ABC

A thesis submitted for the degree of

 ABC

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

for the Degree of
BTech in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Submitted by
xyz
(Roll No)

Under the guidance of

abc

Electrical Engineering Department

Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai - 400 019
(Autonomous Institute Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

June 2024
 Statement by the Candidate

I wish to state that the work embodied in this dissertation titled “XYZ”,
forms my own contribution to the work carried out under the guidance of
“xyz” at the Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute. This work has not
been submitted for any other Degree or Diploma of any University/Institute.
Wherever references have been made to previous works of others, it has been
clearly indicated.

xyz
VJTI, Mumbai
July 2024
 Certificate

This is to certify that xyz , a student of Final Year BTech in Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering, has completed the dissertation, ”ABC”
to our satisfaction.

abc
Supervisor

abc Director
Head, Electrical Engineering Department VJTI, Mumbai
 Approval

The dissertation, “XYZ” submitted by xyz , is found to be satisfactory

and is approved for the degree of B.Tech. in Electrical Engineering from
Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute affiliated to University of Mumbai.

Supervisor: Examiner
abc:
 Acknowledgements

“Please note that ths section do not have any template as such. It should
be your own write up related to your journey and no copy paste.
When you want to succeed as bad as you want to breathe, then you will be
successful”.
. - Eric Thomas

First of all, I express my profound gratitude to my mentor abc for his

invaluable support.

I am grateful to Head of Department xyz

I would like to thank abc, the Director, VJTI, for the academic
support provided to carry out the research work at the institute.

I Would also like to thank you my parents and friends

Lastly, I am deeply

June, 2024 abc

. VJTI, Mumbai
 Abstract

“sdfdsgfhfgjhgj.” - Douglas Kell, University of Manchester

The increasing ................. i.e. power grid to future cyber-physical systems

known as smart grid.
.................................

Keywords: Dynamic mode Decomposition (DMD), Hankel matrix, Koop-

man, Persistence of excitation, Spetiotemporal
Contents

Contents vi

List of Figures viii

List of Tables ix

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and scope of the research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Outline of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.4 Contribution of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.5 List of Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Preliminaries 3
2.1 ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Model Predictive Control (MPC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 ................................... 5
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 ...................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2.1 ...................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2.2 .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.3 Hankel representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.4 Model Predictive Control (MPC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Problem formulation of Multimachine system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3.1 System model for Multimachine system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3.2 System Model for SMIB system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 ababababab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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CONTENTS

3.4.1 fgcvbn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4.1.1 Case 1 fghgjhgm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4.1.2 fghfgjnghj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4.1.3 Case 3 ghgnbvn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4.2 jhm,m, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4.2.1 ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4.2.2 ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.5 Conclusion and future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4 ..................: A DMD approach 14

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2.1 dddddddddddd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2.2 ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3.1 bbbbbbbbbbbbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3.2 ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3.2.1 ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3.2.2 ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5 .................. 18
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.1.1 ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6 ............ 19
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2 .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2.1 .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.3 ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.3.1 ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.3.2 ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.3.3 ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

References 22

Approximation of Dynamical System vii

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List of Figures

3.1 ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Comparison of DMD with ICA and PCA with space . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3 ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4 ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5 Single line diagram of SMIB system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.6 Plot of δ vs time for rank of Hankel = 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.7 ghjghjhg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.8 Plot of δ vs time using koopman theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.9 nm,,,,,,,,,,,,,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.10 Rotor angle profile with controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.11 Flowchart for constructing DMD model and enhancement of rotor angle
using MPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4.1 ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2 ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.4 Load demand prediction of grid using DMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.5 .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.6 .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5.1 Algorithm to construct model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6.1 .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.2 ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Approximation of Dynamical System viii

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List of Tables

Approximation of Dynamical System ix

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Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Background and scope of the research

With .................. data. [1, 2, 3].

1.2 Objective
The major contributions of the thesis are as follows:

(i) technique.

(ii) With .

(iii) The s.

1.3 Outline of the thesis

The major contributions of the thesis are as follows:

(i) For .

(ii) With .

(iii) The.

1.4 Contribution of the thesis

The major contributions of the thesis are as follows:

Approximation of Dynamical System 1

ABC PQR ( 182060010 )
Introduction

(i) For .

(ii) With .

(iii) The.

1.5 List of Publications

The thesis is supported .................... The list of publications is as follows:

1. abc, and A, Sheikh, “..............

2. abc, and A, Sheikh, .........................[Accepted]

3. abc, and A, Sheikh, ................................. [Accepted]

4. abc, and A, Sheikh, .........................

Thesis Mindmap

Approximation of Dynamical System 2

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Chapter 2

Preliminaries

2.1 ...............
A ..........................
dx
= f (x, t) (2.1)
dt
where x(t) ∈ Rn is a vector representing the state of dynamical system at a particular
time t.
With given two set of data,
 

X =  X0 X1 . . . Xm−1  (2.2)
 

 
′
X =  X1 X2 . . . Xm  (2.3)
 

where m = number of snapshots or measurements taken,

n = number of spatial points saved per time snapshot or measurement.
...............................r(E) as
′
X = EX (2.4)
′
⇒ E = X X† (2.5)

where X † is pseudoinverse of X matrix as X is rectangular matrix

′
E is an operator which acts on X and take it toX .

Approximation of Dynamical System 3

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Preliminaries

Step 1: Compute SVD of X

X ≈ U ΣV ∗ (2.6)

.................................. ............................

′
Ẽ = U ∗ EU = U ∗ X V Σ−1 (2.7)

.......................................
Step 4: .........................

′
U = X V Σ−1 (2.8)

and DMD modes

′
Φ = X V Σ−1 W (2.9)

2.2 Model Predictive Control (MPC)

Approximation of Dynamical System 4

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Chapter 3

...................................

3.1 Introduction
The ................................... fault.
.............................................
................................ .................. ................
.........................
i)

ii) T

iii)

3.2 ......................................
3.2.1 ......................................
dx
= f (x, t) (3.1)
dt
With given two set of data,
 

X =  X0 X1 . . . Xm−1  (3.2)
 

 
′
X =  X1 X2 . . . Xm  (3.3)
 

Approximation of Dynamical System 5

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...................................

Figure 3.1: ......................

Figure 3.2: Comparison of DMD with ICA and PCA with space

Approximation of Dynamical System 6

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...................................

Figure 3.3: ........................................

......................

′
X = EX (3.4)
′
⇒ E = X X† (3.5)

.......................................

Step 1: Compute SVD of X

X ≈ U ΣV ∗ (3.6)

.........................
′
U = X V Σ−1 (3.7)

and DMD modes

′
Φ = X V Σ−1 W (3.8)

3.2.2 ..............
..............................: K g = g o f.
Fig. 3.4 ............................ Equation (3.1) .................:

xk+1 = Ft (xk ) (3.9)

Ft is a function which take to future state upon operating on present state as described
in Discrete-time operator of Koopman is given by Kt

⇒ Kt g = goFt

Approximation of Dynamical System 7

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...................................

Figure 3.4: ................

Thus, Koopman operator fixes a discrete-time dynamical system on observable g:

Kt g(xk ) = g(Ft (xk )) = g(xk+1 ) (3.10)

........................Koopman operator.

dx/dt =f(x,t;µ)

ẋ = f(x,t;µ) (3.11)

The state x ∈ Rn can be acquired by .............

3.2.3 Hankel representation

.......................

3.2.4 Model Predictive Control (MPC)

.......................

Approximation of Dynamical System 8

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...................................

Figure 3.5: Single line diagram of SMIB system

3.3 Problem formulation of Multimachine system

.....................

3.3.1 System model for Multimachine system

The electric power supplied by the two generators during fault are:

Pe2 = 0 (3.12)

Pe3 = 0.1561 + 5.531sin(δ3 − 0.755 (3.13)

The swing equation of the generators during fault are:

d2 δ2
= 750(3.25 − 0) (3.14)
dt2

d2 δ3
= 1000(1.19439 − 5.531sin(δ3 − 0.755)) (3.15)
dt2

3.3.2 System Model for SMIB system

hfghfgjhmvb

Approximation of Dynamical System 9

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...................................

3.4 ababababab
The representative case study is .................

3.4.1 fgcvbn
cxvbvnnvbnbv. xfdgxfhfgjgn

3.4.1.1 Case 1 fghgjhgm

Figure 3.6: Plot of δ vs time for rank of Hankel = 1

ghjhmjh,m,m,,.

3.4.1.2 fghfgjnghj

ghjhkjhkjh,kjhk

3.4.1.3 Case 3 ghgnbvn

chnghmnbmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

Approximation of Dynamical System 10

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...................................

Figure 3.7: ghjghjhg

Figure 3.8: Plot of δ vs time using koopman theory

3.4.2 jhm,m,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Approximation of Dynamical System 11

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...................................

Figure 3.9: nm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3.4.2.1 ...................

......................e.

Figure 3.10: Rotor angle profile with controller

Approximation of Dynamical System 12

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...................................

Figure 3.11: Flowchart for constructing DMD model and enhancement of rotor angle
using MPC

3.4.2.2 ................

...................

3.5 Conclusion and future work

.......................................

Approximation of Dynamical System 13

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Chapter 4

..................: A DMD approach

4.1 Introduction
hjkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
extension of the work.

4.2 Preliminaries
4.2.1 dddddddddddd
DMD ddddddddddddddddddddddddd

λ = c + id (4.1)

Figure 4.1: ...............

Approximation of Dynamical System 14

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..................: A DMD approach

4.2.2 .......................
..........................  
z(e)
 z(e + 1) 
 
z[e,e+T ] = ..  (4.2)
.
 
 
z(e + T )
The Hankel representation of z[e,e+T ] is
 
z(e) z(e + 1) . . . z(e + T − L + 1)
 z(e + 1) z(e + 2) . . . z(e + T − L + 2)
 
Ze,L = .. .. .. .. . (4.3)
. . . .
 
 
z(e + L − 1) z(e + L) . . . z(e + T )

where e ∈ Z, T, L ∈ N, the ............

4.3 ...........................
....................................

Figure 4.2: .........................

sssssssssssssssssssssss

4.3.1 bbbbbbbbbbbbb
bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbg (3.8).

Approximation of Dynamical System 15

ABC PQR ( 182060010 )
..................: A DMD approach

Figure 4.3: ...................

Figure 4.4: Load demand prediction of grid using DMD

4.3.2 .............
.............

4.3.2.1 ...................

.......................

4.3.2.2 .......................

.......................

4.4 Conclusion
.........................

Approximation of Dynamical System 16

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..................: A DMD approach

Figure 4.5: ..........

Figure 4.6: ..................

Approximation of Dynamical System 17

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Chapter 5

..................

5.1 Introduction
.
.............. .............
.

5.1.1 ...............

Figure 5.1: Algorithm to construct model

Approximation of Dynamical System 18

ABC PQR ( 182060010 )
Chapter 6

............

6.1 Introduction
.....................

6.2 ....................
........................

6.2.1 ..............
................................  
z(e)
 z(e + 1) 
 
z[e,e+T ] =
 ..  (6.1)
.

 
z(e + T )

6.3 ...............
6.3.1 ......................
.

Approximation of Dynamical System 19

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............

Figure 6.1: ....................

6.3.2 ...........................
. state model [4]. The dynamics of internal temperature τ (t) is given as,

1
τ̇ (t) = [τ (t) − τa (t) − Sf P R] (6.2)
g

6.3.3 ................
.......................
.

Approximation of Dynamical System 20

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............

Figure 6.2: .............

Approximation of Dynamical System 21

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References

[1] M. Imani and H. Ghassemian, “Electrical load forecasting using customers cluster-
ing and smart meters in internet of things,” in 2018 9th International Symposium
on Telecommunications (IST), pp. 113–117, IEEE, 2018. 1

[2] T. Hong, P. Pinson, and S. Fan, “Global energy forecasting competition 2012,”
2014. 1

[3] C. Chen, J. Wang, and S. Kishore, “A distributed direct load control approach for
large-scale residential demand response,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 2219–2228, 2014. 1

[4] S. Ihara and F. C. Schweppe, “Physically based modeling of cold load pickup,”
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, no. 9, pp. 4142–4150, 1981.
20

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