588 PHYSICS

22 Alternating Current

ALTERNATING AND DIRECT CURRENT The root mean square (rms) value of AC is
An alternating current (A.C.) is one which periodically changes I0
in magnitude and direction. It increases from zero to a maximum I rms =
value, then decreases to zero and reverses in direction, increases 2
to a maximum in this direction and then decreases to zero. where I0 is the peak or maximum value of alternating current.
The source of alternating emf may be a dynamo or an electronic The rms value of alternating current can also be defined as the
oscillator. direct current which produces the same heating effect in a given
The alternating emf E at any instant may be expressed as resistor in a given time as is produced by the given A.C. flowing
E = E0 sinwt through same resistor for the same time. Due to this reason the
where w is the angular frequency of alternating emf and E0 is the rms value of current is also known as effective or virtual value of
peak value of emf. current.
I I0 I0
(A.C.) \ Ieffective = I virtual = Irms =
2
Similarly the rms value of alternating voltgae is called the effective
T=0 T T 3T t or virtual value of alternating voltage (or emf).
— –—
2 2
E0
\ E effective = E virtual = E rms =
Direct current (D.C.) is that current which may or may not 2
change in magnitude but it does not change its direction. Keep in Memory
(1) Time period : The time taken by A.C. to go through one
cycle of changes is called its period. It is given as T = p
I 2
(D.C.) w
(2) Phase : It is that property of wave motion which tells us
the position of the particle at any instant as well as its
t
direction of motion. It is measured either by the angle which
Advantages of A.C. over D.C. the particle makes with the mean position or by fraction of
(i) The generation of A.C. is cheaper than that of D.C. time period.
(ii) Alternating voltage can be easily stepped up or stepped (3) Phase angle : Angle associated with the wave motion (sine
down by using a transformer. or cosine) is called phase angle.
(iii) A.C. can be easily converted into D.C. by rectifier. D.C. is (4) Lead : Out of the current and emf the one having greater
converted to A.C. by an inverter. phase angle will lead the other e.g., in equation
(iv) A.C. can be transmitted to a long distance without æ pö
i = i0 sin ç wt + ÷ and e = e0 sin wt,
appreciable loss. è 2ø
AVERAGE AND RMS VALUE OF ALTERNATING p
the current leads the emf by an angle .
CURRENT 2
The average value of AC over one full cycle is zero since there are (5) Lag : Out of current and emf the one having smaller phase
equal positive and negative half cycles. angle will lag the other. In the above equations, the emf
The average current for half cycle is 2I0 /p where I0 is the peak p
lags the current by .
value of current. 2
RESISTANCE OFFERED BY VARIOUS ELEMENTS Graph of emf or current versus wt :
(INDUCTOR, RESISTOR AND CAPACITOR) TO A.C.
Alternating current in a circuit may be controlled by resistance,
inductance and capacitance, while the direct current is controlled E
or E
only by resistance.
I I
(i) Impedance (Z) : In alternating current circuit, the ratio of
emf applied and consequent current produced is called wt
the impedance and is denoted by Z,
E E Circuit Contianing only Inductor (L)
i.e., Z = E = 0 = rms
I I0 I rms Consider a pure inductor (zero ohmic resistance) of inductance L
Physically impedance of ac circuit is the hindrance offered connected to an alternating source of emf E = E0 sin wt.
L
by resistance along with either inductance or capacitance or
both in the circuit to the flow of ac through it. Its unit is ohm.
(ii) Reactance (X) : The hindrance offered by inductance or
capacitance or both to the flow of ac in an ac circuit is
called reactance and is denoted by X. Thus when there is E = E0 sin w t
no ohmic resitance in the cirucit, the reactance is equal to Then current I in the circuit is
impedance. The reactance due to inductance alone is called æ pö E0
inductive reactance and is denoted by X L, while the I = I 0 sin ç wt - ÷ where I 0 =
è 2ø wL
reactance due to capacitance alone is called the capacitive
reactance and is denoted by XC. Its unit is also ohm. Comparing this with standard equation, we get
(iii) Admittance (Y) : The inverse of impedance is called the Z = w L and phase difference f = p/2.
1
Hence we conclude that in a purely inductive circuit the current
admittance and is denoted by Y, i.e., Y = lags behind the applied voltage by an angle p/2 and the
Z
impedance to the circuit is wL and this is called as inductive
Its SI unit is ohm–1.
reactance.
IMPEDANCES AND PHASES OF AC CIRCUIT
Graph of emf or current versus wt
CONTAINING DIFFERENT ELEMENTS
As already pointed out that in an ac circuit the current and applied E
emfs are not necessarily in same phase. The applied emf (E) and E I
current produced (I) may be expresed as or
I wt
E = E0 sin wt and I = I0 sin (wt + f) with I0 = E0 / Z
where E0 and I 0 are peak values of alternating emf and current.
Circuit Containing only Resistor (R) Phasor diagram Graph between XL and f
Consider a pure ohmic resistor (zero inductance) of resistance R O E
connected to an alternating source of emf E = E0 sinwt.
X XL
90º
R
I
f
Y
E = E0 sin w t Circuit Containing only Capacitor
Consider a capacitor of capacitance C connected to an alternating
Then current I in the circuit is
source of emf, E = E0 sin wt.
E E 0 sin wt C
I= = = I0 sin wt , where I0 = E0 / R
R R
Comparing this with standard equation, we get that VC
impedance of circuit, Z = R and phase difference between current
& emf = 0.
Hence we conclude that in a purely resistive ac circuit the current E = E0 sin w t
and voltage are in same phase and impedance of circuit is equal Then the current through capacitor is given by,
to the ohmic resistance.
æ pö
Phasor diagram : X I = I0 sin ç wt + ÷
I E è 2ø
Comparing this with standard equation, we find that capacitive E
\ = é R 2 + (wL )2 ù
reactance XC = 1/wC and phase difference f = + p/2 I ë û
Phasor diagram Graph between XC and f \ Impedance of R – L circuit,
IC E
XC Z = = ( R 2 + X L2 ) where XL = wL
p /2 I
It is obvious that the current lags behind the emf by angle f
given by,
VC
Hence we conclude that in a purely capacitive circuit the current
f
f = tan
–1 æ VL ö
è VR ø ( )
= tan –1 X L = tan –1 æç wL ö÷
R è ø R
leads the applied emf by an angle p/2 and the impedance of the
Circuit Containing Resistance and Capacitance in
circuit is 1/ wC and this is known as capacitive reactance
Series (C–R Series Circuit)
1 . Consider a circuit containing resistance R and capacitance C in
Z = XC =
wC series having an alternating emf E = E0 sin wt.
Graph of emf or current versus wt
R C

E E VR VC
I
or
I 3p
p/2 2p wt
E = E0 sin w t
Circuit Containing Resistance and Inductance in Let I be the current flowing in the circuit, VR the potential
Series (LR Series Circuit) difference across resistance and VC the potential difference across
Consider a circuit containing resistance R and inductance L in capacitance.
series having an alternating emf E = E0 sin wt. Phasor diagram
R L VR
I
f
VR VL

E = E0 sin w t E
VC
Let I be the current flowing in the circuit and VR (= IR) the potential
difference across resistance and V L (= wL.I) the potential From phasor diagram the resultant emf is given by
difference across inductance. E = ( VR2 + VC2 ) = ( RI ) 2 + ( X C I ) 2 ]
The current I and the potential difference VR are always in phase
but the potential difference VL across inductance leads the current \ Impedance, Z = E / I = (R 2 + X 2C ) , where
I by an anlgle p/2. æ 1 ö
XC = ç ÷
Phasor diagram è wC ø
E The potential difference VR and current I are in same phase and
E= V 2R + V 2L
the potential difference VC lags behind the current I (and hence
VL VR) by angle p/2
The current leads the applied emf by an angle f given by
f V X I X
tan j = C = C = C
I VR RI R
VR
From phasor diagrom, resultant voltage is given by, æX ö æ 1/ wC ö æ 1 ö
or tan f = ç C ÷ Þ f = tan -1 ç = tan -1 ç
è R ø è R ÷ø è wCR ÷ø
2 2 2 2
E= (VR + VL ) = (RI ) + (wL.I ) Graph of emf or current versus wt
Graph of emf or current versus wt emf
emf
Current E
E
or
or I
I wt
wt
Current
Circuit Containing Inductance and Capacitance in Phasor diagram :
Series (Series LC Circuit)
Consider a circuit containing inductance L and capacitance C in VL
series having an alternating emf
E = E0 sin wt. VR
f I
VC E VC – VL (if VC > VL)
L C

VL VC

The p.d. VR is in phase with current I . The p.d. VC lags behind

the current by angle p/2. The p.d. VL leads the current by angle p/
E = E0 sin w t 2.

Let I be the current flowing in circuit, VL the potential difference \ Resultant applied emf, E = [VR2 + ( VC - VL ) 2 ]
across inductance L and VC the p.d. across capacitance C.
Phasor diagram :
i.e., E= {(R I) 2
+ (I X C - I X L ) 2 }
Y O X VL
VL > VC
E
VC – VL
E=VC–VL
p/2
p/2
I
\ Impedance, Z =
E
I
{
= R2 + ( X C - X L ) 2 }
VL – VC The phase leads of current over applied emf is given by
VC > VL
O X Y' VC
VC - VL I X C - I X L X C - X L
The p.d. VC lags behind the current by angle p/2 and the p.d. VL tan j = = =
VR RI R
leads the current by angle p/2.
\ Resultant applied emf, E = VC – VL = XCI – XLI æ X - XL ö
i.e., j = tan -1 ç C ÷ø
\ Reactance of circuit, è R
æ 1 ö It is concluded that :
X = E / I = XC - X L = ç - wL÷
è wC ø (a) If XC > XL, the value of f is positive, i.e., current leads the
The current leads applied emf by f = p / 2 . applied emf.
(b) If XC < XL, the value of f is negative, i.e., current lags
1 1
In case of XC = XL, Z = 0, then = wL or w = behind the applied emf.
wC ( LC ) (c) If XC = XL, the value of f is zero, i.e., current and emf are in
1 same phase. This is called the case of resonance and
\ Frequency f = w / 2p == resonant frequency for condition XC = XL, is given by :
2p ( LC )
At certain frequency the impedance of the circuit is minimum and Z
E/R
the current is maximum.
Current
This frequency is called the resonant frequency.
E
Circuit Containing Resistance, Inductance and
2R
Capacitance in Series (Series LCR Circuit)
Consider a circuit containing a resistance R, inductance L and R
f
capacitance C in series having an alternating emf fo O fo
E = E0 sin wt. Frequency
R L C 1 1
= wL i.e., w =
wC LC
VR VL VC 1
\ fo = w / 2p = 2 p ( LC ) .
Thus the resonant frequency depends on the product of L
E = E0 sin w t and C and is independent of R.
At resonance, impedance is minimum, Zmin = R and current
Let I be the current flowing in circuit. VR, VL and VC are respective E E
potential differences across resistance R, inductance L and is maximum I max = =
capacitance C. Z min R
 Z R 2 + w 2 L2 L
The impedance at resonance, Z = =
R RC
In parallel resonant circuit the impedance is maximum and the
current is minimum.
Zmin = R 1
R If R ® 0 , then f r = and Z ® ¥ .
2p (LC)
w Q - FACTOR
w =w 0=2p f0
Resonance frequency The sharpness of tuning at resonance is measured by
Circuit impedence in series RLC circuit Q-factor or quality factor of the circuit and is given by
Rapid fall of current 1 L
in A in comparison Q=
R C
to B curve
I Higher the value of Q-factor, sharper is the resonance i.e. more
Imax rapid is the fall of current from maximum value (I0) with slight
Small R higher change in frequency from the resonance value.
A Q i.e., sharper resonance
B It is clear from the figure that at low value of q, the resonance is
High R, small Q i.e., poor. However the bandwidth increases
no sharp resonance
I High Q
w
w =w0=2pf0
Resonance frequency
Current amplitude in series RLC circuit Low Q
It is interesting to note that before resonance the current
leads the applied emf, at resonance it is in phase, and after
resonance it lags behind the emf. LCR series circuit is also w0 w
called as acceptor circuit and parallel LCR circuit is called The figure given below explains the concept of bandwidth and
rejector circuit. cut-off frequency.
Imax
COMMON DEFAULT
O Incorrect. Adding impedances / reactances /resistors
algebrically.
0.707 Imax Band width 0.707 Imax

P Correct. For these physical quantities, vector additon must

be done
Lower cut off
frequency
Upper cut -off frequency

O Incorrect. Kirchoff's laws are applicable in D.C. circuit only

P Correct. Kirchoff's laws are applicable in A.C. circuit also
(which may include inductor and capacitor). w0 w
PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT when w < w0 XC < XL
A parallel resonant circuit consists of an inductance L and a when w > w0 XL > XC
capacitance C in parallel as shown in fig. when w = w0 XC = X L
R L
Bandwidth : It is the band of allowed frequencies and is defined
C as the difference between upper and lower cut-off frequencies,
the frequency at which power becomes half of maximum value
and current becomes Imax / 2 .
POWER IN AN A.C. CIRCUIT
E=E0 sin w t
The condition of resonance is again that the current and applied The power is defined as the rate at which work is being done in
emf must be in same phase. The condition gives angular resonant the circuit. In ac circuit, the current and emf are not necessarily
frequency. in the same phase, therefore we write
E = E0 sin wt & I = I0 sin (wt + f).
1 R2 The instaneous power, P = EI
wr = -
LC L2 = E0 sin wt I0 sin (wt + f),
wr 1 1 R2 The average power Pav = Erms Irms cos f
\ Resonant frequency f r = = -
2p 2p LC L2 E0 I 0
\ Pav = cos f
2 2
In this expression cos f is known as power factor. The value of 2. For resonance to occur, the presence of both L and C
cos f depends on the nature of the circuit. For L, C and elements in the circuit is a must.
L-C circuit, the power factor is zero ( Q f = 90º); for R-circuit 3. In series resonant circuit, current is maximum at resonance.
cos f = 1 (Q f = 0) and for all other circuit cos f = R/Z, where
In a parallel resonant circuit, current is minimum (or zero)
Z = impedance.
at resonance but p.d across the combination is maximum.
If R = 0, cos f = 0 and Pav = 0 i.e., in a circuit with no resistance, the
power loss is zero. Such a circuit is called the wattless circuit 4. To depict oscillatory motion mathematically we may use
and the current flowing is called the wattless current. sines, cosines or their linear combination. This is because
Power is of two types changing the zero position transforms one into another.
5. While adding voltage across different elements in an a.c.
(i) Reactive power Preactive = Vrms I rms sin f circuit we should take care of their phases.
This is also called wattless power. 6. The average current over a complete cycle in an a.c circuit
It is not read by energy meter is zero but the average power is not zero.
(ii) Active power Pactive = Vrms I rms cos f 7. An inductor offers negligibly low resistance path to d.c.
It is read by energy meter and a resistive path for a.c.
8. A capacitor acts as a block for d.c and a low resistance path
Half Power Points to a.c.
The values of w at which the average power is half of its maximum
value (at resonant frequency) are called half power points.
9. Inductive reactance Capacitive reactance
X L = wL = 2pfL 1 1
Pav XC = =
Þ XL µ f wC 2pfC
Small R 1
higher Q Þ XC µ
Dw f
Current through pure Current through pure
Large R,
inductor lags behind capacitor leads
low Q
emf by 90° emf by 90°
w 1 w0= wr w 2 w For d.c f = 0 \ X L = 0 For d.c f = 0 Þ X C = ¥
For a.c as f increases For a.c as f increases
Plot of average power versus frequency for a series RLC circuit. X L increases XC decreases
The upper curve is for a small R & lower broad curve is for large
value of R.
It is clear from the figure that for smaller R, value of Q0 is high (Q0
is Quality factor of circuit) & hence sharper resonance i.e. greater
rate of fall of average power maximum average power Pav changes 10. Series Resonant circuit Parallel resosant circuit
with slight change in frequency from resonant frequency. 1 1
XL = XC =
w0 X L XC
The Quality factor, Q0 is defined as, Q0 =
Dw 1 1 1 R2
nr = nr = -
Where Dw = w2 – w1 and w2 & w1 are half power points. 2 p LC 2 p LC L2
2
R w0 L 1 1 æ 1 ö
Now, since Dw » ; so Q 0 » Z = R 2 + (X L - X C )2 = + Cw -
2 ç ÷
L R Z R è Lw ø
wo w
Whereas w1 = w0 - ; w2 = w0 + 0
Q0 Q0 11. The principle of electric meter is heating effect of current.
These meters give the reading of Irms. It is important to note
æ 1 ö that these meters can measure D.C. as well as A.C.
In concise term, we can write as, w = w r çç1 ± ÷
÷
è Q0 ø 12. D.C. flows through the cross-section of the conductor
whereas A.C. flows mainly along the surface of the
Keep in Memory conductor. This is also known as Skin Effect. The skin
effect is directly proportional to the frequency.
1. Unless mentioned otherwise, all a.c. currents and voltages
are r.m.s. values.
Example 1. Solution : (d)
Calculate the r.m.s. value of e.m.f. given by
E = 8 sin w t + 6 sin 2 w t volts. P 10 1 V 2 60 ´ 60
I= = = A; R= = = 360 W ;
Solution : V 60 6 P 10

The mean square value is given by E = E 2 V 100

Z= = = 600W
Ι 1/ 6
\ E 2 = (8 sin w t + 6 sin 2 w t ) 2
X 2L = Z 2 - R 2 = 6002 - 360 2 = (600 + 360) (600 - 360)
2 2
= 64sin w t + 96sin w t .sin 2 w t + 36sin 2 w t
X L = 960 ´ 240 = 240 ´ 2 = 480 W
1 1
We know that sin 2 w t = , sin 2 2 w t = , and wL = 2pnL = X L = 480
2 2
XL 480
sin w t . sin 2 w t = 0 L= = = 1.28 H
2pn 120 p
1 1
\ E 2 = 64 ´ + 96 ´ 0 + 36 ´ = 32 + 18 = 50 Example 5.
2 2 An a.c. circuit consists of only an inductor of inductance
2H. If the current is represented by a sine wave of ampli-
or E r.m.s. = (E 2 ) = 50 = 7.07 volt tude 0.25 amp. and frequency 60 Hz, calculate the effective
Example 2. potential difference across the inductor.
When 100 volt D.C. is applied across a solenoid a current Solution :
of 1.0 amp flows in it. When 100 volt A.C. is applied across The effective potential difference across the inductor is
the same coil, the current drops to 0.5 amp. If the frequency given by
of the A.C. source is 50 Hz, then determine the impedance I0
and inductance of the solenoid. Veff = Ieff. XL = .2 p f L; Veff = Vrms
Solution : 2
In case of D.C., w = 0 and hence Z = R Given that I0 = 0.25 amp, f = 60 Hz, L = 2H
E 100 0.25
\ Z= R= = = 100 Ω \ Veff = × 2 × 3.14 × 60 × 2 = 133.2 Volt
I 1 2
1/2 Example 6.
For A.C., Z = éëR 2 + (2 p n L) 2 ùû If a domestic appliance draws 2.5 A from a 220-V, 60- Hz
2 2 1/ 2
A.C. power supply, then find
= [(100) + (100 p L) ] (a) the average current
(where w = 2pn & n is frequency of AC source) (b) the average of the square of the current
(c) the current amplitude
\ 200 = [(100) 2 + (100 p L) 2 ]1 / 2
(d) the supply voltage amplitude.
ì 100 ü Solution :
íQ Z = = 200 W ý Solving we get L = 0.55 henry (a) The average of sinusoidal AC values over any whole
î 0.5 þ number of cycles is zero.
Example 3. (b) RMS value of current = Irms = 2.5 A
A coil has an inductance of 0.7 henry and is joined in
series with a resistance of 220 W. When an alternating \ (I2 )av = (I rms )2 = 6.25 A 2
e.m.f. of 220 V at 50 cycles per second, is applied to it, then
Im
what will be the wattless component of current in the (c) Irms =
circuit? 2
Solution :
\ Current amplitude = 2Irms = 2(2.5A) = 3.5 A
Here, XL = wL = 2 p n L = 2 p × 50 × 0.7 × = 220 W
R = 220 W Vm
(d) Vrms = 220V =
Z = R 2 + X L2 = 220 2 + 220 2 = 220 2 ohm. 2
\ Supply voltage amplitude
\ wattless component of current is
EO 220 1 Vm = 2(Vrms ) = 2(220V ) = 311 V..
I= = = = 0.707A Example 7.
Z 220 2 2
A 100 mF capacitor in series with a 40 W resistance is
Example 4. connected to a 110 V, 60 Hz supply.
A 60 volt-10 watt bulb is operated at 100 volt-60 Hz a.c. (a) What is the maximum current in the circuit?
The inductance required is (b) What is the time lag between current maximum and
(a) 2.56 H (b) 0.32 H voltage maximum?
(c) 0.64 H (d) 1.28 H
Solution :
E
(a) Here, C = 100 mF = 100 × 10–6 F, R = 40 W,
Vrms = 110 V, f = 60 Hz K
Peak voltage, V0 = 2 . Vrms = 100 2 = 155.54 V
I
1
Circuit impedance, Z = R2 + a
b L
c
2 2
w C R
dI
2 1 so if rate of change of current with time =
= 40 + dt
(2 ´ p ´ 60 ´ 100 ´ 10 -6 ) 2 then due to phenomenon of self induction, induced emf across
dI
= 1600 + 703.60 = 2303.60 = 48 W inductance = - L
dt
Hence, maximum current in coil, Potential difference across the resistance = IR
During growth of current in L-R circuit, if we applying Kirchhoff’s
V0 155.54 loop rule then
I0 = = = 3.24 A
Z 48 æ dI ö
(b) Phase lead angle (for current), E + ç - L ÷ = IR
è dt ø
1 1 On solving it we get the value of current at any time t during
q = tan -1 = tan -1 æ - tö
R
wCR 2 ´ 3.14 ´ 60 ´ 100 ´ 10-6 ´ 40
growth of current in LR-circuit. I = I0 ç1 - e L ÷
= tan–1 0.66315 = 33° 33’ (taken 33.5°) çè ÷ø

q q 33.5 Graph showing how current varies with time

Time lead, t = = = = 0.001551 sec I
w 2 p n 360 ´ 60
I0= E/R
= 1.551 × 10–3 sec
Voltage will lag current by = 1.551 ms. 0.63 I0

Example 8.
30.0 µF capacitor is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz source.
Find the capacitive reactance and the current (rms and t
tL
peak) in the circuit. If the frequency is doubled, what
Time Constant
happens to the capacitive reactance and the current?
L
Solution : has dimensions of time. It is called inductive time constant of
R
1 LR-circuit.
The capacitive reactance is XC = = 106W R L
2 pfC L - . æ e - 1ö
At t = ; I = I0 (1 - e L R ) = I0 (1 – e–1) = I0 ç
Vrms R è e ÷ø
The rms current is Irms = = 2.08A
XC æ 2.71 - 1ö
= I0 çè ÷ = 0.632 I0
2.71 ø
The peak current is Im = 2Irms = 2.96A The inductive time constant of an LR-circuit is the time in which
the current grows from zero to 0.632 (or 63.2%) of its maximum
This current oscillates between 2.96A and – 2.96A and is value. When t ® ¥.
ahead of the voltage by 90º.
æ - .¥ ö
R
If the frequency is doubled, the capacitive reactance is
halved and consequently, the current is doubled. è ø
(
I = I0 ç1 - e L ÷ = I0 I - e -¥ = I 0 (1 - 0 ) )
VARYING CURRENT Potential difference across resistance :
æ - tö
R
dI
When the key in a D.C. circuit (containing a D.C. source of emf, VR = E ç1 - e L ÷ ; VL = L E
inductance coil, resistance and capacitor) is closed or opened, è ø dt
the current in the circuit varies. This is known as varying current -
R
t VL
as it varies w.r.t. time and takes a final value after a short while. I = I0 - I0 e L ;
Growth of Current R
dI - t æ Rö t
If K is closed at t = 0 so at t = 0, current in the circuit I = 0 = 0 – I0 e L ç - ÷
dt è Lø
After closing the key K at time t let current in the circuit = I R
- t
and for small time in the circuit, current varies with time, VL = E e L
Initially, an inductor acts to oppose changes in the current through R dI R
it. A long time later, it acts like ordinary connecting wire. or V = e- L t VL = L I = I0 -
L
t
R dt e
DECAY OF CURRENT R
- t
dI æ Rö R
Let the current has reached its steady state value I0 through = I0 e L çè - ÷ø or V = - E e- L t
dt L L
inductor. Now switch K in the circuit shown in fig. has been
closed. 0 t

VL

Let this time is t = 0.

Let at t = 0 current in the circuit (which is maximum) = I0
LC OSCILLATIONS
After time t current in the circuit = I
If a charged capacitor C is short-circuited though an inductor L,
Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to this circuit
the charge and current in the circuit start oscillating simple
æ dI ö harmonically. If the resistance of the circuit is zero, no energy is
0 + ç -L ÷ = IR (since there is no source of e.m.f.)
è dt ø dissipated as heat. Assume an idealized situation in which energy
dI dI R is not radiated away from the circuit. With these idealizations-
or L = - IR or = - dt zero resistance and no radiation, the oscillations in the circuit
dt I L
persist indefinitely and the energy is transferred from the
The eqn. gives the value of current at any time t during decay of
capacitor’s electric field to the inductor’s magnetic field back and
current in LR-circuit.
forth. The total energy associated with the circuit is constant.
I
This is analogous to the transfer of energy in an oscillating
I0 = E/R mechanical system from potential energy to kinetic energy and
back, with constant total energy.
Let us now derive an equation for the oscillations in an L-C circuit.

0.37 I0

tL t
L
Again, dimensions of are same as that of time
R
The inductive time constant of the LR-circuit can also be defined Refer figure (a) : The capacitor is charged to a potential difference
by using equation V such that charge on capacitor q0 = CV
L Here q0 is the maximum charge on the capacitor. At time t = 0, it is
Setting t = in equation., we get connected to an inductor through a switch S. At time t = 0, switch
R
R L
S is closed.
- . 1
I = I0 e LR = I 0 e -1 = I0 or I @ 0.37 I0. Refer figure (b) : When the switch is closed, the capacitor starts
e discharging. Let at time t charge on the capacitor is q (< q0) and
As t ® ¥, I®0 since, it is further decreasing there is a current i in the circuit in
VR = IR the direction shown in figure.
The potential difference across capacitor = potential difference
E across inductor,
q æ di ö
or Vb – Va = Vc – Vd \ = Lç ÷ ...(i)
C è dt ø
Now, as the charge is decreasing,
VR æ -dq ö di d 2q
i=ç =- 2
è dt ÷ø or
dt dt
0 t
 di Comparative study of step-up transformer and step-down
Substituting this value of in equation (i), we get transformer.
dt
q æ d2q ö d2qæ 1 ö
Step - up transformer Step - down transformer
= -L ç 2 ÷ = -ç q
è LC ÷ø
C or ...(ii) 1. E s > E P 1. Es < E p
è dt ø dt 2

This is the standard equation of simple harmonic motion 2. Ns > N p 2. Ns < N p

æ d 2x ö 3. IS < Ip 3. Is > I p
2
ç 2 = -w x ÷ 4. Zs < Zp 4. Zs < Z p
è dt ø
5. k > 1 5. k < 1
1 1
Here w = or f = ...(iii) Power losses in a transformer :
LC 2p LC
(a) Copper loss. This is due to resistance of the winding of
The general solution of equation (ii),
primary and secondary coil (I2 R)
is q = q0 cos(wt ± f) (b) Iron loss or Eddy current loss.
In case f = 0 as q = q0 at t = 0. (c) Loss due to leakage of magnetic flux.
Thus, we can say that charge in the circuit oscillates with angular (d) Hysteresis : Due to repeated magnetisation and
frequency given by equation (iii). Thus, demagnetisation of iron core.
di (e) Humming loss : Due to vibration.
In L-C oscillations, q, i and all oscillate harmonically with
dt Inspite of all these losses, we have transformers with efficiency
same angular frequency w. But the phase difference between q
of 70% – 90%.
di
and i or between i and is p/2. Their amplitudes are q0, q0w and Example 9.
dt
w2q0 respectively. So An ideal choke takes a current of 10 ampere when connected
q = q0coswt, then to an A.C. supply of 125 volt and 50 Hz. A pure resistor
under the same conditions takes a current of 12.5 ampere.
dq di
i= = - q 0 w sin wt ; = -q 0 w 2 cos wt If the two are connected to an A.C. supply of 100 2 volt
dt dt
Similarly potential energy across capacitor (UC) and across and 40 hertz, then find the current in a series combination
inductor (UL) also oscillate with double the frequency 2w. of the above resistor and inductor.
TRANSFORMER Solution :
A transformer is a device for converting high voltage into low
For series combination, Z = [R 2 + (X L ) 2 ]
voltage and vice versa, without change in power.
There are two types of transformers. 125
(a) Step up transformer : It converts low voltage into high R= = 10 W, w L = 2 p f L = V/I
12.5
voltage.
(b) Step down transformer : It converts high voltage into low \ 2 p×50×L = 125/10 = 12.5 or 2 p L = 0.25
voltage. For 40 Hz frequency, XL = 2 p L×f = 0.25 × 40 = 10 W
The principle of a transformer is based on mutual
Now Z = [(10) 2 + (10) 2 ] = 10 2 ;
induction and a transformer always works on AC. The input
is appleid across primary terminals and output is obtained
across secondary terminals. I 0 100 2
Current = = = 10 A
The ratio of number of turns in secondary and primary is Z 10 2
called the turn ratio Example10.
nS A low loss transformer has 230 V applied to primary and
i.e., = turn ratio K.
nP gives 4.6 V in secondary. The secondary is connected to a
If EP and ES are alternating voltages, IP and IS the alternating load which draws 5 A current. Find the current in primary.
currents across primary and secondary terminals Solution :
E n I Assuming no loss of power Ep Ip = EsIs
respectively then, S = S = K = P .
E P nP IS
Es Is 5
Efficiency of transformer, \ Ip = = 4.6 ´ = 0.1 A
Ep 230
Output power Pout ES I S
h= = =
Input power Pin EP I P
 CONCEPT MAP

RC Circuit RMS value of alternating Mean or average value of Peak current (I)0 and voltage V :0 The
Current: I = I0sin (tw+ ) f current and voltage alternating current and voltage
maximum value of current and voltage
Voltage: V= VR2 +VC2 I V 2I 2V0
I rms = 0 Vrms = 0 Imean = 0 Vmean = I0= 2 Irms V0 = 2 Vrms
2 2 π π
Impedance: Z= R 2 +XC2
– 1 Step-up transformer
Phase difference: tan 1
wCR N E Ip
R2 K > 1 K= s = s =
Power factor: cos f = N p E p Is
R 2 +X2C Transformer Device Changes
Leading quantity: Current Alternating current(I)
and alternating voltage (V) a low voltage of high current
I = I0sin t;wV = V sin0 t w into a high voltage of low
current and vice-versa
Step-down transformer
LC Circuit N p E p Is
æ pö K<1 K= = =
Current: I = Isin
0 çè wt ± ÷ø N s Es I p
2 ALTERNATING CURRENT
Voltage: V= VL– V C Direction of current
Power in an Ac. Circuit LCR series Circuit
Impedance : Z = XL– X C Changes alternatively and
its magnitude changes Pav =Vrmsrms
I cos q f
Current : I = I0sin (t w± ): Voltage:
Phase difference: f= 90º
Power factor : cos f = 0 continuously V= R 2 +(VL –VC )2
Leading quantity: ;
Either voltage or current Impedance Z = R 2 +(X L – XC )2
X L –XC
Phase difference
R
LR Circuit AC Circuit Þ =R
At resonance XL= X CZmin
Current: I = Isin
0 (tw+ ) f R Quality factor
Band-width: Dw = ;
Voltage : V = V 2 + V2 L
R L 1 L
Q=
2 R C
Impedance: Z= R +X2L
wL
Phase difference: f = tan –1 Inductive (L) Circuit Capacitive (C) Circuit
R Resistive (R) Circuit
R æ pö Current : I = I0sin (tw+ /2)p Current : I = I0sin t w
Power factor : cos f = Current : I = I0sin ç wt – ÷
è 2ø Phase difference between V and Phase difference between V and I :
R 2 +X 2L Phase difference between
I : f= 90º or – /2pPower factor : f = 0º Power factor: cos f= 1
Leading quantity : voltage V and I : f= 90º or /2p
cos f= 0 Power : P = 0 Power : P = V0 I0
Power factor : cos f= 0
Phasor : Current leads the voltage 2
Power : P = 0 Phasor : Current and voltage
Phasor : Voltage leads the by p /2
both in same phase
current by p/2
1. The resistance of a coil for dc is in ohms. In ac, the resistance 11. Which of the following will have the dimensions of time
will (a) LC (b) R/L (c) L/R (d) C/L
(a) be zero (b) decrease 12. In an oscillating LC circuit the max. charge on the capacitor
(c) increase (d) remain same is Q. The charge on capacitor when the energy is stored
equally between electric and magnetic field is
2. In an a.c. circuit, the r.m.s. value of current, Irms is related to
the peak current, I0 by the relation (a) Q/2 (b) Q/ 3 (c) Q / 2 (d) Q
(a) I rms = 2 I 0 (b) I rms = p I 0 13. The power factor of an AC circuit having resistance (R) and
inductance (L) connected in series and an angular velocity
1 1 w is
(c) I rms = I0 (d) I rms = I0 (a) R/wL (b) R/(R2 + w2L2)1/2
p 2
(c) wL/R (d) R/(R2 – w2L2)1/2
3. In a RLC circuit capacitance is changed from C to 2 C. For 14. A.C. power is transmitted from a power house at a high
the resonant frequency to remain unchanged, the voltage as
inductance should be changed from L to (a) the rate of transmission is faster at high voltages
(a) 4 L (b) 2 L (c) L/2 (d) L/4 (b) it is more economical due to less power loss
4. An LCR series circuit, connected to a source E, is at (c) power cannot be transmitted at low voltages
resonance. Then the voltage across (d) a precaution against theft of transmission lines
(a) R is zero 15. In a pure capacitive A.C. circuit current and voltage differ in
(b) R equals applied voltage phase by
(a) 0° (b) 45° (c) 90° (d) 180°
(c) C is zero
16. Which of the following statement is incorrect ?
(d) L equals applied voltage
(a) In LCR series ac circuit, as the frequency of the source
5. In a LCR circuit at resonance which of these will effect the increases, the impedence of the circuit first decreases
current in circuit and then increases.
(a) R only (b) L and R only (b) If the net reactance of an LCR series ac circuit is same
(c) R and C only (d) all L, C and R as its resistance, then the current lags behind the voltage
6. Fleming's left and right hand rules are used in by 45°.
(a) DC motor and AC generator (c) At resonance, the impedence of an ac circuit becomes
(b) DC generator and AC motor purely resistive.
(c) DC motor and DC generator (d) Below resonance, voltage leads the current while above
it, current leads the voltage.
(d) Both rules are same, any one can be used
17. Resonance frequency of LCR series a.c. circuit is f0. Now
7. The time taken by the current to rise to 0.63 of its maximum the capacitance is made 4 times, then the new resonance
value in a d.c. circuit containing inductance (L) and frequency will become
resistance (R) depends on (a) f0/4 (b) 2f0 (c) f0 (d) f0/2.
L 18. A capacitor has capacitance C and reactance X, if
(a) L only (b) R only (c) (d) LR capacitance and frequency become double, then reactance
R
will be
8. A bulb and a capacitor are connected in series to a source of
(a) 4X (b) X/2 (c) X/4 (d) 2X
alternating current. If its frequency is increased, while
19. In a series resonant circuit, having L,C and R as its elements,
keeping the voltage of the source constant, then bulb will
the resonant current is i. The power dissipated in circuit at
(a) give more intense light resonance is
(b) give less intense light
(c) give light of same intensity before i2R
(a) (b) zero
(d) stop radiating light (wL -1/ wC)
9. In LCR circuit if resistance increases quality factor (c) i2 wL (d) i2 R.
(a) increases finitely (b) decreases finitely Whereas w is angular resonant frequency
(c) remains constant (d) None of these 20. An inductance L having a resistance R is connected to an
10. In an A.C. circuit with phase voltage V and current I, the alternating source of angular frequency w. The Quality factor
power dissipated is Q of inductance is
(a) VI (b) V2I (c) VI2 (d) V2I2 (a) R/ wL (b) (wL/R)2 (c) (R /wL)½ (d) wL/R
21. The core of any transformer is laminated so as to (a) contact is made or broken
(a) reduce the energy loss due to eddy currents (b) contact is made
(b) make it light weight (c) contact is broken
(c) make it robust and sturdy (d) won't become bright at all
(d) increase secondary voltage 24. Energy in a current carrying coil is stored in the form of
22. The time constant of C–R circuit is (a) electric field (b) magnetic field
(a) 1/CR (b) C/R (c) dielectric strength (d) heat
(c) CR (d) R/C 25. In a circuit L, C and R are connected in series with an
alternating voltage source of frequency f. The current leads
23. In the circuit of Fig, the bulb will become suddenly bright if the voltage by 45°. The value of C is
L B
1 1
(a) (b)
pf ( 2pfL - R ) 2pf (2pfL - R)

+ 1 1
– (c) (d)
K pf (2pfL + R) 2pf (2pfL + R)
B

1. In an A.C. circuit, the current flowing in inductance is the power dissipated in the circuit is
I = 5 sin (100 t – p/2) amperes and the potential difference is (a) 104 watt (b) 10 watt (c) 2.5 watt (d) 5.0 watt
V = 200 sin (100 t) volts. The power consumption is equal to 7. The primary winding of a transformer has 100 turns and its
(a) 1000 watt (b) 40 watt secondary winding has 200 turns. The primary is connected
(c) 20 watt (d) Zero to an A.C. supply of 120 V and the current flowing in it is 10
2. If resistance of 100W, and inductance of 0.5 henry and A. The voltage and the current in the secondary are
(a) 240 V, 5 A (b) 240 V, 10 A
capacitance of 10 × 106 farad are connected in series through
(c) 60 V, 20 A (d) 120 V, 20 A
50 Hz A.C. supply, then impedance is
8. A step down transformer is connected to 2400 volts line and
(a) 1.8765 W (b) 18.76 W 80 amperes of current is found to flow in output load. The
(c) 187.6 W (d) 101.3 W ratio of the turns in primary and secondary coil is 20 : 1. If
3. Using an A.C. voltmeter the potential difference in the transformer efficiency is 100%, then the current flowing in
electrical line in a house is read to be 234 volt. If the line the primary coil will be
frequency is known to be 50 cycles/second, the equation (a) 1600 amp (b) 20 amp
for the line voltage is (c) 4 amp (d) 1.5 amp
(a) V = 165 sin (100 p t) (b) V = 331 sin (100 p t) 9. In the circuit shown in fig, the resonant frequency is
(c) V = 220 sin (100 p t) (d) V = 440 sin (100 p t) (a) 75 kc/s 5mF
4. An inductance of negligible resistance whose reactance is 22 (b) 750 kc/s
W at 200 Hz is connected to 200 volts, 50 Hz power line. The (c) 7.5 kc/s 0.1H 5W
value of inductance is (d) 75 mc/s
(a) 0.0175 henry (b) 0.175 henry
(c) 1.75 henry (d) 17.5 henry 10. An alternating voltage E (in volts) = 200 2 sin 100 t is
5. An inductive circuit contains resistance of 10 ohms and an connected to one micro farad capacitor through an a.c.
inductance of 2 henry. If an A.C. voltage of 120 Volts and ammeter. The reading of the ammeter shall be
frequency 60 Hz is applied to this circuit, the current would (a) 100 mA (b) 20 mA (c) 40 mA (d) 80 mA
11. The r.m.s value of an a.c. of 50 Hz is 10 amp. The time taken
be nearly
by the alternating current in reaching from zero to maximum
(a) 0.32 Amp (b) 0.16 Amp
value and the peak value of current will be
(c) 0.48 Amp (d) 0.80 Amp (a) 2 × 10–2 sec and 14.14 amp
6. In an a.c. circuit V and I are given by (b) 1 × 10–2 sec and 7.07 amp
V = 100 sin (100 t) volts (c) 5 × 10–3 sec and 7.07 amp
I = 100 sin (100 t + p/3) mA (d) 5 × 10–3 sec and 14.14 amp
12. The frequency of A.C. mains in India is 22. An alternating voltage V = V0 sin wt is applied across a
(a) 30 c/s (b) 50 c/s circuit. As a result, a current I = I0 sin (wt – p/2) flows in it.
(c) 60 c/s (d) 120 c/s The power consumed per cycle is
13. A 12 W resistor and a 0.21 henry inductor are connected in (a) zero (b) 0.5 V0I0
series to an a.c. source operating at 20 volt, 50 cycle. The (c) 0.707 V0I0 (d) 1.414 V0I0
phase angle between the current and source voltage is 23. In an A.C. circuit, a resistance of R ohm is connected in
(a) 30º (b) 40º (c) 80º (d) 90º series with an inductance L. If phase angle between voltage
and current be 45°, the value of inductive reactance will be
14. A step down transformer reduces 220 V to 110 V. The primary
(a) R/4
draws 5 ampere of current and secondary supplies 9 ampere.
The efficiency of transformer is (b) R/2
(c) R
(a) 20% (b) 44% (c) 90% (d) 100%
(d) cannot be found with given data
15. An alternating current is given by
24. The ratio of mean value over half cycle to r.m.s. value of
i = i1 coswt + i2 sinwt
A.C. is
The rms current is given by
(a) 2 : p (b) 2 2 : p (c) 2 :p (d) 2 :1
i1 + i 2 i1 + i 2
(a) (b) 25. For the circuit shown in the fig., the current through the
2 2 inductor is 0.9 A while the current through the condenser is
C
0.4 A. Then
i12 + i 22 i12 + i 22
(c) (d) (a) current drawn from
2 2 generator I = 1.13 A
L
16. The impedance in a circuit containing a resistance of 1 W (b) w = 1/(1.5 L C)
and an inductance of 0.1 H in series, for AC of 50 Hz, is (c) I = 0.5 A
(d) I = 0.6 A
~
(a) 100 10 W (b) 10 10 W V = V0 sin wt
26. In series combination of R, L and C with an A.C. source at
(c) 100W (d) 10W resonance, if R = 20 ohm, then impedence Z of the
17. The primary winding of transformer has 500 turns whereas combination is
its secondary has 5000 turns. The primary is connected to (a) 20 ohm (b) zero (c) 10 ohm (d) 400 ohm
an A.C. supply of 20 V, 50 Hz. The secondary will have an 27. In an LR circuit f = 50 Hz, L=2H, E=5 volts, R=1 W then
output of energy stored in inductor is
(a) 2 V, 5 Hz (b) 200 V, 500 Hz (a) 50 J (b) 25 J
(c) 2V, 50 Hz (d) 200 V, 50 Hz (c) 100 J (d) None of these
18. Determine the rms value of the emf given by 28. A capacitor in an ideal LC circuit is fully charged by a DC
E (in volt) = 8 sin ( w t) + 6sin (2 w t) source, then it is disconnected from DC source, the current
in the circuit
(a) 5 2 V (b) 7 2 V (c) 10 V (d) 10 2 V
(a) becomes zero instantaneously
19. A transformer is used to light a 140 W, 24 V bulb from a (b) grows , monotonically
240 V a.c. mains. The current in the main cable is 0.7 A. The
(c) decays monotonically
efficiency of the transformer is
(d) oscillate infinitely
(a) 63.8 % (b) 83.3 % (c) 16.7 % (d) 36.2 %
29. In a circuit inductance L and capacitance C are connected
20. In the given circuit, the current drawn from the source is as shown in figure. A1 and A2 are ammeters.
A1 C
V = 100x sin(100pt )

R1
X C = 20W
X L =10W
R = 20W

L A2
~
R2
K

Battery
(a) 20 A (b) 10 A (c) 5 A (d) 5 2 A When key K is pressed to complete the circuit, then just
after closing key (K), the readings of A1 and A2 will be
21. An AC voltage source has an output of V = 200sin 2pft .
(a) zero in both A1 and A2
This source is connected to a 100 W resistor. RMS current
(b) maximum in both A1 and A2
in the resistance is
(c) zero in A1 and maximum in A2
(a) 1.41 A (b) 2.41 A (c) 3.41 A (d) 0.71 A
(d) maximum in A1 and zero in A2
30. The tuning circuit of a radio receiver has a resistance of 36. In the question 86, if the switch is opened after the capacitor
50 W , an inductor of 10 mH and a variable capacitor. A has been charged, it will discharges with a time constant
1 MHz radio wave produces a potential difference of 1
(a) RC (b) 2RC (c) RC (d) RC ln 2
0.1 mV. The values of the capacitor to produce resonance is 2
(Take p2 = 10) 37. An alternating voltage of 220 V, 50 Hz frequency is applied
(a) 2.5 pF (b) 5.0 pF (c) 25 pF (d) 50 pF across a capacitor of capacitance 2 µF. The impedence of
31. Which one of the following curves represents the variation the circuit is
of impedance (Z) with frequency f in series LCR circuit? p 1000 5000
Z Z (a) (b) (c) 500 p (d)
5000 p p
(a) (b) 38. An inductive coil has a resistance of 100 W. When an a.c.
signal of requency 1000 Hz is fed to the coil, the applied
voltage leads the current by 45°. What is the inductance of
the coil ?
f f
Z (a) 10 mH (b) 12 mH (c) 16 mH (d) 20mH.
Z
39. The primary of a transformer has 400 turns while the
(c) (d) secondary has 2000 turns. If the power output from the
secondary at 1000 V is 12 kW, what is the primary voltage?
(a) 200 V (b) 300 V (c) 400 V (d) 500 V
40. An inductor of self inductance 100 mH and a resistor of
f f
resistance 50W, are connected to a 2 V battery. The time
32. Two coils A and B are connected in series across a 240 V, 50
required for the current to half its steady value is
Hz supply. The resistance of A is 5 W and the inductance of (a) 2 milli second (b) 2 ln (0.5) milli second
B is 0.02 H. The power consumed is 3 kW and the power (c) 2 ln (3) milli second (d) 2 ln (2) milli second
factor is 0.75. The impedance of the circuit is 41. The instantaneous voltage through a device of impedance
(a) 0.144 W (b) 1.44 W (c) 14.4 W (d) 144 W 20 W is e = 80 sin 100 pt. The effective value of the current is
33. In LCR series circuit fed by a DC source, how does the (a) 3 A (b) 2.828 A (c) 1.732 A (d) 4 A
amplitude of charge oscillations vary with time during 42. A transformer has an efficiency of 80%. It works at 4 kW
discharge ? and 100 V. If secondary voltage is 240 V, the current in primary
q q coil is
(a) 0.4 A (b) 4 A (c) 10 A (d) 40 A
(a) qo (b) 43. The primary winding of transformers has 500 turns whereas
its secondary has 5000 turns. The primary is connected to
an A.C. supply of 20 V, 50 Hz. The secondary will have an
t t output of
O O
(a) 2V, 5Hz (b) 200 V, 500 Hz
q q
(c) 2V, 50 Hz (d) 200 V, 50Hz
qo 44. A step up transformer operates on a 230 V line and supplies
(c) qo (d) a current of 2 ampere. The ratio of primary and secondary
winding is 1:25 . The current in primary is
(a) 25 A (b) 50 A (c) 15 A (d) 12.5 A
t O t 45. A step-up transformer has transformation ratio of 3 : 2. What
O
34. A steady potential difference of 10 V produces heat at a rate is the voltage in secondary, if voltage in primary is 30 V?
x in a resistor. The peak value of the alternating voltage (a) 45 V (b) 15 V (c) 90 V (d) 300 V
x 46. In an experiment, 200 V A.C. is applied at the ends of an
which will produce heat at a rate in the same resistor is LCR circuit. The circuit consists of an inductive reactance
2
(XL ) = 50 W, capacitive reactance (XC ) = 50 W and ohmic
(a) 5 V (b) 5 2 V (c) 10 V (d) 10 2 V resistance (R) = 10 W. The impedance of the circuit is
35. In the circuit shown, when the switch is closed, the capacitor (a) 10W (b) 20W (c) 30W (d) 40W
charges with a time constant C R 47. In a region of uniform magnetic induction
(a) RC B = 10–2 tesla, a circular coil of radius 30 cm and resistance
(b) 2RC p2 ohm is rotated about an axis which is perpendicular to the
1 direction of B and which forms a diameter of the coil. If the
(c) RC coil rotates at 200 rpm the amplitude of the alternating current
2 +
induced in the coil is
(d) RC ln 2 B
(a) 4p2 mA (b) 30 mA (c) 6 mA (d) 200 mA
48. In the given circuit the reading of voltmeter V1 and V2 are (b) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is a
300 volt each. The reading of the voltmeter V3 and ammeter correct explanation for Statement-1
A are respectively (c) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is not
L C R = 100 W a correct explanation for Statement-1
(d) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is false
V1 V2 V3 49. Statement - 1 : A capacitor blocks direct current in the steady
A state.
~ Statement - 2 : The capacitive reactance of the capacitor is
220 V, 50 Hz inversely proportional to frequency f of the source of emf.
50. Statement - 1 : In the purely resistive element of a series
(a) 150 V and 2.2 A (b) 220 V and 2.2 A
LCR, AC circuit the maximum value of rms current increases
(c) 220 V and 2.0 A (d) 100 V and 2.0 A
with increase in the angular frequency of the applied emf.
Directions for Qs. (49 to 50) : Each question contains 2
STATEMENT-1 and STATEMENT-2. Choose the correct answer e max æ 1 ö
Statement - 2 : Imax = , z = R 2 + ç wL - ÷ ,
(ONLY ONE option is correct ) from the following- z è wC ø
(a) Statement -1 is false, Statement-2 is true where Imax is the peak current in a cycle.

Exemplar Questions (c) R =15W, L = 3.5 H, C = 30 µF

1. If the rms current in a 50 Hz AC circuit is 5 A, the value of (d) R = 25W, L = 1.5 H, C = 45 µF
the current 1/300 s after its value becomes zero is 6. An inductor of reactance 1W and a resistor of 2W are
(a) 5Ö2A (b) 5Ö3/2 A connected in series to the terminals of a 6V (rms) AC source.
(c) 5/6 A (d) 5/Ö2A The power dissipated in the circuit is
2. An alternating current generator has an internal reactance (a) 8 W (b) 12 W
Rg and an internal reactance Xg. It is used to supply power (c) 14.4 W (d) 18 W
to a passive load consisting of a resistance Rg and a
7. The output of a step-down transformer is measured to be
reactance XL. For maximum power to be delivered from the
24 V when connected to a 12 W light bulb. The value of the
generator to the load, the value of XL is equal to
peak current is
(a) zero (b) Xg
(c) –Xg (d) Rg (a) 1 / 2 A (b) 2A
3. When a voltage measuring device is connected to AC mains, (c) 2 A (d) 2 2 A
the meter shows the steady input voltage of 220 V. This
means NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions
(a) input voltage cannot be AC voltage, but a DC voltage 8. A coil of self-inductance L is connected in series with a
(b) maximum input voltage is 220 V bulb B and an AC source. Brightness of the bulb decreases
(c) the meter reads not v but < v2 > and is calibrated to read when [2013]
< v2 > (a) number of turns in the coil is reduced
(d) The pointer of the meter is stuck by some mechanical (b) a capacitance of reactance XC = XL is included in the
defect same circuit
4. To reduce the resonant frequency in an L-C-R series circuit (c) an iron rod is inserted in the coil
with a generator (d) frequency of the AC source is decreased
(a) the generator frequency should be reduced 9. The primary of a transformer when connected to a dc battery
(b) another capacitor should be added in parallel to the of 10 volt draws a current of 1 mA. The number of turns of
first the primary and secondary windings are 50 and 100
(c) the iron core of the inductor should be removed respectively. The voltage in the secondary and the current
(d) dielectric in the capacitor should be removed drawn by the circuit in the secondary are respectively
5. Which of the following combinations should be selected
(a) 20 V and 0.5 mA [NEET Kar. 2013]
for better tuning of an L-C-R circuit used for communication?
(b) 20 V and 2.0 mA
(a) R = 20 W, L =1.5 H, C = 35µF
(c) 10 V and 0.5 mA
(b) R=25W, L = 2.5 H, C = 45 µF
(d) Zero and therefore no current
10. A transformer having efficiency of 90% is working on 200V 13. An inductor 20 mH, a capacitor 50 mF and a resistor 40W are
and 3kW power supply. If the current in the secondary coil connected in series across a source of emf V = 10 sin 340 t.
is 6A, the voltage across the secondary coil and the current The power loss in A.C. circuit is : [2016]
in the primary coil respectively are : [2014] (a) 0.51 W (b) 0.67 W
(a) 300 V, 15A (b) 450 V, 15A (c) 0.76 W (d) 0.89 W
14. A small signal voltage V(t) = V0 sin wt is applied across an
(c) 450V, 13.5A (d) 600V, 15A
ideal capacitor C : [2016]
11. A resistance 'R' draws power 'P' when connected to an AC (a) Current I (t), lags voltage V(t) by 90°.
source. If an inductance is now placed in series with the (b) Over a full cycle the capacitor C does not consume
resistance, such that the impedance of the circuit becomes any energy from the voltage source.
'Z', the power drawn will be [2015] (c) Current I (t) is in phase with voltage V(t).
R æRö (d) Current I (t) leads voltage V(t) by 180°.
(a) P (b) Pç ÷ 15. Figure shows a circuit that contains three identical resistors
Z èZø
with resistance R = 9.0 W each, two identical inductors with
2
æRö inductance L = 2.0 mH each, and an ideal battery with emf e
(c) P (d) P ç ÷ = 18 V. The current 'i' through the battery just after the
èZø
12. A series R-C circuit is connected to an alternating voltage switch closed is [2017]
source. Consider two situations: [2015 RS]
(A) When capacitor is air filled. R R
+ L
(B) When capacitor is mica filled. e–
Current through resistor is i and voltage across capacitor is
R L C
V then :
(a) Va > Vb (b) ia > ib
(a) 0.2 A (b) 2A
(c) Va = Vb (d) Va < Vb (c) 0 (d) 2 mA
 Hints & Solutions
EXERCISE - 1 1 1 1
1. (c) The coil has inductance L besides the resistance R. Lw = Þ w2 = \ w= = 2pf0
Cw LC LC
Hence for ac its effective resistance R2 + X L 2 will 1 1
\ f0 = or f 0a
be larger than its resistance R for dc. 2p LC C
2. (d) When the capacitance of the circuit is made 4 times,
1 its resonant frequency become f 0'
3. (c) We know that f = ,
2 p (LC)
f0' C f0
when C is doubled, L should be halved so that resonant \ = or f 0' =
f0 4C 2
frequency remains unchanged.
4. (b) 1
18. (c) The reactance of capacitor X = where w is
wC
1 frequency and C is the capacitance of capacitor.
5. (a) At resonance, wL =
wC 19. (d) At resonance wL= 1/wC
Hence the impedance of the circuit would be just equal and i = E/R , So power dissipated in circuit is P = i2R.
to R (minimum). In other words, the LCR-series circuit
will behave as a purely resistive circuit. Due to this Potential drop across capacitor or inductor
20. (d) Q=
the current is maximum. This condition is known as Potential drop across R.
resonance
wL
=
V R
\ Z = R, Current =
R
21. (a)
6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a) 22. (c) The time constant for resonance circuit,
11. (c) = CR
12. (c) In the case of maximum charge on capacitor, the whole Growth of charge in a circuit containing capacitance
energy is, stored in capacitor in the form of electric and resistance is given by the formula,
field which is
q = q0 (1 - e -t / CR )
1 Q2 CR is known as time constant in this formula.
U=
2 C 23. (c) When a circuit is broken, the induced e.m.f. is largest.
So the answer is (c).
When energy in distributed equally between electric
and magnetic field , then energy stored in electric field 1 2
24. (b) Energy stored in a coil = Li
2
U æç 1 Q 2 ö÷ 1 where, L is the self-inductance and i the current flowing
i.e. in capacitor is U1 = =
2 çè 2 C ÷ø 2 through the inductor. Thus, energy is stored in the
magnetic field of the coil.
At that time if charge on capacitor is Q1, then 25. (d) From figure,
1 Q12 U 1 Q 2 1
U1 = = = Þ Q1 = Q / 2 - wL 1
- wL
–
2 C 2 4 C tan 45º = wC wC
R
13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c)
16. (d) Option (d) is false because the reason why the voltage 1
1
Þ - wL = R 45º
> Lw and if the wC
leads the current is because O R
Cw
voltage lags, the inductive reactance is greater than 1
Þ = R + wL
the capacitive reactance. wC
17. (d) In LCR series circuit, resonance frequency f0 is given 1 1
by ÞC= = 2 pf ( R + 2pfL)
w ( R + w L)
 EXERCISE - 2 w L 2 p ´ 50 ´ 0.21
tan f = = = 5. 5
1. (d) Power, P = Ι r.m.s ´ Vr.m.s ´ cos f R 12

In the given problem, the phase difference between f = tan -1 5.5 = 80º
voltage and current is p/2. Hence
Es I s 110 ´ 9
P = Ι r.m.s ´ Vr.m.s ´ cos(p / 2) = 0. 14. (c) h= \h= = 0.9 ´ 100% = 90%
Ep I p 220 ´ 5
2
æ 1 ö 15. (c) 16. (b)
2. (c) Z = R 2 + çç w L - ÷
è w C ÷ø 17. (d) The transformer converts A.C. high voltage into A.C.
Here R = 100 W, L = 0.5 henry, C = 10 × 106 farad low voltage, but it does not cause any change in
frequency.
w = 2 p p = 100 p.
3. (b) V= V0 sin w t E s Ns N 5000
= Þ Es = s Ep = ´ 20 = 200V
Voltage in r.m.s. value Ep Np Np 500

V0 = 2 ´ 234 V = 331 volt Thus output has voltage 200 V and frequency 50 Hz.
18. (a) E = 8 sin wt + 6 sin 2wt
and w t = 2 p n t = 2 p ´ 50 ´ t = 100 p t
Thus, the equation of line voltage is given by Þ E peak = 8 2 + 6 2 = 10 V
V = 331 sin (100 p t)
4. (a) XL = w L = 2 p n L 10
E rms = =5 2 V
2
XL 22 ´ 7
\ L= = H = 0.0175H
2 p n 2 ´ 22 ´ 200 19. (b) Power of source = EI = 240 × 0.7 = 166
5. (b) 140
Þ Efficiency = Þ h = 83.3%
166
1
6. (c) P = Vr.m.s ´ I r.m.s ´ cos f = V0 I 0 cos f 20. (d) 21. (a)
2
22. (a) The phase angle between voltage V and current I is
1
= ´ 100 ´ (100 ´ 10 - 3 ) cos p / 3 = 2.5 W p/2. Therefore, power factor cos f = cos (p/2) = 0. Hence
2
the power consumed is zero.
Es n æn ö wL X L
7. (a) = s or E s = E p ´ ç s ÷ 23. (c) tan f = =
Ep np ç np ÷ R R
è ø
Given f = 45°. Hence XL = R.
æ 200 ö
\ E s = 120 ´ ç ÷ = 240 V 24. (b) We know that Ι r m s = Ι 0 / 2 and Ι m = 2 Ι 0 / p
è 100 ø
Ιm 2 2
Ιp n æ np ö æ 100 ö \ =
= s or Ι s = Ι p ç ÷ \ Is = 10 ç = 5 amp p
Ιs n p è sø
n è 200 ÷ø Ιrms
25. (c) The current drawn by inductor and capacitor will be in
Ιs n p 80 20 opposite phase. Hence net current drawn from
8. (c) = ; = or Ι p = 4 amp.
Ιp ns Ιp 1 generator
9. (a) = IL – IC = 0.9 – 0.4 = 0.5 amp.
26. (a)
E æE ö
10. (b) Ι= = E w C = çç 0 ´ w C ÷÷
XC è 2 ø
27. (d) L = 2H , E = 5 volts, R = 1W

æ 200 ö 64 447
Z 4 4 48
\ I = 120 ´ ç = 240V = 20 ´10 -3 amp.
è 100 ÷ø
R L
11. (d) 12. (b)
13. (c) The phase angle is given by E
 1 2 E 35. (a) The resistance in the middle plays no part in the charging
Energy in inductor = LI I = process of C, as it does not alter either the potential
2 Z
difference across the RC combination or the current
5 5 through it.
I= =
R 2 + ( wL ) 1 + 4p 2 ´ 50 2 ´ 4
2 36. (b) C discharges through both resistance in series.
37. (d) Impedence of a capacitor is XC = 1/wC
5 5
= =
200p 1 1 5000
1 + ( 200p )
2
XC = = -
= .
2pfC 2p´ 50 ´ 2 ´ 10 6 p
1 5´5 38. (c)
Energy = ´2´ = 6.33 × 10–5 joules
2 200 ´ 200 p 2 39. (a) NP = 400, NS = 2000 and VS = 1000 V.
28. (a) In ideal condition of LC circuit R = 0 and LC oscillation VP N P VS ´ N P 1000 ´ 400
= of, VP = = = 200V.
continue indefinitely. Energy being shunted back and VS NS NS 2000
forth between electric field of capacitor and magnetic
field of inductor. As capacitor is fully charged current 40. (d) The time constant of the circuit is

1 q0 2 L 100 ´10-3
in L is zero and energy is stored in electric t= = = 2 ´10-3 s= 2 milli second.
2 C R 50
field. Then capacitor begins to discharge through L Current at time t is given by I = I 0e–t/t
causing a current to flow and build up a magnetic where I0 is the steady current. Therefore, time for I to
field, around L. Therefore, energy stored.
fall to I0/2 is
1 2
Now in L = LI 0 when C is fully discharged, V 1
e – t/ t =
2 or, et/t = 2, t = tln(2) = 2ln(2) milli second.
across the plate reduces to zero. 2
41. (b) Given equation, e = 80 sin 100pt …(i)
\ Electric field energy is transferred to magnetic
field and vice-versa. Standard equation of instantaneous voltage is given
29. (d) Initially there is no D.C. current in inductive circuit by e = em sinwt …(ii)
and maximum D.C.current is in capacitive current. Compare (i) and (ii), we get em = 80 V
Hence, the current is zero in A2 and maximum in A1. where em is the voltage amplitude.
30. (a) L = 10 mHz = 10–2 Hz em
f = 1MHz = 106 Hz Current amplitude Im = where Z = impendence
Z
1 1 = 80/20 = 4 A.
f= ; f2 = 2
2p LC 4p LC 4 4 2
I r.m.s = = = 2 2 = 2.828 A.
2 2

10 -12
Pi 4000
ÞC=
1
=
1
= = 2.5 pF
42. (d) As E p Ι p = Pi \ Ιp = = = 40 A.
Ep 100
4p 2 f 2 L 4 ´ 10 ´ 10 - 2 ´ 1012 4
31. (c) Impedance at resonant frequency is minimum in series 43. (d)
LCR circuit. np Ep 1
44. (b) = =
2 ns Es 25
æ 1 ö
So, Z = R 2 + ç 2 pfL - ÷ \ E s = 25E p
è 2pfC ø
E S ´ IS
When frequency is increased or decreased, Z But Es Is = E p I p Þ I p = Þ I p = 50A
increases. Ep
NS
E 2v cos f 45. (a) Transformation ratio k =
32. (c) P= NP
Z
VS NS N
Since = \ VS = S ´ VP
(240) 2 (0.75) VP N P NP
P = 3000 = d Þ Z = 14.4W
Z
3
33. (c) 34. (c) VS = ´ 30 = 45V
2
46. (a) Given : Supply voltage (Vac) = 200 V So, Xint = Xext
Inductive reactance (XL) = 50 W Xg = (XL) = –XL
Capacitive reactance (XC) = 50 W Hence, XL = –Xg (Reactance in external
circuit)
Ohmic resistance (R) = 10 W.
3. (c) As we know that,
We know that impedance of the LCR circuit The voltmeter in AC reads rms values of voltage
(Z) = {(X L - X C ) 2 + R 2 } = {(50 - 50) 2 + (10) 2 } = 10 W Irms = 2I0 and Vrms = 2v0
The voltmeter in AC circuit connected to AC mains
E0 nBAw
47. (c) I0 = = reads mean value (<v2>) and is calibrated in such a
R R way that it gives rms value of <v2>, which is multiplied
Given, n = 1, B = 10–2 T, by form factor Ö2 to give rms value Vrms.
A = p(0.3)2m2, R = p2 4. (b) As we know that,
f = (200/60) and w = 2p(200/60) The resonant frequency in an L-C-R series circuit is
Substituting these values and solving, we get 1
n0 =
I0 = 6 × 10–3 A = 6mA 2p LC
48. (b) As VL = VC = 300 V, resonance will take place So, to reduce n0 either increase L or increase C.
\ VR = 220 V To increase capacitance, another capacitor must be
connect in parallel with the first capacitor.
220 5. (c) As we know that, Quality factor (Q) of an
Current, I = = 2.2 A
100 L-C-R circuit must be higher so Q is
\ reading of V3 = 220 V 1 L
and reading of A = 2.2 A Q=
R C
49. (b) 50. (c) where R is resistance, L is inductance and C is
capacitance of the circuit.
EXERCISE - 3 So, for higher Q, L must be large, and C and R should
Exemplar Questions be low.
Hence, option (c) is verify.
1. (b) As given that, v = 50 Hz, Irms = 5A
6. (c) As given that,
1 XL = 1W, R = 2W, Erms = 6V, Pav = ?
t= s
300 The average power dissipated in the L, R, series circuit
I0 with AC source
As we know that Irms = Then Pav= Erms Irms cos f ... (i)
2
I0 E rms
I0 = Peak value = 2.Irms = 2 ´5 Irms = =
2 Z
I0 = 5 2A
1 Z= R 2 + X L2 = 4 +1 = 5
at, t = sec , I = I0 sinwt = 5 2 sin 2pvt
300
6
1 Irms = A
= 5 2 sin 2 p ´ 50 ´ 5
300
p 3 R 2
I = 5 2 sin = 5 2´ = 5 3 2 Amp cos f = =
3 2 Z 5
æ p 3ö By putting the value of Irms, Erms, cos f in equation (i),
çè\ sin = ÷ then,
3 2 ø
æ 3ö 6 2 72
I = ç 5 ÷ Amp Pav = 6 ´ ´ =
ç 2÷ 5 5 5 5
è ø
2. (c) To deliver maximum power from the generator to the 72
load, total internal reactance must be equal to conjugate = = 14.4 watt
5
of total external reactance.
7. (a) As given that, Xc = 1/cw
Secondary voltage (VS) is :
VS = 24 Volt
R
Power associated with secondary is : C
PS = 12 Watt
As we know that PS = VSIS ~
PS 12 1 AC Source
IS = = = A = 0.5 Amp V V
VS 24 2 Current i = =
Zc 2
æ 1 ö
Peak value of the current in the secondary R2 + ç ÷
è Cw ø
I0 = IS 2 = 0.5 2 V 1
Vc = iXc = ´
2 Cw
5 é 1 ù æ 1 ö
= 2 Þ ê I0 = Ampú R2 + ç ÷
10 ë 2 û è Cw ø
NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions V
Vc =
8. (c) By inserting iron rod in the coil, (RCw)2 + 1
L ­ z ­ I ¯ so brightness ¯ If we fill a di-electric material like mica instead of air
9. (d) A transformer is essentially an AC device. DC source then capacitance C­ Þ Vc¯
so no mutual induction between coils So, Va > Vb
Þ E2 = 0 and I2 = 0 13. (a) Given: L = 20 mH; C = 50 mF; R = 40 W
Vs Is V (6) V = 10 sin 340 t
10. (b) Efficiency h = Þ 0.9 = s 10
Vp Ip 3 ´ 103 \ Vruns =
2
Þ Vs = 450 V
As VpIp = 3000 so 1 1
XC = = = 58.8 W
3000 3000 wC 340 ´ 50 ´10-6
Ip = = A = 15A XL = wL = 340 × 20 × 10–3 = 6.8 W
Vp 200
R 2 + (XC - X L )
2
11. (d) Impedance, Z =
Pure resistor L-R series circuit 2
= 40 2 + ( 58.8 - 6.8 ) = 4304 W
R R L Power loss in A.C. circuit,
2
æV ö
V V P = i 2rms R = ç rms ÷ R
Vs V è Z ø
2
æ 10 / 2 ö 50 ´ 40
Phasor diagram =ç ÷ ´ 40 = ; 0.51 W
R è 4304 ø 4304
q 14. (b) As we know, power P = Vrms · Irms cosf
as cosf = 0 (Q f = 90°)
R \ Power consumed = 0 (in one complete cycle)
XL cos q =
Z Z
15. (b)
Z = impedance
For pure resistor circuit, power
At t = 0, no current flows through R1 and R3
V2
P= Þ V 2 = PR
R
For L-R series circuit, power
V2 V 2 R PR
2 \
æ Rö
P1 = cos q = . = .R =Pç ÷
Z Z Z Z2 è Zø
12. (a) For series R – C circuit, capacitive reactance,
Current through battery just after the switch closed is
æ 1 ö
2 e 18
R2 + ç i= = = 2A
Zc = ÷ R2 9
è Cw ø