bari 33nm 8 ‘maximum Kinetic energy of electrons but i srgy in the first excited state(n=2) 6 ‘number of electrons emitted will remain same. Kinetic energy in the a t excited state(n= 2) 2 For wavelength )y, Koby 3 2 7 Fipt Ketel de-Broglie wavelength, & a2 % =D where, -K= eV Me Bi amb, 2 For wavelength har co a he il) Ee FE og, + 2M0 a : : Ss | Scanned with CamScanner256 Chapter 12. Atoms 043 (8 Using Bohr’s atomic model, derive a expression for the radius and velocity of nth orbit of the revolving electron ina hydrogen atom, Gi) Also derive the expession for total of electron in the stationary state of the hydrogen atom. Using Bohr’s model, obtain the expression for the frequency of radiation emitted when atom makes transition from the higher energy state with quantum number 7; to the lower energy state with quantum number ny. (ny 7 =Rydberg constant where, 2. The nuclei having mass number 56 and at 56 have maximum binding energy -88MeV and so they are most stable. 3. Some nuclei have peaks, e.g,, 4He, 20, this indicates that these nuclei are relatives more stable than their neighbours. (i) Explanation of constancy of binding energy Nuclear force is short ranged? every nucleon interacts with its neighbours only;therefore binding 2 per nucleon remains constant Scanned with CamScannerExplanation of nucteas peavy nucleus (As 336 tensa (A pining energy per ace feloons get more tight Jimplies that energy ev ar fission, so When a breaks inte "a fission), the bound. This released in would be 0 o 80 100120 140 7 ry Mass Numbe 180 200 220-240 splanation of nuclear fusion When tw apucei(A 1)jon o forma heavy nee tSbinding energy per nucleon of fused heavaa Mheleusis more than the binding energy per leon of lighter nuclei, so again energy would ereleased in nuclear fusion, " very, 45. @ Show that the density of nucleus over awide range of nuclei is constant and independent of mass number. (ji) Drawa graph showing the variation of potential energy between a pair of, nucleons as a function of their separation. Indicate the regions in which nuclear force is (a) attractive (b) repulsive. Write two important conclusions which you can draw regarding the nature of nuclear force. tapter 14 Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits Mi () Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Gi) Explain how the heavy doping of both p and nsides of a p-n junction diode results in the electric field of the junction being extremely high even with a reverse bias voltage of few volts. - 257 Sol, () The ra radius Rof nucleus relate ‘number is given by Seta yA? where, Roa 11x10 mm Now, density of nucleus is given by __Mass of nucleus olume of nueleus mA 3mA_ om RA a 4 aR 3) ‘where, mis mass of one nucleon, Hence, nuclear densi Hence, nucear density independent of mass (i) The graph between potential energy versus distance between pair of nucleons is as sho in figure, ™ Conclusions (@) The potential energy is minimum ata distance 7 of about 0.8 fm. (b) Nuclear force is attractive for distance larger than Mev (¢) Nuclear force is repulsive, if two are separated by distance less than %. (a) Nuclear force decreases very rapidly at ‘ylequilibrium position. Sol. @_____ ee Intrinsic ‘Extrinsic semiconductor semiconductor 1. Itisa This a semiconductor emiconductor in doped with trivalent oF pure form. ppentavalent impurity | atoms. Ce = 50 MPOs Most Probable Questions i Scanned with CamScanner258 50 MPQs Most Probable Questions Extrinsic semicanductor 2 Intrinsic ch In miype semievncluctor, clectrons concentration is more, while in ptype semiconductor, holes concentration is more electrons ad holes have egal joonayntratin, Curr Current due to charge charge caters is of carriers i ofthe order confer of nA. of mA. caused by (As pand nsections of pn junction diode are heavily doped, more diffusion of electrons from meregion to pregion and holes from p-region to n-region takes place forming depletion layer very thin of order of 1 sm. So, electric field directing from rregion to p-region is very large. For reverse bias voltage of5 volt AV _5V ar Tum x10 Vim 0.47 Describe briefly, with the help of a diagram, the role of the two important processes involved in the formation of a p-n junction. Sol. Two important processes occurring during the formation of ap-n junction are (i) diffusion and (i) rift. () Diffusion In retype semiconductor, the concentration of electrons is much greater as compared to concentration of holes; w! in ptype semiconductor, the concentration of holes is much greater than the concentration of electrons. When a p-n junction is formed, then due to concentration gradient, the holes diffuse from pside to nside (p> n)and electrons diffuse from mside to p-side (n> p) This motion of charge carriers gives rise to diffusion current across the junction. <— Bleetron difusion Electron drift o®@ sebsdle olbsadh ‘— Hole drift Gi) Drift The drift of charge carriers occurs due to ‘electric field, Due to built in potential barrier, an electric field directed from mregion to p-region is developed across the junction. This fl cous dane motion of rae, to ppside. Thus, a drift, we Bjuntinto pie Tes adit ne Hfscurent is opposite tthe dregs asim ce “ft 12 @| ool. 00c20lOQ| ae Depletion layer i june sential barrier During the formation of jpregion and holes diffuse from region" feregion. This forms recombination of Carriers. In this process immobile postive are collected ata junction toward region negative fons at ajunction towards pegion ‘This causes a potential difference across he unbiased junction. This is called potentil barrier. 0.40 Draw the circuit diagram for studying yz characteristics of p-n junction diode (i) in forward bias and (ii) in reverse bias. Dray typical V-I characteristics of a silicon diode, Explain the term “breakdown voltage in reverse bias”. Sol. ()) Forward bias The circuit diagram of pn junction diode in forward bias is as shown in figure. The external electric field acts opposie to internal field, so width of depletion layer decreases. The current set up in diode is due» both type of majority charge carriers but in extemal circuit itis due to electrons only. Since, current is due to diffusion of majority charge carriers, so it is of order of few milliamperes. Bo =, fee eos] oA Sees | ra E | pele se rena ag Reverse current (il) Reverse bias The circuit diagram of p- junction diode in reverse bias is as shown in figure. Here, external electric field favours the intemal electric field, so width of potential barrier increases. As reverse bias opposes the motion of majority charge carriers but aids Scanned with CamScanneri 259 ory’ change earriees to move a mina. Hence, current is very ai i iat reverse bias, curren Y small of order band in which electrons are not found is et 'minority change carie & ] se fe GP all" Reverse current =a ee Reverse biasing | (ene Band) characteristics of apn junction diode The CMpof voltage V versis current Fin foran forward (i) What is the order of energy band gap and reverse bias of a p-n junction i i ‘the figure. junction is shown of an insulator? svalanche breakdown or breakdown ii) A radiation of wavelength 300 nm is aitage If the reverse bias is made sufficiently used to shift the electron from valence igh, the covalent bonds near the junction band to conduetion band. What is the pyeakdown releasing fre electrons and holes. energy band gap of the material? ‘These electrons and holes gain sufficient - . Tet to break other covalent bonds, Thus, 2 (ii) The separation between valence band {ge number of electrons and hole gt fe and conduction band is 10 e\! Find the ‘The reverse current increases abruptly to high wavelength of the radiation used to transfer electron from valence band to qalue. This is called Avalanche break down and Jnay damage the junction. conduction band. (iv) Which band is responsible for current flow in a semiconductor in presence Forward ras} re of external field? Avalanche he Sol, (9 The order of energy band gap (F,)of an troulator ie greater than 3eV. Thus, more energy is required to move the electrons from ‘valance bond to conduction band. (i) Given, =300nm 300 «10°? m he «. Energy band gap, Ey =414eV [19 According to Bobr’s atomic model and the 2 RPG concept of electronic configuration of an 300 x10"? x 6 x10 fpolated atom, the electrons have well (ii) Given, E, =10eV,2=? he valence band and bottom 2 defined energy levels in isolated atom. But, . Q due to interatomic interaction in a: crystal, 7 2 the electrons of the outer shells are forced Sania 3 tohave energies different from those in 8 isolated atoms. Each energy level splits into , 3 a number of energy level sPlis 0 * a) Inte ene band ago cnsucon nd number of energy levels forming © jg responsible for current flow in 3 2 continuous band. The gap between oP of isresporguctor in presence of applied electic of conduction faa % 2 2 2 € = Ss B Scanned with CamScanner260 rd bias 0.80 If each diode in figure has a for je resistance at will be the values of the 13 and 1,? 4 130 , Sw is 50 ced b 135.0 E Y Fr 4 25 ch yenww—$§_, 8v istance = 250 Sol. Given, forward biased re Reverse biased resistance =:0 As the diode in branch CDis in reverse biased which having resistance infinite, So, =0 Resistance in branch AB = 25 + 125 = 150 (say R) Resistance in branch EF = 25 + 125 = 1502 (say R:) ost Probable Questions uultant resistance, rout RRR rot 150' 150 150 > R= 750 ‘Total resistance, R= R'4-25=75.+.25 <1 vis] Current, =e ~ 49g 7 O05.A Lahthth there ag So, hth stances R, and Ry are same, Here, the ie. I= h =2h = 1, = 42% - 0.0254 2 and 14= 0.025 Thus, = 005A, fy =0025A, 1, =0 and 1, =0.025A Scanned with CamScanner