Lecture-3
Internal Combustion Engines
Dr. Jnana Ranjan Senapati,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Rourkela
1
Background
2
Classifications
1. Engine Cycle
According to the cycle of operation, IC engines are
basically classified into two categories.
(i) Constant volume heat addition engine or Otto
cycle engine. It is also called a Spark-Ignition
engine, SI engine or Gasoline engine.
(ii) Constant-pressure heat addition engine or Diesel
cycle engine. It is also called a compression-
ignition engine, CI engine or Diesel engine.
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Classifications – Contd.
2. Fuel Used
Using volatile fuels like gasoline, alcohol, kerosene, benzene
etc. (SI engine)
Using gaseous fuels like natural gas, LPG, blast furnace gas,
biogas (similar to volatile fuels or SI gas engine)
Using solid fuels like charcoal, powdered coal etc.
(converted to gaseous fuel outside the engine in a gas producer and engine
works as gas engine)
Using viscous fuels like diesel (low volatile fuel, CI engine)
Using dual fuel
– methanol (suction stroke) + diesel (comp. stroke) – Dual fuel CI Engine
– gasoline + alcohol (gasohol)
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Fuel Used - at a Glance
Gasoline
Diesel
Gas, Natural gas, Methane
Liquid Petroleum Gas
Alcohol, Methanol
Hydrogen
Dual Fuel
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Classifications – Contd.
3. Type of Ignition
Spark Ignition: Spark-ignition engines require an external
source of energy for the initiationof spark and thereby the combustion
process. A high voltage spark is made to jump across the spark plug
electrodes. In order to produce the required high voltage there are two
types of ignition systems which are normally used. They are : (i) battery
ignition system (ii) magneto ignition system. They derive their name
based on whether a battery or a magneto is used as the primary source of
energy for producing the spark.
Compression Ignition: In the case of CI engines there is no
need for an external means to produce the ignition. Because of high
compression ratio employed, the resulting temperature at the end of the
compression process is high enough to self-ignite the fuel when injected.
However, the fuel should be atomized into very fine particles. For this
purpose a fuel injection system is used.
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Classifications – Contd.
4. Cylinder arrangement
Single Cylinder
Inline Cylinders
V Engine
Opposed Cylinder Engine
W Engine
Opposed Piston Engine
Radial Engine
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(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
(f) (g)
8
Cylinder Arrangement
Single cylinder: Engine has one cylinder and
piston connected to the crankshaft.
In-Line: Cylinders are
positioned in a straight line, one
behind the other along the
length of the crankshaft.
Number of cylinders may vary
from 2 to 11 or even more. In-
line four-cylinder engines are
very common for automobiles.
In-line engines are also referred
to as straight such as straight six
or straight eight.
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V Engine: Two banks of cylinders at an angle
with each other along a single crankshaft. The
angle between the banks of cylinders is usually
within 60-90. V engines have even numbers of
cylinders ranging from 2 to 20 or more. V6 and V8
are the common engines with six and eight
cylinders respectively.
10
Opposed Cylinder Engine: Two banks of
cylinders opposite to each other on a single
crankshaft. These are mostly used in small aircraft
and some automobiles with an even number of
cylinders from two to eight or more. These
engines are also called flat engines such as flat
four.
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W Engine: Similar to that of V engine except
with three banks of cylinders on the same
crankshaft. This type of arrangement has been
used in some racing cars.
Opposed Piston Engine: Two pistons in each
cylinder with the combustion chamber located
centrally between the pistons. A single-
combustion process causes two power strokes at
the same time, with each piston being pushed
away from the center and delivering power to a
separate crankshaft at each end of the cylinder
Engine output is either on two rotating crankshafts
or on one crankshaft incorporating a complex
mechanic linkage.
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Radial Engine: Engine with pistons positioned in a
circular plane around the central crankshaft. The
connecting rods of the pistons are connected to
the crankshaft through a master rod. A bank of
cylinders on a radial engine always has an odd
number of cylinders ranging from 3 to 13 or more.
Many medium-and large-
size propeller-driven aircraft
use radial engines. For large
aircraft, two or more banks
of cylinders are mounted
together, one behind the
other on a single crankshaft,
making a powerful and
smooth engine.
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Cylinder Arrangement
14
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Single Cylinder Engine
Single-cylinder engine gives one power stroke per crank revolution
(360 CA) for 2 stroke, or every two revolutions for 4 stroke.
The torque pulses on the crank shaft are widely spaced, and engine
vibration and smoothness are significant problems.
4-stroke
2-stroke
0 CA 180 CA 360 CA 540 CA 720 CA 180 CA
(TC) (TC) (TC)
Used in small engine applications where engine size is more important
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Multi-cylinder Engines
Multi-cylinder engines spread out the displacement volume
amongst multiple smaller cylinders. Increased frequency of
power strokes produces smoother torque characteristics.
Most common cylinder arrangements are in-line 4 and V-6:
Engine balance (inertia forces associated with accelerating and
decelerating piston) better for in-line versus V configuration.
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V-6 Engine
Inlet
runner
Air intake
manifold
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Classifications – Contd.
5. Valve Locations
Valves in head (overhead valve), also called
I-head engine.
Valves in block (flat head), also called L-head
engine. Some historic engines with valves in
block had the intake valve on one side of the
cylinder, and the exhaust valve on the other
side. These were called T-head engines.
One valve in head (usually intake) and one in
block, also called F-head engine.
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(a) (b )
(c) (d )
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Classifications – Contd.
6. Air Intake process
Naturally Aspirated: No intake air pressure
boost system.
Supercharged: Intake air pressure increased
with the compressor driven off the engine
crankshaft.
Turbocharged: Intake air pressure increased
with the turbine-compressor driven by the engine
exhaust gases
Crankcase Compressed: Two-stroke cycle
engine that uses the crankcase as the intake air
compressor.
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Air Intake
Turbine Compressor
Air Intake
Aftercooler
Exhaust
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Where is the turbocharger located in the car?
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How a turbocharger is plumbed
(including the charge air cooler)
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Roots Blower Vane Compressor
Screw Compressor
Radial compressor Axial compressor
27
Classifications – Contd.
7. Method of Fuel supply for SI Engines
Carbureted
Multi Point Fuel Injection - One or more
injectors at each cylinder intake.
Throttle Body Fuel Injection - Injectors upstream
in intake manifold.
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Inlet
Valve
Throttle
Vent Fuel
Fuel discharge from
nozzle supply
Float
Float
Fuel metering Chamber
jet lip, h Fuel
Choke
Air
Carbureted System
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Multi Point Fuel Injection System
Throttle Body Injection System
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Classifications – Contd.
8. Combustion Chamber Design
Open chamber (disc, wedge, hemispherical,
bowl-in-piston)
Divided chamber (small and large auxiliary
chambers like swirl chamber, pre-chambers)
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Classifications – Contd.
9. Type of Cooling
Air Cooled
Liquid Cooled /Water Cooled
R a d ia to r
C ylin d e r
P is to n
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The cooling system in most cars consists of the radiator and
water pump. Water circulates through passages around the
cylinders and then travels through the radiator to cool it off.
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Classifications – Contd.
10. Applications
Car, buses, two-wheelers, trucks
Locomotives
Stationary
Marine
Light Aircraft
Portable Power Systems
Lawnmowers
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References
1. Crouse WH, and Anglin DL, (1985), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Eastop TD, and McConkey A, (1993), Applied Thermodynamics for
Engg. Technologists, Addison Wisley.
3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford
and IBH Pub Ltd.
6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.
10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,
Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.
12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR, (1992), EngineeringThermodynamics, Addison
Wisley.
13. Srinivasan S, (2001), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
14. Stone R, (1992), Internal Combustion Engines, The Macmillan Press Limited, London.
15. Taylor CF, (1985), The Internal-CombustionEnginein TheoryandPractice,Vol. 1 & 2,
The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Web Resources
1. http://www.mne.psu.edu/simpson/courses
2. http://me.queensu.ca/courses
3. http://www.eng.fsu.edu
4. http://www.personal.utulsa.edu
5. http://www.glenroseffa.org/
6. http://www.howstuffworks.com
7. http://www.me.psu.edu
8. http://www.uic.edu/classes/me/ me429/lecture-air-cyc-web%5B1%5D.ppt
9. http://www.osti.gov/fcvt/HETE2004/Stable.pdf
10. http://www.rmi.org/sitepages/pid457.php
11. http://www.tpub.com/content/engine/14081/css
12. http://webpages.csus.edu
13. http://www.nebo.edu/misc/learning_resources/ ppt/6-12
14. http://netlogo.modelingcomplexity.org/Small_engines.ppt
15. http://www.ku.edu/~kunrotc/academics/ 180/Lesson%2008%20Diesel.ppt
16. http://navsci.berkeley.edu/NS10/PPT/
17. http://www.career-center.org/ secondary/powerpoint/sge-parts.ppt
18. http://mcdetflw.tecom.usmc.mil
19. http://ferl.becta.org.uk/display.cfm
20. http://www.eng.fsu.edu/ ME_senior_design/2002/folder14/ccd/Combustion
21. http://www.me.udel.edu
22. http://online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys140
23. http://widget.ecn.purdue.edu/~yanchen/ME200/ME200-8.ppt -
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Classifications – Contd.
4. Cylinder arrangement
Classifying reciprocating engines based on the cylinder arrangement is only
applicable to multicylinder engines. 2 terms used for cylinder arrangement.
(i) Cylinder Row : An arrangement of cylinders in which the centerline
of the crankshaft journals is perpendicular to the plane containing the
centrelines of the engine cylinders. It is the group of radial engine lying in a
plane perpendicular to the crankshaft axis. If the radial engine has more than
one row of cylinder then it is called multi-row cylinder.
(ii) Cylinder Bank : An arrangement of cylinders in which the centreline
of the crankshaft journals is parallel to the plane containing the centerlines of
the engine cylinders. If the engine has a large number of cylinders, then
cylinder arrangement having more than one cylinder bank is adopted. For
example the for V engine there are two cylinder banks. The angle between
these two is known as bank angle.
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Classifications – Contd.
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