Name: ____________________________________ Weather Condition: ________________________
Course/Year: _BSCE 2B_______________________ Location: _______________________________
Temperature: ______________________________ Group No.: _______________________________
Date Started: October 18, 2023 Wednesday______ Subject: CE 121 Fundamentals of Surveying_____
Date Submitted: October 25, 2023 Wed. 8:00AM Designation: ______________________________
Laboratory Exercise No. 6
Problem: DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
Objectives:
To determine the elevation of points by differential leveling.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
A. A. INSTRUMENTS AND ACCESSORIES: Dumpy or wye level or any leveling instrument,
leveling rod, hubs or pegs, range poles, hammer or mallet, and chalk.
B. PROCEDURE:
1. Designate the initial or references point of the level route as BM-1 and
the final or terminal point as BM-2.
2. Set up and level the instrument at a convenient location along the
general designated route between the two points.
3. Take and record a backsight on BM-1.
4. Direct the rodman to move forward along the level route (not necessarily
in a straight line between BM-1 and the next point) and establish TP-1.
5. Take and record a foresight in TP-1.
6. Transfer and set up the level at another suitable location beyond TP-1
and take and record a backsight on TP-1.
7. Direct the rodman to move a convenient distance ahead of the instrument
and establish TP-2.
8. Take and record a foresight on TP-2.
9. Repeat the procedure until a foresight is finally taken on BM-2.
10. Repeat the procedure 1 to 9 from BM2 to BM1 (Reverse route) and compare
the data obtain.
Refer to the accompanying sample tabulation for the recording of observed
field data.
STA BS HI FS ELEVATION
BM1
TP1
TP2
TP3
.
.
.
BM2
C. OBSERVATION (Tabulation of data)
Table 1. Determining Elevation of each station from BM1 to BM2.
STA BS HI FS ELEVATION
Known or
BM1 known ? - assumed
TP1 known ? known ?
TP2 known ? known ?
TP3 known ? known ?
. known ? known ?
. known ? known ?
. known ? known ?
BM2 - known ?
D. COMPUTATION:
1. Computing height of instrument and elevation.
In differential leveling, the following two equations are repeatedly used
(a) HI = Elev + BS (b) Elev = HI – FS
Where:
HI = height of instrument above a reference datum
BS = backsight reading on the rod (or plus sights)
FS = foresight reading on the rod (or minus sights)
Elev = elevation above a reference datum of a point sighted
Fig 5-1. Differential Leveling
SHOW COMPLETE DETAILED SOLUTIONS.
E. REMARKS, HINTS and PRECAUTION:
1. To reduce to a negligible amount the effect of curvature and
refraction, keep the backsight distance approximately equal to its
corresponding foresight distance.
2. Limit foresight and backsight distances to a maximum of 90 meters since
most leveling rods cannot be read accurately beyond this distance.
3. Always keep the telescope bubble centered at instant of sighting. The
accuracy of leveling depends on the bubble being in this position
during each rod sighting.
4. Avoid reading too near the top or bottom of the rod. Select suitable
locations for the instrument so that backsight and foresight rod
readings will fall between 0.50 and 1.50 m marks of the leveling rod.
5. Since more time is spent at a set up of the instrument, care must be
observed so as to prevent settlement of the instrument between
backsighting and foresighting periods. To guard against settlement of
the instrument, such as when working on soft grounds during rainy days,
the tripod legs must be driven firmly into good bearing soil.
6. Turning points should have a rounded or leveled top to give a definite
point of support for the bottom of the leveling rod. If a hub or peg is
used, avoid locating such points on soft and unstable grounds.
7. The rod should be held plumb and steady when a reading is made on it.
Preferably, use a rod level to assure that the rod will always be held
plumb and keep fingers off the face of the rod.
8. For non-precise surveys, rod readings may be made to the nearest
hundredth of a meter.
9. The number of instrument set-ups will depend largely on the
configuration of the terrain, length of the level circuit or route, and
the length of sight distances. It is best to select the shortest level
route possible to reduce the amount of error closure.
F. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND/OR RECOMMENDATIONS:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
G. SKETCH:
(Freehand and/or ruler. Use black ink for clarity of the drawing. Do not use
color/color pen. You may add some but limit only the drawing for background purposes.
Make sure to highlight/focus on the activity and completely label it).
A) Draw Side View
B) Draw Top View
H. PHOTO GALLERY/DOCUMENTATIONS:
(attached/paste your photo-documentations here with captions or descriptions.)
