GEOMETRY- 1
SNAPSHOT
Fundamental Concepts of Geometry
Type of Angles
Parallel Lines
General Properties of Triangles
P a g e 1 | 60
Fundamental concepts of Geometry:
Point: It is an exact location. It is a fine dot which has neither length nor breadth nor thickness
but has position i.e., it has no magnitude.
Line segment: The straight path joining two points A and B is called a line segment AB . It has
end points and a definite length.
Ray: A line segment which can be extended in only one direction is called a ray.
Intersecting lines: Two lines having a common point are called intersecting lines. The common
point is known as the point of intersection.
Concurrent lines: If three or more lines intersect at the same point, then they are known as
concurrent lines.
Angles: When two straight lines meet at a point they form an angle.
In the figure above, the angle is represented as AOB. OA and OB are the arms of AOB. Point O
is the vertex of AOB. The amount of turning from one arm (OA) to other (OB) is called the
measure of the angle .
Right angle: An angle whose measure is 90o is called a right angle.
Acute angle: An angle whose measure is less then one right angle (i.e., less than 90 o), is called
an acute angle.
Obtuse angle: An angle whose measure is more than one right angle and less than two right
angles (i.e., less than 180o and more than 90o) is called an obtuse angle.
Reflex angle: An angle whose measure is more than 180 o and less than 360o is called a reflex
angle.
Complementary angles: If the sum of the two angles is one right angle (i.e., 90 o), they are
called complementary angles. Therefore, the complement of an angle is equal to 90 .
Supplementary angles: Two angles are said to be supplementary, if the sum of their measures
is 180o. Example: Angles measuring 130o and 50o are supplementary angles. Two
supplementary angles are the supplement of each other. Therefore, the supplement of an angle
is equal to 180 .
Vertically opposite angles: When two straight lines intersect each other at a point, the pairs of
opposite angles so formed are called vertically opposite angles.
In the above figure, 1 and 3 and angles 2 and 4 are vertically opposite angles.
Note: Vertically opposite angles are always equal.
Bisector of an angle: If a ray or a straight line passing through the vertex of an angle, divides
the angle into two angles of equal measurement, then the line is known as the bisector of the
angle.
A point on an angle is equidistant from both the arms.
In the figure above, Q and R are the feet of perpendiculars drawn from P to OB and OA. It follows
that PQ = PR.
Parallel lines: Two lines are parallel if they are coplanar and they do not intersect each other
even if they are extended on either side.
Transversal: A transversal is a line that intersects (or cuts) two or more coplanar lines at distinct
points.
In the above figure, a transversal t is intersecting two parallel lines, l and m, at A and B,
respectively.
Angles formed by a transversal of two parallel lines:
In the above figure, l and m are two parallel lines intersected by a transversal PS. The following
properties of the angles can be observed:
1 = 7 and 2 = 8 [ Alternate Exterior Angles ]
3 = 5 and 4 = 6 [Alternate Interior angles]
1 = 5, 2 = 6, 4 = 8, 3 = 7 [Corresponding angles]
4+5=3+6=180 [Sum of interior angles on same side of the transversal adds up to
180]
In the figure given below, which of the lines are parallel to each other?
Answer: As 67 + 113 = 180, lines P and S, R and S, and S and U are parallel. Therefore, lines
P, R, S and U are parallel to each other. Similarly, lines Q and T are parallel to each other.
In the figure given below, PQ and RS are two parallel lines and AB is a transversal. AC
and BC are angle bisectors of BAQ and ABS, respectively. If BAC = 30, find ABC
and ACB.
Answer: BAQ + ABS = 180 [Supplementary angles]
BAQ ABS 180
90 BAC ABC 90
2 2 2
Therefore, ABC = 60 and ACB = 90.
For what values of x in the figure given below are the lines P-A-Q and R–B-S parallel,
given that AD and BD intersect at D?
Answer: We draw a line DE, parallel to RS, as shown in the figure below:
In the above figure, CDE = RBD = 10x + 5 CDA = 10x + 5 30 = 10x 25.
Let the line PQ and RS be parallel. Therefore, PQ // DE.
EDA = CAD = 10x 25 = 6x 5 x = 5.
In the figure given below, lines AB and DE are parallel. What is the value of CDE?
Answer: We draw a line CF // DE at C, as shown in the figure below.
BCF = ABC = 55 DCF = 30.
CDE = 180 30 = 150.
TRIANGLES
Triangles are closed figures containing three angles and three sides.
General Properties of Triangles:
1. The sum of the two sides is greater than the third side: a + b > c, a + c > b, b + c > a
The two sides of a triangle are 12 cm and 7 cm. If the third side is an integer, find the
sum of all the values of the third side.
Answer: Let the third side be of x cm. Then, x + 7 > 12 or x > 5. Therefore, minimum value of x
is 6. Also, x < 12 + 7 or x < 19. Therefore, the highest value of x is 18. The sum of all the integer
values from 6 to 18 is equal to 156.
2. The sum of the three angles of a triangle is equal to 180: In the triangle below A + B + C =
180
Also, the exterior angle is equal to sum the two opposite interior angle A and B, i.e. = A
+ B.
Find the value of a + b in the figure given below:
Answer: In the above figure, CED = 180 125 = 55. ACD is the exterior angle of ABC.
Therefore, ACD = a + 45. In CED, a + 45 + 55 + b = 180 a + b = 80
Types of triangles :
Scalene Triangle Equilateral Triangle Isosceles Triangle Right Triangle
No side equal.
All the general properties
of triangle apply One of the angles is a
Each side equal Two sides equal. right angle, i.e. 90.
Each angle = 60
Length of altitude = The angles opposite to 1
Area = AB BC
3 the opposite sides are 2
a equal. AC2 = AB2 + BC2
2
AB BC
3 2 Altitude BD =
Area = a AC
4
The midpoint of the
a
Inradius = hypotenuse is equidistant
2 3 from all the three
a vertices, i.e. EA = EB =
Circumradius =
3 EC
In triangle DEF shown below, points A, B, and C are taken on DE, DF and EF respectively
such that EC = AC and CF = BC. If angle D = 40 then what is angle ACB in degrees? (CAT
2001)
1. 140 2. 70 3. 100 4. None of these
Answer: Let AEC = EAC = and CBF = CFB = . We know that + = 180 D = 140.
ACB = 180 (ECA + BCF) = 180 (180 2 + 180 2) = 100.
In the figure (not drawn to scale) given below, if AD = CD = BC, and BCE = 96, how
much is DBC? (CAT 2003)
1. 32° 2. 84° 3. 64° 4. Cannot be
determined.
Answer: Let DAC = ACD = and CDB = CBD = . As CDB is the exterior angle of triangle
ACD, = 2. Now ACD + DCB + 96 = 180 + 180 2 + 96 = 180 3 = 96 =
32 = 64
ASSIGNMENT
1. In a 30- 60- 90 triangle, the longest side and the shortest side differ in length by 2002 units.
What is the length of the longest side?
2. You have 6 sticks of lengths 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 cm. The number of non-congruent
triangles that can be formed by choosing three of the sticks to make the sides is
1. 3
2. 6
3. 7
4. 10
5. 12
3. Given three segments of length x, x − 11, and 4 − x, respectively. Which of the following
indicates the set of all numbers x such that the three segments could be the lengths of the sides
of a triangle?
1. x>4
2. 0 < x < 11
3. 4 < x < 11
4. 5<x<7
5. Data Inconsistent
4. How many non-congruent triangles with perimeter 7 have integer side lengths?
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
5. 5
5. The base of an isosceles triangle is 80 cm long. If the area of the triangle cannot exceed 1680
square centimeters, what is the maximum perimeter of the triangle?
6. A triangle has sides measuring 41 cm, 41 cm and 18 cm. A second triangle has sides measuring
41 cm, 41 cm and x cm, where x is a whole number not equal to 18. If the two triangles have
equal areas, what is the value of x?
7. A triangle has sides of lengths 10, 24 and n, where n is a positive integer. The number of values
of n for which this triangle has three acute angles is
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
5. 5
Directions for question 8 & 9:
ABC forms an equilateral triangle as shown in the figure in which B is 2 km from A. A person
starts walking from B in a direction parallel to AC and stops when he
reaches a point D directly east of C. He, then, reverses direction and
walks till he reaches a point E directly south of C.
8. Then D is
1. 3 km east and 1 km north of
2. 3 km east and 3 km north of A
3. 3 km east and 1 km south of A
4. 3 km west and 3 km north of A
9. The total distance walked by the person is
1. 3 km
2. 4 km
3. 2 3 km
4. 6 km
10. In a right angle triangle ABC, AX = AD and CY = CD, as shown in the figure below. What is the
measure of XDY?
1. 35
2. 40
3.3. 45
4. 50
5. cannot be determined
11. In a triangle ABC, A is equal to 120. A point D is inside
the triangle such that DBC = 2ABD and DCB =
2ACD. What is the measure of BDC?
1. 135
2.2. 140
3. 145
4. 150
5. 155
12. What is the measure of RST?
1. 7.5
2. 15
3. 20
4. 45
13.Two sides of a triangle are of length 15 and 7 centimeters. If the length of the third side is an
integer value, what is the sum of all the possible lengths of the third side?
1. 253
2. 231
3. 210
4. 195
14. In the figure below, ABC and BDA are both right angles. If v
+ w = 35 and x + y = 37, then what is the value of y?
1. 11
2. 12
3. 13
4. 14
5. 15
15. An equilateral triangle is inserted in a 3-4-5 right triangle as shown. Find side length
of equilateral triangle.
1. 2.77
2. 2.47
3. 2.97
4. 3.47
5. 3.77
16.The sum of the measures of the angles A, B, C, D and E in the adjacent
figure is
1. 270o
2. 180o
3. 210o
4. 240o
5. 360o
17. The degree measure of an angle whose complement is eighty percent of half the angle’s
supplement is
1. 60
2. 45
3. 30
4. 15
18. What is the value of x?
Between two parallel lines PQ and RS, two
transversals are drawn, as shown in the figure.
The angles which the two transversals make with
each other and with their respective lines are also
shown.
a. 20
b. 25
c. 30
d. 35
19.The perimeter of an isosceles right triangle is 2a. Then its area is
a. 4a2 2
b. 3a2/2
c. a2(3 − 2 2 )
d. 4a2(1 + 3)
20.In the adjacent figure, ABCD is a square and ABE is an equilateral triangle. Angle DEC is equal to
a. 15
b. 30
c. 45
d. 20
21.What is the degree measure of angle DFC?
In triangle ABC, D and E are any points on AB and AC
such AD = AE. The bisector of angle C meets DE at F. It is
known that angle B = 60º.
a. 25
b. 30
c. 45
d. 60
22.In the figure, AB = AC = AD and BCA = 15. Find BDA.
1. 30
2. 40
3. 60
4. 70
5. 75
23.In the adjacent figure (not drawn to scale) PQR = 30. Find the other two
angels of PQR if PQ and PR are the angle bisector of APB and APC,
respectively.
a. 30 and 120
b. 60 and 90
c. 70 and 80
d. 50 and 100
e. 75 and 75
24. In the figure PQR is an isosceles triangle with PQ = PR = 7cm.
PD = 5cm. The sum of the length of QD and RD, if QD and RD (in
cm) are distinct integers, could be
a. 9 cm or 10 cm
b. 10 cm or 11 cm
c. 11 cm or 12 cm
d. 12 cm or 13 cm
e. 14 cm
25.Find the sum of squares of the medians MP and OQ drawn from the two
acute angled vertices of a right angled triangle MNO. The longest side of
MNO is 20cm.
a. 200 sq. cm
b. 300 sq. cm
c. 400 sq. cm
d. 500 sq. cm
e. cannot be determined
26. In a right angled triangle with sides p, q, r (where p < q < r), 2p + 7r = 9q. If p =12cm, find the
value of r
a. 25 cm
b. 25.5 cm
c. 26 cm
d. 26.5 cm
e. none of the above
27. Given an isosceles triangle ABC (CA = CB). The point D is marked on the side AB so that AD = AC
and DB = DC (see the fig.). Find the value of the angle ACB.
a. 98°
b. 100°
c. 104°
d. 108°
e. 110°
28. The perimeter of a right triangle is 6 times the length of the shorter leg. Find the ratio of the
length of the shorter leg to the length of the longer leg.
a. 3:4
b. 5:12
c. 7:24
d. 3:15
e. 5:6
29. In the rectangle below, let p be the point in its interior with the distances from the four corners
as shown. The value of x is
a. 13
b. 127
c. 7
d. 109
e. none of these
30. If the measures of an angle and its complement are in ratio of 2:7, what is the measure of the
angle's supplement, in degrees?
a. 110
b. 130
c. 150
d. 160
31. The area of a particular equilateral triangle is equal to its perimeter. What is the length of a side
of this triangle?
a. √3
b. 2√3
c. 4√3
d. 6√3
32. In triangle ABC, the interior angle at vertex B has measure 72, and the exterior angle at vertex
A has measure 145. Find the measure of the exterior angle at vertex C.
a. 72
b. 77
c. 107
d. 135
33. Two complementary angles have measures 6x - 20 and 4x. Find the supplement of the smaller
angle.
a. 155
b. 146
c. 142
d. 136
34. In a triangle, one angle is three times as large as the other and the third is 20 degree greater
than the sum of the other two. What are the measures of the angles of the triangle?
a. 5; 15; 160
b. 10; 30; 140
c. 20; 60; 100
d. 25; 75; 80
e. 30; 60; 90
35.The sides of a triangle are 14, 16 and 18. Determine the length of the shortest altitude.
24√5
a. 9
48√5
b. 9
64√5
c.
9
36√5
d. 9
72√5
e. 9
Directions for 36 - 39: William has six sticks with lengths 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 cms. He decides to
make a triangle with any three out of these six sticks.
36. How many obtuse angled triangles can be made?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. None of these
37. How many acute angled triangles can be made?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. None of these
38. What is the ratio of the number of right-angled triangles that can be made to the number of
obtuse angled triangles that can be made?
a. 1: 2
b. 1: 3
c. 1: 4
d. None of these
39. If he decides to make the largest possible equilateral triangle using all 4 sticks, what will be the
side of that triangle?
a. 5
b. 6
c. 7
d. Not possible
Directions for 38 – 40: Holat, the silly guy starts moving towards East and thereafter he took
turns of 90o either towards left or towards right.
40. If he takes 5 turns towards right and 63 turns towards left, in which direction is he facing?
a. East
b. West
c. North
d. South
41. If he is finally facing East, and has taken 12 turns towards left, how many turns has he taken
towards right?
a. 8
b. 16
c. 8 or 16
d. Cannot be determined
42. If he has to face West finally, what can be the minimum number of turns towards left?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. None of these
43.The sides of a triangle ABC are positive integers. The smallest side has length 1. Which of the
following statements is true?
1. The area of ABC is always a rational number.
2. The area of ABC is always an irrational number.
3. The perimeter of ABC is an even integer.
4. The information provided is not sufficient to conclude any of the statements A, B or C above.
44. A triangle has sides a2, b2 and c2. Then the triangle with the sides a, b, and c has to be: -
a. Acute Angled
b. Obtuse Angled
c. Right Angled
d. Can’t say
45. Rajat has two congruent sheets of paper in triangular shape. He built a parallelogram with them
by three different methods. It is known that the perimeters of the three parallelograms are 32, 41
and 43. Find the perimeter of the triangular piece of paper.
__________
Directions for 46 – 50: Each of the following questions is followed by two statements.
Mark (1), if exactly one of the statements is sufficient to answer the question.
Mark (2), if both the statements are individually sufficient to answer the question.
Mark (3), if both the statements are individually insufficient but together, they are sufficient to
answer the question.
Mark (4), if even together they are insufficient to answer the question.
46. What is the area of ABC?
I. Two sides are equal to 10 cm.
II. B = 90o.
47. What is the perimeter of the right angled triangle PQR?
I. PQ = 3 cm
II. QR = 4 cm
48. What is the area of the right angled triangle PQR?
I. Length of the hypotenuse is 10 cm.
II. Two sides of the triangle are in the ratio 3:4.
49. What is the length of the hypotenuse of the ABC?
J. Perimeter of the triangle is 40 cm.
II. Area of the triangle is 40 cm2.
50. What are the values of the angles of a right angled triangle PQR?
J. Two medians are of equal length.
II. Two angles are in the ratio 1:5.
Answer Key
Question Answer Question Answer Question Answer
1 4004 19 3 37 1
2 3 20 2 38 4
3 5 21 2 39 3
4 2 22 5 40 2
5 196 23 2 41 4
6 80 24 2 42 4
7 4 25 4 43 2
8 2 26 2 44 1
9 4 27 4 45 29
10 3 28 2 46 3
11 2 29 2 47 4
12 2 30 4 48 4
13 4 31 3 49 3
14 2 32 3 50 4
15 1 33 4
16 2 34 3
17 3 35 2
18 4 36 3
