Physics 3: Particle Model of Matter

Section 1: Key Terms

How much mass a substance contains compared to its volume. Solids are usually dense
1 Density
because the particles are closely packed. 29
2 State of matter The way in which the particles are arranged – solid, liquid or gas. 28
When a substance changes from one state of matter to another (e.g. melting is the
3 Change of state
change from a solid to a liquid). Energy changes the state, not the temperature.
4 Physical change A change that can be reversed to recover the original material. E.g. a change of state.
5 Chemical change A change that creates new products. It cannot be revered. E.g. a chemical reaction.
The energy stored inside a system by the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up
6 Internal energy the system. Internal energy is the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the
particles. 24 Heating
27
7 Kinetic energy Energy stored within moving objects (e.g. particles). curve for water
Energy stored in particles because of their position. The further apart particles are,
8 Potential energy
the greater the potential energy.
The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy required to raise the 26
9 Specific heat capacity
temperature of one kilogram of the substance by one degree Celsius.
10 Temperature The average kinetic energy of the particles.
The amount of energy required to change the state of one kilogram of the substance 25
11 Specific latent heat
with no change in temperature.
12 Latent heat of fusion Energy required to change state from solid to liquid.
13 Latent heat of
Energy required to change state from liquid to vapour.
vaporisation
The force exerted by gases on surface as the particles collide with it. As temperature
14 Gas Pressure
increases, gas pressure increases if the volume stays constant.
22 Sublimation

Section 3: Explaining a heating curve

18 Melting 19 Evaporation Particles are closely packed, fixed and arranged in regular layers. As more
25 Solid energy is absorbed the kinetic energy and therefore the internal energy of
the material increases.
Temperature doesn’t change. Energy is used to weaken the forces
26 Melting between particles. As more energy is absorbed the potential energy and
therefore the internal energy of the material increases.
20 Freezing 21 Condensation
Particles are touching but no longer arranged regularly. They are above to
15 Solid 27 Liquid move. As more energy is absorbed the kinetic energy and therefore the
16 Liquid 17 Gas
internal energy of the material increases.
Section 2: Equations to learn Temperature doesn’t change. Energy is used to weaken the forces
Calculation Equation Symbol equation Units 28 Evaporation between particles. As more energy is absorbed the potential energy and
23 Density Density = mass ρ=m Density = kilograms / metre3 (kg/m3) therefore the internal energy of the material increases.
volume v Mass = kilograms (kg) Particles move randomly. As more energy is absorbed the particles move
29 Gas
Volume = metres3 (m3) more quickly and the temperature increases.