Playfair Cipher:
• Construct a 5x5 Key Square:
Create a 5x5 matrix of letters using a keyword. Remove
duplicates, then fill the remaining spaces with the other letters of the
alphabet (typically combining 'I' and 'J' to fit 25 letters in the 5x5
square).
• Prepare the Plaintext:
Divide the plaintext into pairs of letters (digraphs). If a pair has the
same letter (e.g., "LL"), insert a filler letter, usually 'X'. If the message
has an odd number of letters, add an 'X' at the end.
• Encrypt the Digraphs:
Same Row: If both letters are in the same row, replace each with
the letter immediately to its right, wrapping around if needed.
Same Column: If both letters are in the same column, replace
each with the letter immediately below, wrapping around if needed.
Rectangle Formation: If the letters form a rectangle, replace
each letter with the one in the same row but in the column of the other
letter.
Keyword:
• Memorability: The keyword should be something that is easy for both the sender
and receiver to remember.
• Complexity: The more complex the keyword, the harder it will be for someone to
crack the cipher without knowing it. A longer keyword or a word without common
letters (like 'e' or 'a') adds complexity.
• Avoid Predictability: Keywords that are common or easy to guess, like "password"
or "secret," should be avoided. More obscure words or phrases make the cipher
more secure.
Lets, the keyword is monarchy.
M O N A R
C H Y B D
E F G I/J K
L P Q S T
U V W X Z
P.T: ATTACK
Diagrams: AT TA CK
Diagrams: AT TA CK
Ciphertext: RS SR DE
AT:
Plaintext: mosque
Diagrams: mo sq ue
Cipher:
Cipher of M is O
Cipher of O is N
Cipher:
Cipher of Q is S
Cipher of S is T
Cipher:
Cipher of E is L
Cipher of L is U
Cipher of U is M
Diagrams: mo sq ue
Ciphertext: on ts ml
Vigenère & Autokey: book
The Rail Fence Cipher is a type of transposition cipher in which the plaintext is written in a
zigzag pattern (like a rail fence) across multiple "rails" and then read row-wise to create the
ciphertext.
Steps for Rail Fence Cipher:
1. Determine the Number of Rails:
o Choose the number of "rails" (rows) to use for encryption.
2. Write the Plaintext in a Zigzag Pattern:
o Write the plaintext diagonally down and up in a zigzag pattern, alternating
between the rails.
3. Create the Ciphertext:
o Read the letters row-wise to generate the final ciphertext.
Fascist sheikh hasina
f i s k a a
a c s - h i h h s n
s t e - i
• First rail (top rail): fiskaa
• Second rail (middle rail): acs hihhsn
• Third rail (bottom rail): ste i
Ciphertext: fiskaa acs hihhsnste i
Row-Column Transposition:
Double transposition:
