MATH 4174-Differential Equations and Applications for Engineers-SPRING 2021 SEC 2.2-2.
3 (WEEK 2)
SECTION 2.3
Remember that if a first order DE in y
F (x, y, y 0 ) = 0
can be written in the form
dy
a1 (x) + a0 (x)y = g(x)
dx
then the DE is linear and determine a solution by writing the DE in the standard form
dy
+ P (x)y = f (x).
dx
For the following Problems
• Find the general solution of the Differential equation
• Give the largest interval over which the general solution is defined
• Determine whether there is any transient term in the general solution
6.
y 0 + 2xy = x3 .
Solution:
The DE is linear and is written in the standard form with P (x) = 2x and f (x) = x3 .
2
R R
An integrating factor is µ(x) = e P (x)dx =e 2xdx = ex , the DE is equivalent to
d d x2 2
(y µ(x)) = f (x)µ(x) ⇔ ye = x3 e x
dx dx
and integrating to get
Z
2 2
y ex = x3 ex dx.
Using the substitution u = x2 in the RHS and integrating by parts we obtain an explicit solution
2 1 2 2 1 2
y = e−x (x − 1)ex + c = (x2 − 1) + ce−x .
2 2
• Note that the expression of y is defined on (−∞, +∞) and y 0 is also defined on the same interval since P (x)
and f (x) are continuous on the interval (−∞, +∞). The largest interval is (−∞, +∞).
•
−x2 1 2 x2 1 2 −x2
y=e (x − 1)e + c = (x − 1) + ce .
2 |2 {z }
| {z }
Transient term: yc → 0 as x → ∞
yp particular sol. of NHE
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MATH 4174-Differential Equations and Applications for Engineers-SPRING 2021 SEC 2.2-2.3 (WEEK 2)
15.
ydx − 4(x + y 6 )dy=0.
Solution:
• The DE in y of the form
dy
y − 4(x + y 6 ) =0
dx
is nonlinear in y neither separable.
• The DE in x of the form
dx dx
y − 4(x + y 6 ) = 0 ⇔ y − 4x = 4y 6
dy dy
or in standard form
dx x
− 4 = 4y 5 , y 6= 0 is linear in x.
dy y
is linear in x.
−
R 4
dy1
The integrating factor µ(y) = e y =
and the DE is equivalent to
y4
Z Z
d d x
(xµ(y)) = µ(y)f (y)dy + c ⇔ = 4ydy + c
dy dy y 4
giving an explicit solution of the form
x = 2y 6 + cy 4
• Since P (y) = − y4 is defined for y 6= 0 while f (y) = 4y 5 is defined for all y, then the solution is defined on
(−∞, 0), (0, ∞). Choose for example (0, ∞) the largest interval.
• No transient term.
26.
• Find the solution of the IVP
• Give the largest interval over which the general solution is defined
y dx 2
dy − x = 2y , y(1) = 5.
Solution:
The differential equation is linear in x and can be written in the standard form
dx x
− = 2y, y 6= 0.
dy y
1
R
− dx 1
The integrating factor is calculated from µ(y) = e y = y and an explicit general solution to the DE is given
by
x = 2y 2 + cy.
Using the initial condition x0 = 1 and y0 = 5 we obtain 1 = 50 + 5c ⇒ c = − 49
5 and hence a solution to the IVP
is given by
49
x = 2y 2 − y.
5
The solution of the IVP is defined on the interval (−∞, 0), (0, ∞) and the largest interval containing y0 = 5 is
the interval (0, ∞).
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