Objective

~ Contents ~

11 Geometry 325
12 Mensuration 401
13 Coordinate Geometry 451
14 Trigonometry 466
15 Permutation & Combination 514
16 Probability 546
17 Set Theory
18 Data Interpretation
19 Data Sufficiency
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GEOMETRY
Geometry
Objective 11
LINES
A line is made up of infinite number of points and it
for Bank / SSC / RRB / CET and other Exams
only has a length i.e., it does not have any thickness
(or width). A line is endless and so, it can be extended Here, AOB + BOC = 180°, hence AOB and BOC
in both directions. are supplementary angles.

ANGLES
An angle is the union of two non-collinear rays having
a common initial point. The two rays forming an
angle are called arms of the angle and the common In the above figure, if BCD + DAB = 180°, then
initial point is called the vertex of the angle. BCD and DAB will be supplementary angles.
Example 1: If the angles (2x + 8)° and (3x – 8)° are
complementary, then what is the value of x?
Solution:
We know that,
In the above figure, the angle AOB (denoted by Sum of complementary angles = 90°
AOB) is formed by rays OA and OB and point O is  (2x + 8)° + (3x – 8)° = 90°
the ʻvertexʼ of the angle.  5x = 90°
Complementary Angles  x = 18°
Two angles, whose sum is a right angle or 90°, are Vertically Opposite Angles
called complementary angles. If the arms of two angles form two pairs of opposite
rays, then the two angles are called vertically
opposite angles. In other words, when two lines
intersect, two pairs of vertically opposite angles are
formed. Each pair of vertically opposite angles are
equal.

Supplementary Angles
Two angles whose sum is two right angles or 180° are In the figure, two lines AB and CD intersect at O. We
called supplementary angles. observe that AOC and BOD are vertically opposite
angles.
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So, AOC = BOD Note:

Similarly, BOC and AOD are vertically opposite Conversely, if the transversal line intersects two lines
angles. in such a way that a pair of alternate interior/exterior
So, BOC = AOD angles are equal, then the two lines are parallel.

Corresponding Angles Consecutive Interior Angles

When two parallel lines are intersected by a When two parallel lines are intersected by a
transversal line, they form pairs of corresponding transversal line, they form two pairs of interior
angles. angles. The pairs of interior angles so formed are
supplementary angles or their sum is 180°.

Parallel lines l and m are intersected by the

transversal line n. So, the four pairs of corresponding
Parallel lines l and m are intersected by the
angles are equal, which are:
transversal line n. So, from the figure we can
 1 = 5  4 = 8
conclude:
 2 = 6  3 = 7
 2 + 5 = 180°  3 + 8 =
Alternate Angles 180°
When two parallel lines are intersected by a Example 2: In the given figure, if l  m  n and x : y = 4
transversal line, they form pairs of alternate angles. : 5. What is the value of z?
Each pair of alternate angles are equal.

Solution:

Parallel lines l and m are intersected by the

transversal line n. So, from the figure we can
conclude that the alternate angles are equal, which
are:
 3 = 5  2 = 8
Let x and y be 4k and 5k respectively.
 1 = 7  4 = 6
Then, 4k + 5k = 180°  9k = 180°
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k = 20 (sum of angles of a triangle is 180°)

x = 80°, y = 100°  X = 180° – (52° + 20°) = 180° – 72° = 108°
z = y (corresponding angles) Example 5: What is the value of x and y in the figure
So, z = 100° given below?
Example 3: In the given figure, ABCD is a rectangle. If
DFO = 28° and AEO = 42°, then what is the value
of EOF?

Solution:
Extending the middle line, we get

Solution:
Draw OM  DC  AB,
Then, DFO = FOM
and AEO = EOM (alternate interior angle)

2 = 90° (alternate angles)

1 = x (corresponding angles)
1 + 2 = 3x + 10°
x + 90° = 3x + 10°
2x = 80° or x = 40°
y = 180° – 1 (supplementary angles)
 EOF = (28° + 42°) = 70°
y = 180° – 40° = 140°
Example 4: What is the value of X in the figure given
below? TRIANGLES
A three sided closed plane figure, which is formed by
joining three non-collinear points, is called a triangle.
It is denoted by the symbol .

Solution:
ABC = BFE = 128° (corresponding angles) In the above  (triangle) ABC, A, B and C are three
As AFG and BFE are supplementary angles. vertices. Line segments AB, BC and AC are the three
So, AFG = 180° – 128° = 52° sides of the triangle. A, B and C are the three
In AGF, interior angles of the triangle ABC.
AFG + 20° + X = 180° The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
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So, A + B + C = 180° congruent, then the angle opposite to the greater

Basic Properties of Triangles side is greater.

 Sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangles

is greater than the length of the third side. i.e.
In a ABC

In ABC, if A > B > C, then BC is the greatest

side and AB is the smallest side.
Example 6: The lengths of three line segments (in cm)
are given in each of the four cases. Which one of the
I. AB + AC > BC following cases is NOT suitable to be the three sides
II. AC + BC > AB of a triangle?
III. AB + BC > AC I. 2, 3, 4
 Difference between the lengths of any two sides II. 2, 3, 5
of a triangle is smaller than the length of the third III. 2, 4, 5
side. i.e. IV. 3, 4, 5
In a ABC Solution:
To be the sides of a triangle, the sum of smaller two
sides of the triangle must be greater than the third
side.
Case I: 2 + 3 > 4, which is true.
Case II: 2 + 3 > 5, which is not true.
I. | AB − BC | < AC Case III: 2 + 4 > 5, which is true.
II. | AC − AB | < BC Case IV: 3 + 4 > 5, which is true.
III. | AC − BC | < AB So, only in Case II, conditions do not satisfy.
 Sides opposite to equal angle in a triangle are Therefore, these lines cannot be the sides of a
equal and vice versa. triangle.
Note:
If values of all three sides of a triangle are given, then
we can simply check sum of two smallest sides > the
largest side for it being a triangle.
Example 7: The angles of a triangle are (x + 5)°, (2x –
In ABC, 3)° and (3x + 4)°. What is the value of x?
if B = C Solution:
Then, AB = AC We have,
(as AB is opposite to C and AC is opposite to (x + 5)° + (2x – 3)° + (3x + 4)° = 180°
B)  6x + 6° = 180°
 The greater angle has a greater side opposite to it  x = 29°
and the smaller angle has a smaller side opposite Example 8: In the given figure, if CDAB. What is the
to it i.e., if two sides of a triangle are not value of y?
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Solution:
In ABC, Solution:
ABC + BCA + CAB = 180° In PQR,
(sum of the interior angles) Exterior QPY = PQR + PRQ = 140°
 4x + 3x + 3x =180° (Exterior Angle Theorem)
 10x° = 180°  x = 18° But PQR = PRQ [ PQ = PR]
Now, ABC = DCE 140
PRQ   70  PQR
2
(corresponding angles are equal)
In QNR,
DCE = 4x  3y = 4 × 18°  y = 24°
QNR = QRN ( NQ = QR)
Exterior Angle also PRQ = QRN = 70°
Theorem
 NQR = 180° – 2 × 70° = 40°
The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal (sum of interior angles of a triangle)
to the sum of the measure of the two non-adjacent MNQ = NQR = 40° (alternate angles)
interior angles. (or remote interior angles)
Pythagoras Theorem
In the figure below,
According to the theorem, the square of the
hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is equal to the
sum of the squares of the other two sides. i.e., (AC)2 =
(AB)2 + (BC)2

4 is an exterior angle which is non adjacent to the

interior angles 3 and 2.
2 + 3 = 4
 Proof:
 The converse of this theorem also holds true.
1 + 4 = 180° (Linear pair)
Note:
1 + 2 + 3 = 180°
The numbers which satisfy this relation are called
(Sum of the angles of a triangle = 180°)
Pythagorean triplets.
So, 1 + 2 + 3 = 1 + 4
e.g., (3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (7, 24, 25), (8, 15, 17)
So, 2 + 3 = 4 (exterior angle theorem)
All the multiples (or sub-multiples) of Pythagorean
Example 9: In the given figure, PQ = PR and NQ = QR.
triplets also satisfy the relation. e.g. (6, 8, 10), (10, 24,
If the measure of QPY = 140° and if MN is parallel to
26)
QR, then what is the measure of MNQ?
For Acute angled triangle,
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AD AE AD AE
  or
DB EC AB AC
AD AB AE AC
  
DE BC DE BC
Example 11: In the given figure, DE  BC. If AD = x, DB
AC2 < AB2 + BC2 (where AC is the largest side)
= x – 2, AE = x + 2 and EC = x – 1, then what is the
For an Obtuse angled triangle,
value of x?

AC2 > AB2 + BC2 (where AC is the largest side)

Example 10: Consider an obtuse-angled triangle with
Solution:
sides 8 cm, 15 cm and x cm. If x is an integer, then
In ABC,
how many such triangles exist?
DE  BC
Solution:
AD AE
As we know, |15 – x| < 8 (difference between two Then,  (By Basic Proportionality Theorem)
DB EC
sides is less than the third side)
x x 2
15 – 8 < x < 15 + 8  7 < x < 23.  
x 2 x 1
In an obtuse angled triangle, if we take 15 as the  x(x – 1) = (x + 2) (x – 2)
largest side then,  x2 – x = x 2 – 4
2 2 2 2
8 + x < 15  x < 161  x < 13, so possible values x=4
are 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 i.e 5 values.
Alternate Method:
If we take x as the largest side then, using the
inequality relation In ABC,
2 2 2 2
8 + 15 < x  225 + 64 < x  x > 17, so values DE  BC
possible are 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 = 5 values. AD AE x x 2
Then,   
In total 10 possible values. DB EC x  2 x  1
Applying componendo and dividendo, we get
Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT) or Thales
x  x 2 x 2  x 1
Theorem 
x x 2 x 2x 1
The theorem states that any line parallel to one side 2x  2 2x  1

of a triangle divides the other two sides 2 3
proportionally.  3(x – 1) = 2x + 1
 3x – 3 = 2x + 1
x=4
Example 12: In the given figure, P is an point on AB
such that AP : PB = 4 : 3, PQ is parallel to AC and QD is
parallel to CP. In ARC = 90° and in PQS, PSQ =
So, if DE is drawn parallel to BC, it would divide the
90°. The length of QS is 6 cm. What is ratio AP : PD?
sides AB and AC proportionally i.e.,
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The external bisector of an angle of a triangle divides

the opposite side externally in the ratio of the sides
containing the angle.
BD AB

CD AC
Example 13: In the given figure, DEF = 35°. If DE and
Solution:
DF are the angle bisectors of ADB and ADC
AP CQ 4
PQ is parallel to AC    respectively, then what are the other two angles of
PB QB 3
Let AP = 4x and PB = 3x DEF?
PD CQ
QD is parallel to CP  
PB CB
4PB 12x

PD   CQ  QB)
(CB
7 7
12x
 
AP : PD 4x : 7: 3
7 Solution:
Interior Angle Bisector Theorem Let ADB = x°  ADC = 180° – x°
x
In a triangle the angle bisector of an angle divides the ADE 
2
side opposite to that angle in the ratio of remaining 180  x x
ADF  90 
two sides. 2 2
x x
EDF  ADE  ADF   90   90
2 2
EFD = 180° – (35° + 90°) = 55°
Example 14: In ABC, AP and AQ are the bisectors of
AB BD BAC and BAP respectively. If BQ : QP : PC = 5 : 2 : 2,

From the figure, we can say AC DC , where AD is the AP
then what is the value of ?
AC
interior angle bisector.
Solution:
Exterior Angle Bisector Theorem
If a line bisects the exterior angle of a triangle, then it
is called interior angle bisector of a triangle.

In ABP, AQ is the bisector of BAP, then as per

angle bisector theorem,
AB BQ 5 1
   ..... (1)
If the line AD is such that PAD = DAC AP QP 2 2/5
   BAC  In ABC, AP is the bisector of BAC, then
  

 2  AB BP 7 1
   ..... (2)
Then, AD is the exterior bisector of the angle BAC. AC PC 2 2/7
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From (1) and (2), sin BAD 2


AP 2/5 7 sin CAD 3
 
AC 2/7 5 Example 16: In a ABC, A = 120°. What is the length
Sine and Cosine Rule of side BC, if AB = 5 cm and AC = 6 cm?
Solution:

In ABC, if a, b, c be the three sides opposite to the

angles A, B, C respectively, then: b2  c2  a2
cos A 
 Sine Rule: 2bc
a b c (6)2  (5)2  (a)2
  cos 120 
sin A sin B sin C 2 6 5
 Cosine Rule: 1
  60  36  25  a2
2 2
b c a 2 2
cos A   
2bc  cos 120 cos (180  60 )  cos 60  1 
 
 2
c2  a2  b2
cos B  a2 61  30 a 91
2ca
BC a  91 cm
a2  b2  c2
cos C 
2ab Median
Example 15: In a ABC, AD divides BC in the ratio 2 : Median joins the vertex to the midpoint of opposite
3. If B = 60° and C = 45°, then what is the value of side. It need not be perpendicular to that side and
sin BAD may and also might not be the angle bisector. The
?
sin CAD point of intersection of the three medians of a
Solution: triangle is known as Centroid.
 Centroid
The point of concurrency of medians is known as
Centroid.

Apply sine rule in ABD and ACD.

sin BAD sin 60
 AD . sinBAD
 3 ..... (1)
2 AD Note:
sin CAD sin 45 3
 AD . sinCAD
 ..... (2)  The median divides the triangle into two triangles
3 AD 2
of equal areas (but they need not be congruent).
Divide equation (1) by (2), i.e.
Area of ADB = Area of ADC
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 The centroid divides the median in the ratio 2 : 1

with the larger part towards the vertex.
Thus, AG : GD is 2 : 1.
 Apollonius Theorem
Solution:
In any ABC, if AD is the median on BC, then
AB2 + AC2 = 2 × (AD2 + BD2)
 AB2 + AC2 = 2 × (AD2 + DC2)
But, AD = EC
In a triangle, the sum of the squares of any two  AB2 + AC2 = 2 × (EC2 + DC2) = DE2 + FE2
sides of a triangle is equal to twice the sum of the (As EC is the median on DF)
square of the median to the third side and square  25 + 25 = 49 + FE2   FE = 1 cm
of half the third side.
Altitude
i.e., AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + BD2)
Example 17: In the given figure, AD, BE and CF are Altitude is the line dropped from a vertex and is
medians of the triangle. If AO + BO + CO = 16 cm, perpendicular to the opposite side. It passes through
then what is the value of AD + BE + CF? the vertex but need not pass through the midpoint of
the opposite side.
The altitude may not even lie within the triangle (in
case of an obtuse angled triangle). The point of
intersection of the three altitudes of a triangle is
known as the orthocenter.
Solution:  Orthocenter
3 The point of concurrency of the three altitudes of
AD  AO
2 a triangle is known as an Orthocenter.
3
BE  BO
2
3
CF  CO
2
3 3 3
So, AD  BE  CF AO  BO  CO
2 2 2
3 Note:
  AO  BO  CO
2 The angle made by any side at the orthocenter
3 = 180° – the angle opposite to that side i.e.
  16 24 cm
2
In ABC, G is the orthocenter and BGC = 180° –
Example 18: In ABC and DEF, AD and EC are
A.
medians. If AB = AC = 5 cm, AD = EC and DE = 7 cm,
 Orthocenter for a Right Angled Triangle
then what is the value of EF?
In a right angled triangle, two of the altitudes lie
on the sides of the triangle.
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Bisector
Angle bisector bisects an internal angle of a triangle.
It need not pass through the midpoint of the opposite
side and need not be perpendicular to the opposite
side. The point of intersection of the three angle
The intersection point of segment AB, segment
bisectors of the triangle is known as Incenter of the
BC and segment BD is B, where BD is the altitude
triangle.
to side AC.
 Incenter
Thus, in a right angled triangle, the three altitudes
The point of concurrency of the angle bisectors is
intersect at the vertex of the right angle.
known as incenter.
Thus, the orthocenter, in this case, is the point B.
Since, any point on angle bisector is equidistant
 Orthocenter for an Obtuse Angled Triangle
from the sides, the incenter is equidistant from all
the three sides. Hence an ‘in-circle’ can be drawn
with incenter of the triangle as it touches the
center of all three sides.

In the above figure, out of the three altitudes,

only one is present inside the triangle. The other
two are on the extensions of line containing the
opposite side.
Please note that the inradius is the perpendicular
These three altitudes meet at point G which is
distance to the sides i.e. OP, OQ and OR and not
outside the triangle. So, G is the Orthocenter.
OD, OE and OF.
Example 19: In ABC, B = 60° and C = 70°. AD, BE
Note:
and CF are altitudes and O is their point of
 AB BD
intersection. What is the value of BOC?  (Angle Bisector Theorem)
AC CD
Solution:
 A
BOC 90 
2
 Area of triangle
Inradius (r) 
Semi-perimeter of triangle
Example 20: In ABC, D and E are any points on AB
and AC respectively such AD = AE. The bisector of C
A = 180° – 60° – 70° (angles of a triangle)
meets DE at F. It is known that B = 60°. What is the
= 50°
degree measure of DFC?
BOC = 180° – A (angle made by orthocenter)
= 180° – 50° = 130°
Angle
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the triangle. The distance from the circumcenter

to any of the vertex is known as the circum-
radius. Thus, a ‘circumcircle’ can be drawn with
circumcenter of the triangle as it center passes
through the vertices.

Solution:

Note:
 BOC = 2 × A
Given, AD = AE  ADE = AED = θ
abc
B = 60°  A + C = 120° ..... (1)  Circumradius (R) 
4  Area of triangle
In the figure, θ is the external angle of FEC.
Where a, b and c are the three sides of the
C
  EFC  triangle.
2
 Circumcenter of a Right Angled Triangle
In ADE, θ + θ + A = 180°
The circumcenter of a right angled triangle is
(sum of interior angles of a triangle)
always the mid point of the hypotenuse.
180  A A C
  90   EFC  ..... (2)
2 2 2
Using (1) and (2), we have
 A C 
EFC 90      90  60  30
 2 2

Perpendicular Bisector
In the figure, D is the circumcenter and AD = CD
Perpendicular bisector of a side is the perpendicular  Circumcenter of an Obtuse Angled Triangle
line passing through the midpoint of that side. It need The circumcenter of an obtuse angled triangle
not pass through the vertex. To draw the always lies outside the triangle.
perpendicular bisector, first we find the mid point of
the side and then we draw a perpendicular on that
side passing through the mid point. The point of
intersection of the three perpendicular bisectors of a
triangle is known as Circumcenter.
 Circumcenter In the figure, in the obtuse angled triangle ABC, D
The point of concurrency of the perpendicular is the orthocenter.
bisectors of the sides. Example 21: In ABC, angle bisector of A, B and
Since a point on the perpendicular bisector of a C cuts circumcircle at X, Y, Z respectively. If CZY =
side is equidistant from the end points of the line, 40° and A = 50°, then what is the value of BYZ?
circumcenter is equidistant from the vertices of Solution:
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 EDF = 90°
Example 23: In PQR, PS is the bisector of angle P
Area of PQS PQ
meeting QR at S. Prove that  .
Area of PRS PR
Solution:

Because I is the intersection point of all the angle

bisectors so I is the incenter, hence
A 50
BIC 90   90   115
2 2 Draw PMQR
ZIY = BIC = 115° (vertical opposite angles) Since PS is the bisector of P.
BYZ = 180° – 115° – 40° = 25° PQ QS
  ..... (1)
Example 22: In ABC, D is the midpoint of BC and ED PR SR
is the bisector of the angle ADB and EF is drawn [ Internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides
parallel to BC cutting AC at F. Prove that angle EDF is the opposite side internally in the same ratio as the
a right angle. other sides.]
1
 QS  PM
Area of PQS 2 QS
 
Area of PRS 1  SR  PM QR
2
 
 Area of   1  Base  Altitude
 
 2 
Solution: QS PQ
  [Using (1)]
In ADB, SR PR
 DE is the bisector of ADB, Area of PQS PQ
Hence, 
AD AE AD AE Area of PRS PR
So,    ..... (1)
DB EB DC EB Congruency of Triangles
[ BD = CD as AD is the median]
Two triangles are said to be congruent when they are
In ABC,
of the same shape and size i.e. any one of them can
 EFBC
be super imposed on the other. For a given
AE AF
 ..... (2) correspondence between two triangles, if the sides
EB FC
and angles of one triangle are equal to the
From (1) and (2),
corresponding sides and angles of the other triangle,
AD AF
 then the two triangles are said to be congruent.
DC FC
The sign of congruency is .
 DF is the bisector of ADC,
If two triangles are congruent, then we can say that
[ DF divides AC in the ratio of AD, DC]
their corresponding sides and angles will be equal.
Since DE and DF are the bisectors of adjacent
supplementary angles ADB and ADC.
 Objective Mathematics
337

Conditions of Congruency If any two angles and a non-included side of one

triangle are equal to the corresponding angles
 SSS Test
and the non included side of another triangle,
Two triangles are congruent if the three sides of
then the two triangles are congruent. i.e.
one triangle are equal to the corresponding three
sides of the other triangles. i.e.

If ABC = PQR,
BAC = QPR and BC = QR
If AB = PQ, AC = PR and BC = QR
then, ABC  PQR
then, ABC  PQR
 RHS Test
 SAS Test
Two right angled triangles are congruent if the
Two triangles are said to be congruent if the two
hypotenuse and one side of a triangle are
sides and the included angle of one triangle are
respectively equal to the hypotenuse and one
equal to the corresponding sides and included
side of the other triangle. i.e.
angle of the other triangle. i.e.

If AB = PQ, BC = QR and ABC = PQR

If AB = PQ, AC = PR and ABC = PQR = 90°
then, ABC  PQR
then, ABC  PQR
Note:
Example 24: In ABC, B = 2C. AD and BP are
If any other angle is equal but the included angle
bisectors BAC and ABC. If AB = CD, then what is
is not equal, then the two triangles need not be
the value of ABC?
congruent.
Solution:
 ASA Test
Two triangles are congruent if the two angles and
the included side of one triangle are equal to the
corresponding two angles and the included side
of the other triangle. i.e.

In ABC,
B =2C or B = 2y where C = y
AD is the bisector of BAC.
Let BAD = CAD = x
If ABC = PQR, ACB = PRQ and BC = QR
then, ABC  PQR Given, BP is the bisector of ABC. Join PD.
 AAS Test In BPC,
 Objective Mathematics
338

CBP = BCP = y  BAC = QPR

 BP = PC  ACB = PRQ
(sides opposite to equal angles are equal) AB BC CA
  
In ABP and DCP, PQ QR RP
ABP = DCP = y Conditions of Similarity
AB = DC (given)
 AA (Angle-Angle)
and BP = PC
If the two angles of one triangle are equal to the
By SAS congruency,
corresponding two angles of the other triangle,
ABP  DCP
then the two triangles are said to be similar. i.e.
 BAP = CDP and AP = DP
 CDP = 2x and ADP = DAP = x [ A = 2x]
In ABD,
ADC = ABD + BAD (exterior angle is equal to
sum of non adjacent interior angles)
If ABC = PQR and ACB = PRQ
 x + 2x = 2y + x
Then, ABC  PQR
x=y
 SSS (Side-Side-Side)
In ABC,
If the three sides of one triangle are proportional
A + B + C = 180°
to the corresponding three sides of the other
 2x + 2y + y = 180°  5x = 180° triangle, then the two triangles are similar. i.e.
 x = 36°
ABC = 2 × 36° = 72°
Similarity of Triangle
Two triangles are said to be similar, if their shapes are
the same but their size may or may not be the same. AB BC AC
If    K (K is any constant)
For a given correspondence between two triangles, if PQ QR PR
the angles of one triangle are equal to the angles of Then, ABC  PQR
the other triangle and the corresponding sides are in  SAS (Side-Angle-Side)
the same proportion, then the two triangles are said If the two sides of one triangle are proportional to
to be similar. The sign of similarity is . the corresponding two sides of the other triangle
 Uses of Similarity and the angle included by them are equal, then
The figure below shows the triangle ABC and the two triangles are similar. i.e.
PQR.

AB BC
If  and ABC 
PQR
If ABC  PQR, then PQ QR
 ABC = PQR then, ABC  PQR
 Objective Mathematics
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 Lines in similar triangles Note:

If two triangles are similar, the Ratio of The altitude from the vertex of the right angle to
corresponding sides the hypotenuse is the geometric mean of the
= Ratio of corresponding heights segments in which the hypotenuse is divided. i.e.
= Ratio of corresponding medians
= Ratio of corresponding angle bisectors
= Ratio of corresponding inradii
= Ratio of corresponding circumradii
= Ratio of corresponding perimeters
In the figure, (DB)2 = AD × DC
Example 25: In ABC, BC = 12 cm, DB = 9 cm and CD =
6 cm and BCD = BAC = . What is the perimeter of
ABC?

If ABC  PQR, then

AB AD BE AE PT
   and 
PQ PS QT EC TR
 Area of similar triangles
The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is
Solution:
equal to the ratio of squares of the corresponding
In ABC and DBC, B is common and BCD = BAC
sides.
 ABC  DBC (By AA criterion of similarity)
If ABC  PQR, then
Since BAC = BCD = θ, so corresponding sides to
equal angle θ are equal i.e. BC = BD.
As per property of two similar triangles
Perimeter DBC BD 3
  ,
Perimeter ABC BC 4
Area of (ABC) (AB)2 (BC)2 (AC)2 where x is the perimeter of ABC.
   
Area of (PQR) (PQ)2 (QR)2 (PR)2
Perimeter DBC 12  6  9 3
 
 Similarity in a right angled triangle Perimeter ABC x 4
The triangles on each side of the altitude drawn  x = 36
from the vertex of the right angle to the Example 26: In the given figure, if ADE = B, prove
hypotenuse are similar to the original triangle and that ADE  ABC. If AD = 3.8 cm, AE = 3.6 cm, BE =
also to each other. 2.1 cm, BC = 4.2 cm, then what is the value of DE?

So, from the figure above, we say that

ABC  ADB  BDC Solution:
 Objective Mathematics
340

In ADE and ABC,

ADE = B (Given)
A = A (Common)
 ADE  ABC (By AA criterion of similarity)
AD DE Solution:
 
AB BC
[Corresponding sides of similar triangles are
proportional]
3.8 DE
 
5.7 4.2
[ AB = AE + EB = 3.6 cm + 2.1 cm = 5.7 cm] Draw AM and DN,
3.8  4.2 Both are perpendicular to BC.

DE  2.8 cm
5.7 Consider AMO and DNO,
Hence, DE = 2.8 cm AOM = DON (vertically opposite)
Example 27: In the given figure, BAD = CAE and AMO = DNO = 90°
ADE = ABC.  AMO  DNO (By AA criterion of similarity)
AM AO 3
   (given)
DN DO 2
1
(BC)(AM)
Area of ABC 2 AO 3
   
Area of DBC 1 (BC)(DN) DO 2
2
I. Prove that triangles ADE and ABC are similar.
Example 29: In the given figure, ABD = CDB =
II. If AC : BC = 3 : 2, find the ratio DE : AE.
PQD = 90°. If AB : CD = 3 : 1, then what is the ratio
Solution:
of CD : PQ?
I. In ADE and ABC, we have
Given, ADE = ABC ..... (1)
BAD = CAE
BAD + EAB = CAE + EAB
DAE = CAB ..... (2)
ADE  ABC (By AA criterion of similarity)
II. Now, ADE  ABC [proved above] Solution:
AD DE AE DE BC 2 As ABCD and ABD = CDB = PQD = 90°
     (given)
AB BC AC AE AC 3  BAP = CDP and ABP = DCP
Hence, DE : AE = 2 : 3 (alternate angle)
Example 28: In the given figure, ABC and DBC are two CPD  BPA (AAA test)
right angled triangles. The length of AO is one and As AB : CD = 3 : 1 and CPD  BPA
half times the length of DO. What is the ratio of areas CP x 1
  
of ABC and DBC? PB 3x 3
If CP = y, PB = 3y
Now, CBD  PBQ (AAA test)
 Objective Mathematics
341

CD CB y  3y 4 Number of sides of the Name of the

    1: 0.75
PQ PB 3y 3
Polygon Polygon
Example 30: In the given figure, AB = 18 cm, BE = 6
cm and CD = 11 cm. If AED = ACB, then what is the 3 Triangle
length of side AD?
4 Quadrilateral

5 Pentagon

6 Hexagon

7 Heptagon

8 Octagon
Solution:
9 Nonagon

10 Decagon

Classification of Polygons
A convex polygon is a polygon in which any line
In AED and ACB, segment joining any two points of the polygon always
AED = ACB =  lies completely inside the polygon. Otherwise the
A = A (common in both triangles) polygon is a concave polygon.
Then, remaining third angle will be equal.
ADE = ABC = 
Then, both triangle are similar hence ratio of
opposite side of same corresponding angle will be
equal.
ABCDE is a convex polygon because any line segment
x 24
  joining any two points of the polygon completely lies
18 x  11
inside the polygon.
x2 + 11x = 18 × 24
x2 + 11x – 18 × 24 = 0
x2 + 27x – 16x – 18 × 24 = 0
x(x + 27) – 16(x + 27) = 0
(x + 27) (x – 16) = 0
x = 16 cm
FGHIJK is a concave polygon because the line
POLYGONS segment joining two points K and I of the polygon
Polygons are closed plane figures formed by series of does not lie completely inside the polygon.
line segments, e.g. triangles, rectangles, etc. A typical Convex polygons can be further classified into regular
polygon will have ʻnʼ sides. and irregular polygons
 Regular Polygons
 Objective Mathematics
342

A convex polygon having equal sides and angles is

called a regular polygon.
 Irregular Polygon
A convex polygon in which all the sides are not
equal or all the angles are not of the same
measure is called an irregular polygon.
Interior and Exterior Angles of a Polygon
In a regular pentagon all the five sides are of
An angle inside a polygon between any two adjacent
equal length, and all the five interior angles are of
sides at a vertex of the polygon is called an interior
equal magnitude.
angle of the polygon. An angle outside a polygon
Sum of Interior angles = (n – 2) × 180°
made by a side of the polygon with the its adjacent
= (5 – 2) × 180° = 540°
side produced is called an exterior angle of the
540
polygon. Measure of each interior angle = = 108°
5
If the side of the regular pentagon is “a”, then
Perimeter = 5a
 Regular Hexagon
A regular Hexagon can be considered to be made
up of six equilateral triangles as shown In the
given figure.

In the figure, ABCDEF is a polygon.

FAB, ABC, BCD, CDE, DEF and EFA are
interior angles of the polygon ABCDEF.
BAG, CBH, DCI, EDJ, FEK and AFL are
exterior angles of the polygon ABCDEF.
 Sum of all the interior angles of a
polygon with ‘n’ sides = (n − 2) 180°
Sum of all the exterior angles of a The area of a regular hexagon of side ʻaʼ

polygon = 360° = 6 × area of equilateral triangle of side ʻaʼ
So, BAG + CBH + DCI + EDJ + 3 2 3 3 2
6  a  a
4 2
FEK + AFL = 360°
The distance between two opposite vertices will
n n(n  3)
 Number of diagonals C2  n be equal to 2a. But the distance between two
2
opposite sides (say AB and CD) would be twice
the altitude (OX + OY = 2OX = XY) = 3 a i.e. the
Some common polygons height of the equilateral triangle (like OAB) and
 Regular Pentagon thus distance between two opposite sides.
A regular Pentagon is a polygon of five equal Example 31: A monument is in the form of a regular
sides. octagon. If the length of the perimeter wall is 80 m,
 Objective Mathematics
343

what is the approximate area of the floor enclosed by Solution:

the perimeter wall? (Neglect the width of the wall)
Solution:

Let each side of hexagon be

a = 2 ft
Length  FB  3a  3  2  2 3 ft

Area of rectangle BCEF = FE × FB = 2 × 2 3 = 4 3 ft2

This problem requires us to find the area of a regular Example 33: An equilateral triangle and a regular
octagon when its perimeter is known. If the octagon hexagon are inscribed in the same circle which has a
is ABCDEFGH, join the points A and F, B and E, C and radius of 20 cm. Triangle and hexagon have 3 vertices
H, and D and G. in common. What is the difference in the areas of the
Perimeter triangle and the hexagon?
The side of the
octagon  10 m
8 Solution:
Consider the center square. Its side is 10 m, and its
area is 100 m2.
Consider any one of the four triangles.
1
Area  Base  Height
2
1
25 m2
 5 2  5 2 
2
So, the total area of the four triangles = 4 × 25 Here, ACE is an equilateral triangle and polygon
= 100 m2 ABCDEF is a regular hexagon.
There are four remaining rectangles. Let OC = r be the radius of the circle, AC = a be the
Area of rectangle 10  5 2 50 2 side of the equilateral triangle and AG = h be the
 The total area of the four rectangles height of the equilateral triangle.
Thus, we need to find a in terms of r to find the
 200 2 m2
4  50 2 
required area.
Total area = 100 + 100 + 200 2 = 200 + 200 2 m2 We have, in ACG,
Alternate Method: a2
h2  a2
 (By Pythagoras Theorem)
4
If we know the formula for area of a regular octagon
3a
 
 2 1  2 s2 h 
2
Where s is the side length, we can directly calculate Now, in OCG,
the area to be equal to 200 + 200 2 m2. a2 2
(h  r)2  r (By Pythagoras Theorem)
Example 32: ABCDEF is a regular hexagon of side 2 4
feet. What is the area in square feet of the rectangle a2 2
h2  r2  2hr  r
BCEF? 4
 Objective Mathematics
344

a2 of the quadrilateral. In figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral

 2hr h2 
4 and AC, BD are its two diagonals.
 3a  3a2 a2
 
2  r 
 2  4 4
 
a
r 
3
Now, the area of the equilateral ACE
Sum of the angles of a quadrilateral = 360°
3a2 3 i.e., A + B + C + D = 360°
   3r2  300 3 cm2
4 4
To find the area of the hexagon, we note that is Square
composed of six equilateral triangles, all of side r. A quadrilateral in which all the sides and the angles
 3 are equal is known as a square.
  2
 Area 
6  r 600 3cm2
 4 
 
 The difference in these areas is
300 3cm2
600 3  300 3 
Example 34: If PQRSTUVW is a regular octagon, then
what is the measure of (WPQ – PVQ)? Some important points:
Solution:  All sides are equal and parallel.
 All angles are right angles.
 Diagonals are equal and bisect each other at right
angle.
 Side of a circumscribed square is equal to the
diameter of the inscribed circle.

WPQ = Interior angle of an octagon = 135°

In VWP,
WVP = WPV(Angles opposite to equal sides)
and VWP = 135°,  Diagonal = side 2 = a 2
 WVP + WPV = 45° (WPV = WPV) (diagonal)2 d2
 2
 (side)
Area 2
a 
45 2 2
WVP
  22.5
2  Perimeter = 4 × side = 4a
 PVQ = 45° – WVP = 45° – 22.5° = 22.5° Example 35: If in a square, the perimeter is
 WPQ – PVQ = 135° – 22.5° = 112.5° numerically equal to the area, then its diagonal is?
QUADRILATERALS Solution:
a2 = 4a  a = 4
Quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four
straight lines. The line segment which joins the So, diagonal = 4 2
opposite vertices of a quadrilateral is called diagonal Rectangle
 Objective Mathematics
345

A quadrilateral in which all the four angles at vertices What is the ratio of the area of quadrilateral PQRS to
are right angle (i.e., 90°), is called a rectangle. the area of rectangle ABCD?
Solution:

Some important points:

 Opposite sides are parallel and equal.
 Diagonals are equal and bisect each other but
need not to be at right angles. Area of rectangle PQRS = 3 2 × 2 2 = 12
 Perimeter = 2(l + b) where l = length and Area of rectangle ABCD = 25
 b = breadth Area of PQRS 12
So, 
 Area = l × b Area of ABCD 25
 
Diagonal (l2  b2 )  Ratio is 12 : 25.
 All squares are rectangles. Parallelogram
 Of all the rectangles of given perimeter, the
A quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel and
square will have the maximum area.
equal is called a parallelogram.
 When the rectangle is inscribed in a circle, it will
have the maximum area when it is a square.


Some important points:

 Opposite sides are parallel and equal.
 Diagonals may or may not be equal.
AP2 + PC2 = BP2+ PD2
 Diagonals may or may not bisect each other at
(where point P is any where in Rectangle)
right angles.
Example 36: What are the respective value of x, y and
 Sum of any two adjacent angles = 180°
z in the given rectangle ABCD?
 Bisectors of the four angles enclose a rectangle.
 Each diagonal divides the parallelogram into two
triangles of equal areas.
 A parallelogram inscribed in a circle is always a
rectangle.
Solution:  A parallelogram circumscribed around a circle is
From the figure given in the question, we get always a rhombus.
x2 – y2 = 81, x2 + z2 = 625 and y2 + 256 = z2  Straight lines joining the midpoints of adjacent
The only triplet satisfying the three equations is (15, sides of any quadrilateral form a parallelogram.
12, 20).  Area = Base × Height
Example 37: In rectangle ABCD, points P, Q, R and S  In a parallelogram the sum of the squares of the
divide the sides AB, CB, CD and AD in the ratio 2 : 3. diagonals = 2 × (sum of the squares of the two
adjacent sides)
 Objective Mathematics
346

Example 38: In parallelogram ABCD, the midpoints of

AB, BC, CD and AD are joined to form another
quadrilateral PQRS. If the area of quadrilateral PQRS
is A sq. units, then what is the area of parallelogram
(in terms of A)?
Solution:
Some important points:
 Opposite sides are parallel and equal.
 Opposite angles are equal.
 Diagonals bisect each other at right angle, but
they are not necessarily equal.
Area of parallelogram ABCD = 2 (Area of  Diagonals bisect the vertex angles.
parallelogram PQRS)  Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180°.
= 2A  Figure formed by joining the mid-points of the
Example 39: In the given figure, ABCD is a adjacent sides of a rhombus is a rectangle.
parallelogram and M is the midpoint of the side CD. 1
 Area of a rhombus = × product of diagonals
What is the length of EL, if BL = 3 cm? 2

Solution: 1
  d1  d2
In BMC and EMD, 2
EMD = CMB Example 40: In a rhombus, if the two diagonals
MC = MD (as M is midpoint of DC) measure 24 units and 32 units, then what is the
MBC = MED ( AE is parallel to BC) perimeter of the rhombus?
 BMC  EMD (By ASA congruence) Solution:
BC = ED
In AEL and CBL,
EAL = BCL and AEL = CBL (alternate angles)
 AEL  CBL (By AA criterion of similarity)
EA EL EL ED  DA
    2 (As BC  AD  ED)
BC BL BL BC Let a be the side of the rhombus.
EL = 2BL = 6 cm Now, 122 + 162 = a2  a = 20
Rhombus So, perimeter = 4a = 80 cm

A parallelogram in which all sides are equal, is called Trapezium

a rhombus.
 Objective Mathematics
347

A quadrilateral whose only one pair of sides is parallel

and other two sides are not parallel is called
trapezium.

Some important points: Some important points:

 The line joining the mid-points of the oblique  Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal.
(non-parallel) sides is half the sum of the parallel  The diagonals intersect at right angles.
sides and is called the median. i.e.  The longer diagonal bisects the shorter diagonal.
1 1
EF   (AB  DC)  Area = × product of diagonals
2 2
 Diagonals intersect each other proportionally in Cyclic Quadrilateral
the ratio of the lengths of the parallel sides.
A quadrilateral whose all four vertices lie on a single
1
 Area of trapezium = × (sum of parallel sides × circle.
2
height)
1
  (AB  CD)  h
2
Example 41: In an isosceles trapezium ABCD, AB and
CD are the parallel sides and have lengths equal to 16
Some important points:
cm and 10 cm. If the length of oblique sides is 5 cm,
 Opposite angles are supplementary, i.e.
then what is the area of the trapezium?
A + C = 180° and also, B + D = 180°
Solution:
 If any one side is produced/extended,
Exterior angle = remote interior angle.
i.e., BCE = BAD
 If one pair of opposite sides is equal, then the
diagonals are equal.
Example 42: In the given figure, ABCD is a cyclic
AP = 3 cm, AD = 5 cm
quadrilateral. What is the measure of r + s?
then, DP h  52  32 4 cm
1
So, area   (10  16)  4  52 cm2
2

Kite
A quadrilateral is called a kite, if its two pairs of
adjacent sides are equal.
 Objective Mathematics
348

Solution:
c = c1 (vertically opposite angles) . b = c + s
(exterior angle)
d = c1 + r (exterior angle)
But b + d = 180°
A diameter is a line segment passing through the
(sum of opposite angles of a, cyclic quadrilateral)
center and joins the points on the circle as in the
 c + s + c1 + r = 180° figure. AB is the diameter as it passes through the
 r + s + 2c = 180°  r + s = 180° – 2c center and joins the two points on the circle.
Properties based on Diameter = 2 × radius
diagonals Circumference and Area
Circumference is given by the relation C = 2r
Properties Parallelogram Rectangle Rhombus Square  
  = 22 , r 
radius of the circle

Diagonals are  7 
No Yes No Yes
equal Area of a circle is given by the relation A = r2
 
Diagonals   = 22 , r 
radius of the circle

bisect each Yes Yes Yes Yes  7 
other Arc of a Circle
Diagonals A continuous piece of circle is called an arc of the
bisect each No No Yes Yes
circle.
other at 90°
We find that there are two pieces of the circle
Diagonals form between M and N. One is longer and the other is
four triangles of Yes Yes Yes Yes smaller.
equal areas

Diagonals
bisect vertex No No Yes Yes
angles

The longer piece is called major arc and the smaller

piece is called minor arc. The length of an arc is the
CIRCLES
length of the fine thread which just covers the arc
A circle is a path of a point in a plane which moves in completely.
such a way that its distance from a fixed point always 
Length of arc MN MN  2r
remains constant. 360
In the figure, ʻOʼ is the fixed point and P is a moving The length of the larger piece can be calculated by
point in the same plane. The path traced by P is called subtracting the length of the smaller piece from the
a circle. Fixed point O is the center of the circle and circumference.
the constant distance OP is called radius of the circle.
Sector
 Objective Mathematics
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The region between an arc and the two radii joining The angles PRQ and PSQ in the circle are
the center to the end point of the arc is called a equal.
sector. There are two sectors Minor and Major  The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the
Sectors. center is double the angles subtended by it at any
point on the remaining part of the circle.

The sector which is larger than semi-circular region is

called major sector and the region less than the semi- O is the center of the circle. According to the
circular region is called minor sector. theorem, POQ = 2PRQ
 The line joining the center of a circle to the point
of tangency is always perpendicular to the
tangents

Area of the sector of a circle is given by the relation A


  r2
360
 OPB = 90°
Where angle θ is shown in the figure.
 Equal arcs (or chords) subtend equal angles at the
Basic properties of circles based on angles center
 The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.

PQ is a diameter of the circle and PRQ is an 

If PQ AB (or PQ AB)
angle in semi-circle. Then, POQ = AOB
 PRQ = 90°  Alternate segment theorem: Angle between any
 Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal. chord passing through the tangent point and
tangent is equal to the angle subtended by the
chord to any point on the other side of
circumference (alternate segment). i.e.
 Objective Mathematics
350

Also, OP = 10 2 cm = radius of the circle (r)

 OR 
10 2 cm


RD  OR  OD  10 1  2 cm 
1
Area of PDR   PD  RD
2
In the above figure, CBQ =CAB
 Ptolemyʼs Theorem:
1

  10  10 1  2
2


Area of PDR  50 1  2 cm2
Example 44: In the given figure, ABC is
circumscribed by a circle with center O. A tangent is
drawn touching the circle at C, such that BCE = 60°.
If AB = BC = 4 cm, then what is the radius of the circle
AB × CD + BC × AD = AC × BD circumscribing the ABC?
Example 43: In the given figure, O is the center of the
circle and PT is a tangent. If the measure of APT =
45° and AP = 20 cm, then what is the area of the
PDR?

Solution:

Solution:

In ABC,
From alternate segment theorem, AB = BC
PRA = APT = 45°  BAC = BCA
 POA = 2 × 45° = 90° But, using alternate segment theorem,
In POA, BCE = BAC = 60°
OAP = OPA = 45° [ OA = OP = r] In ABC,
In ODP, All angles are 60°  ABC is an equilateral triangle.
OPD = 45°, D = 90° 2 2 3
 Circumradius of ABC  h  a
 POD = 45° 3 3 2

 OD = DP = 10 cm
 Objective Mathematics
351

2 3 4 LM = chord of the circle.

  4 cm
3 2 3 OP = Perpendicular from center O to the chord
Example 45: AB and CD are parallel chords of a circle LM.
with center O. M and N are the mid points of these  LP = PM
chords. AB = 4 cm, CD = 10 cm and MN = 3 cm. What  Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles)
is the radius of the circle? are equidistant from the center.
Solution:

If AB = PQ, then OD = OR
Let ON = X cm and radius = r cm
 Chords which are equidistant from the center in a
1
AM  MB   4  2 cm circle (or in congruent, circles) are equal.
2
[Perpendicular from center bisects the chord]
1
CN ND   10 5 cm
2
[Perpendicular from center bisects the chord]
In AMO,
r2 = 22 + (3 + X)2 ..... (1) If OD = OR, then AB = PQ
(Pythagorasʼ theorem) Example 46: O is the center of the circle. AB is a
In CNO, chord and D is the mid point of AB. If the length of CD
r2 = 52 + X2 ..... (2) is 2 cm and the length of the chord AB is 12 cm, then
(Pythagorasʼ theorem) what is the radius of the circle?
 22 + (3 + X)2 = 52 + X2
 X = 2 cm
Putting X = 2 cm in (2),
r2 = 52 + 22 = 29
r  29 cm
Solution:
Basic properties of circles based on lengths Let the radius be r. OD is perpendicular to chord AB.
 The perpendicular from the center of a circle to a There, AD is 6 cm.
chord bisects the chord. In ODA,
The diagram is as follow: We have (r – 2)2 + 36 = r2
Solving, r = 10 cm
Example 47: In the given figure, AD is the angle
bisector of BAC and if DBC = 30°, then what is is
the value of DCB?

O is the center of the circle.

 Objective Mathematics
352

 If PB is a secant which intersects the circle at A

and B and PT is a tangent of the circle at T, then
(PT)2 = PA × PB

Solution:
Since, BAD = CAD = θ,
 If two chords AB and CD of a circle, intersect
 BD = DC (equal chord theorem)
inside a circle or outside the circle when
DBC = DCB = 30°
produced at a point P, then
Basic properties of circles based on tangent
 The lengths of two tangents drawn from an
external point to a circle are equal.

PA × PB = PC × PD
Example 48: In the given figure, O is the center of the
circle. PA and PB are tangents drawn from P such that
the measure of APB = 75°. What is the measure of
According to theorem, PA = PB AMB?
 If from P two tangents PA and PB are drawn, then

PA = PB Solution:
PAO = PBO
OA = OB (radius)
So, PAO  PBC
Now, APO = BPO and POB = POA
 If P is an external point from which the tangents
to the circle with center O touches it at A and B,
then OP is the perpendicular bisector of AB. i.e. In quadrilateral AOBP,
OP  AB and AC = BC A = B = 90°
□AOBP is a cyclic quadrilateral.
AOB = 180° – 75° = 105°
 Reflex angle AOB = 360° – 105° = 255°
1 1

AMB (reflex angle 
AOB) (255 )
2 2
AMB = 127.5°
 Objective Mathematics
353

Note: or 3 × 8 = 4 × (4 + x)  x = 2 cm
Point M, could be any point on the smaller arc AB. Example 51: In ABC, AC = BC. A circle is drawn with
Example 49: In the given figure, PT is a tangent to a AC as a chord and BC as a tangent. E is a point on the
circle at T. PAB is a secant intersecting the circle at A circle inside ABC, if ABC = 60°, then what is AEC?
and B as shown. If PT = BT = 6 and PB = 9. What is the
length of AT?

Solution:
AC = BC
Also, AB = BC (tangents drawn from same point to a
Solution:
circle are equal)
In PTA and PBT,
 ABC = CAB = 60°
PTA = PBT (by tangent secant theorem)
 ACB = 60° (sum of interior angles of a triangle)
and P is common to the two triangles and hence
AFC = ACB = 60° (alternative segment theorem)
the triangles are similar.
AEFC is a cyclic quadrilateral.
PTA  PBT
 AEC = 180° – AFC = 180° – 60° = 120°
AT PT
Thus,  AT  4
BT PB
Example 50: In the given figure, AMD, APQ and ASR Distance between the centers of two circles
are secants to the given circles. If AM = 3 cm, MD = 5  When two circles touch each other externally
cm and AS = 4 cm, then what is the length of line then the distance between their centers is equal
segment SR? to sum of their radii, i.e., AB = AC + BC

 When two circles touch each other internally,

then the distance between their centers is equal
Solution:
to the difference between their radii, i.e., AB = AC
– BC

Let SR = x cm (Also points A, B and C are collinear. The contact

AM × AD = AP × AQ = AS × AR lies on the line through centers.)
 Objective Mathematics
354

Common Tangents for a pair of circles Number of

Condition Diagram
For the two circles with centers O1 and O2 and radius tangents
r1 and r2.
 Direct Common Tangent Circle extreme to
4
A tangent to two circles are such that the two each other
circles lie on the same side of the tangent, then
the tangent is called direct tangent to the two Circle touch
circles. 3
externally

Circle intersect 2

In the figure, PQ and RS are two direct common Circle touches

tangents to the two circles having centers O1 and 1
internally
O2 and radius r1 and r2 respectively. Length of
these two common tangents to the circles are
Circle within other
equal and is equal to 0
circle
Length of PQ or RS (Direct Common Tangent)
(Distance between centres)2  (r1  r2 )2 Example 52: In the given figure, AB and BC are direct
and transverse common tangents of two circles with
Indirect or Transverse Common Tangent center O and Q respectively, such that ABOD. OD
If a tangent to two circles is such that the two circles intersects BC at P. Radius of circle with center O is 12
lie on opposite side of the tangent, then the tangent cm. Given CP = PD = 16 cm. What is OQ?
is called an indirect tangent.

AB and CD are transverse common tangents to the Solution:

circles with centers O1 and O2. As, ABOD
Length of two indirect tangents to two circles is equal AO = BD
to AO
QD 
2
Length of AB or CD (Transverse Common Tangent)
QD = 6 cm
(Distance between centres)2  (r1  r2 )2 Now, in right-angled OCP,
OP2 = OC2 + CP2
OP
 122  16
2
20
 OD = OP + PD = 20 + 16 = 36
 Objective Mathematics
355

Now, in OQD, Let APE =  and DPE = 

OQ2 = OD2 + QD2 then, CPF =  and BPF = 
OQ 362  62 36.5 cm (vertically opposite angles)
Now, in ACP and BDP,
Example 53: Two circles touch each other externally
at P. APB and CPD are two straight lines intersecting ACP = BDP =  (alternate segment theorem)
the first circle at A and C and the second circle at B CAP = DBP =  (alternate segment theorem)
and D and passing through P. If AP = 12, PC = 4, PD =  ACP  BDP (By AA criteria)
6, then what is the length of PB? 12 x
 
Solution: 4 6
 x = 18 cm

Practice Exercise level 1

1. In the given figure, l, m and n are parallel to (C) 80° (D) 90°
each other and b : c = 2 : 3. What is the value of 3. In the given figure, what is the value of DRS?
a?

(A) 90° (B) 95° (A) 80° (B) 90°

(C) 105° (D) 108° (C) 100° (D) 120°
2. In the given figure, l1 is parallel to l2, AB and BC 4. In the given figure, ABCD, what is the value
are angle bisectors. What is the measure of of a?
ABC?

(A) 93° (B) 103°

(C) 83° (D) 97°

(A) 60° (B) 70°

 Objective Mathematics
356

5. In the given figure, ABPQ, what is the value 10. If the complement of an angle is one-fourth of
of SQR? its supplementary angle, then what is the value
of the angle?
(A) 60° (B) 30°
(C) 90° (D) 120°
11. If two supplementary angles differ by 44°, then
one of the angles is:
(A) 50° (B) 90° (A) 68° (B) 65°
(C) 30° (D) 70° (C) 102° (D) 72°
6. In the given figure, ABCD. What is the value 12. In the given figure, a is greater than one-sixth
of X? of right angle, then which is the following is
true?

(A) 290° (B) 300°

(C) 280° (D) 285° (A) b > 165° (B) b < 165°
7. In the given figure, PQ is a straight line. What is (C) b ≤° (D) b  165°
the value of (x – y)? 13. In the given figure XY and MN interest at O. If
POY = 90° and a : b = 2 : 3, then what is the
value of c?

(A) 12° (B) 13°

(C) 14° (D) 15°
8. In the given figure, ABCD, APCD and CBP
= 142°, then what will be the value of ABP
and APB respectively? (A) 113° (B) 54°
(C) 126° (D) 48°
14. In the given figure, ABGHDE and
GFBDHI, FGC = 80°. What is the value of
(A) 52° and 38° (B) 56° and 34° CHI?
(C) 51° and 39° (D) 57° and 33°
9. Two complementary angles are in the ratio of
2 : 3. What is the larger angle?
(A) 36° (B) 54°
(C) 72° (D) 108°
(A) 80° (B) 120°
(C) 100° (D) 160°
 Objective Mathematics
357

15. Angles of a triangle are (y + 36)°, (2y – 14)° and 12

(C) cm (D) 2 cm
(y – 22)°. What is the value of 2y? 5

(A) 45° (B) 70° 24. What is the largest angle of a triangle of sides
(C) 90° (D) 100° are 7 cm, 5 cm and 3 cm?
16. The angle of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 8, (A) 45° (B) 60°
then what is the value of the largest angle? (C) 90° (D) 120°
(A) 56° (B) 64° 25. In ABC, H is the point of intersection of the
(C) 96° (D) 80° altitudes and I is the point of intersection of
17. In ABC, B = 45° and C = 72°. What is the the angle bisectors. BHC = 110°. What is the
measure of an exterior angle at A? measure of BIC?
(A) 117° (B) 72° (A) 115° (B) 110°
(C) 90° (D) 119° (C) 125° (D) 100°
18. The degree measure of each of the three 26. In the given figure, which of the following is
angles of a triangle is an integer. Which of the true?
following could not be the ratio of their
measures?
(A) 2 : 3 : 4 (B) 3 : 4 : 5
(C) 5 : 6 : 7 (D) 6 : 7 : 8
19. How many triangles are possible having any (A) BC < AC < CD (B) BC < AC > CD
three of the lengths 1, 4, 6 and 8 cm as sides? (C) BC > AC < CD (D) BC > AC > CD
(A) 4 (B) 1 27. ABC is right angled at B. If A = 30°, what is
(C) 2 (D) 0 the length of AB (in cm), if AC = 10 cm?
20. One of the angles of a triangle is 120°. Then the (A) 5 (B) 5 3
angle between the bisectors of the angles (C) 10 3 (D) 10
exterior to the acute angles of the triangle is: 28. In the given figure, PRQ = SRT. If QPR =
(A) 30° (B) 60° 100° and QRS = 80°. What is the value of
(C) 150° (D) None of these PQR?
21. What will be the range of perimeter (p) of a
triangle with two sides as 4 and 7?
(A) 14 < p < 28 (B) 14 < p < 22
(C) 13 < p < 22 (D) 14 ≤ p ≤ 22
22. If in a ABC, B = 120°, then we have: (A) 20° (B) 30°
(A) a2 + c2 = b2 + ac (B) a2 + c2 = b2 – ac (C) 40° (D) 60°
(C) a2 + c2 = b2 + 2ac (D) a2 + c2 = b2 – 2ac 29. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio of 2 : 3
23. Find the length of AB in a right-angled triangle : 4, then the difference of the measure of
ABC, with right angle at B where D is a point on greatest angle and smallest angle is:
AC such that ABD = 45° and AC = 6 cm and AD (A) 20° (B) 30°
= 2 cm. (C) 40° (D) 50°
6 30. In ABC, A = 90°, ADBC and AD = BD = 2 cm.
(A) cm (B) 2 2
5 What is the length of CD?
 Objective Mathematics
358

(A) 3 cm (B) 3.5 cm cm2, then what is the area of DEF (in square
(C) 3.2 cm (D) 2 cm cm)?
31. In PQR, P : Q : R = 2 : 2 : 5. A line parallel (A) 5 (B) 10
to QR is drawn which touches PQ and PR at A (C) 12 (D) 15
and B respectively. What is the value of PBA 39. In the given figure, AB = BC = AC = CD. What is
– PAB? the value of ADC?
(A) 60° (B) 30°
(C) 24° (D) 36°
32. If DEF is right angled at E, DE = 15 and DFE =
60°, then what is the value of EF?
(A) 5 3 (B) 5 (A) 30° (B) 60°
(C) 15 (D) 30 (C) 15° (D) None of these
33. If the centroid of triangle ABC is G and BG = 9 40. In a triangle, if orthocenter, circumcenter,
cm, then what will be the length (in cm) of incenter and centroid coincide, then the
median BE? triangle must be:
(A) 12 (B) 14 (A) Obtuse angled (B) Isosceles
(C) 15 (D) 13.5 (C) Equilateral (D) Right-angled
34. In ABC, P is the orthocenter. If BPC = 2A, 41. If the sides of a right triangle are x, x + 1 and x
then what is the value of BPC? – 1, then what is the value of hypotenuse?
(A) 60° (B) 90° (A) 5 units (B) 1.75 units
(C) 120° (D) 150° (C) 1 unit (D) 0 unit
35. The sides of a triangle are 6 cm, 11 cm and 15 42. In the given figure, AMBC and AN is the
cm. The radius of its incircle is: bisector of A. What is the measure of
MAN?
5 2
(A) cm (B) 3 2 cm
4
4 2
(C) 6 2 cm (D) cm
5
36. If D and E are the middle points of the sides AB
and AC of a triangle ABC, then what is ratio of
the area of the triangles ADE and ABC? (A) 17.5° (B) 15.5°
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 1 : 3 (C) 16° (D) 20°
(C) 1 : 4 (D) 2 : 3 43. ABC is a triangle and the sides AB, BC and CA
37. ABC and DEF are similar. If their areas are are produced to E, F and G respectively. If
100 cm2 and 64 cm2 respectively and AB is 5 CBE = ACF = 130°, then what is the value of
cm, then what the value of DE? GAB?
(A) 16 cm (B) 8 cm (A) 100° (B) 130°
(C) 4 cm (D) 10 cm (C) 80° (D) 90°
38. In ABC, D, E, F are the mid-points of sides BC, 44. The distance between the tops of two trees of
CA, AB of the triangle. If the area of ABC = 20 20 m and 28 m high is 17 m. What is the
horizontal distance between them?
 Objective Mathematics
359

(A) 11 m (B) 31 m (C) 900° (D) 1080°

(C) 15 m (D) 9 m 50. Each interior angle of a regular polygon is three
45. PQR, D, E, F are points of trisection of QR, PR times its exterior angle, then the number of
and PQ respectively. Which of the following sides of the regular polygon is:
statements is true? (A) 9 (B) 8
(C) 10 (D) 7
51. The difference between the interior and
exterior angle of a regular polygon is 60°. The
number of sides of the polygon is:
(A) 5 (B) 6
(C) 8 (D) 10
52. In the given figure, ABCD is a cyclic
2 quadrilateral and AB is the diameter. If ADC =
(A) Area of EDR = area PQR
9 140°, then what is the value of BAC?
2
(B) Area of FQD = area PFDE
7
1
(C) Area of DEF = area PQR
4
(D) All of these
46. The side QR of PQR is produced to S. If PRS
(A) 45° (B) 40°
= 105° and Q = (1/2)P, then what is the
(C) 50° (D) None of the above
value of P?
53. The sides of a quadrilateral are extended to
(A) 45° (B) 60° make the angles as shown below, what is the
(C) 70° (D) 75° value of x?
47. PQR is an isosceles triangle with sides PQ = PR
= 45 cm and QR = 72 cm. PN is a median to
base QR. What will be the length of PN?
(A) 36 cm (B) 24 cm
(C) 27 cm (D) 32 cm
(A) 100° (B) 90°
48. Interior angle of a regular polygon exceeds the
(C) 80° (D) 75°
exterior by 120°. The number of sides of the
54. In a quadrilateral ABCD, B = 90° and AD2 =
polygon is:
AB2 + BC2 + CD2, then what is the value of
(A) 6 (B) 8
ACD?
(C) 12 (D) 15
49. What is the sum of the degree measures of the
internal angles in the polygon shown below.

(A) 90° (B) 60°

(C) 30° (D) None of these
(A) 600° (B) 720°
 Objective Mathematics
360

55. If length of each side of a rhombus PQRS is 8 (C) 28 m, 20 m (D) 28 m, 16 m

cm and PQR = 120°, then what is the length 62. The three successive angles of a cyclic
of QS? quadrilateral are the ratio 1 : 3 : 4, what is the
(A) 4 5 cm (B) 6 cm measure of the fourth angle?
(C) 8 cm (D) 12 cm (A) 72° (B) 108°
56. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. DBA = 50° and (C) 36° (D) 30°
ADB = 33°. What is the measure of BCD? 63. The ratio of the angles A and B of a non-
(A) 83° (B) 80° square rhombus ABCD is 4 : 5, then what is the
(C) 75° (D) 60° value of C?
57. The figure formed by the intersection of the (A) 50° (B) 45°
angular bisectors of a paralelogram is always: (C) 80° (D) 95°
(A) a rhombus 64. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then what will be
(B) a rectangle the value of x?
(C) a square
(D) any other paralleologram
58. In the given figure, PQRS is a parallelogram and
U is the midpoint of QR. If PQ = 4 cm, then
what is the value of PT?
(A) 50° (B) 60°
(C) 120° (D) 70°
65. The parallel sides of a trapezium are of lengths
a and b. The length of the line joining the mid-
points of its non-parallel sides will be:
(A) 6 cm (B) 6.5 cm ab ab
(C) 7.5 cm (D) 8 cm (A) (B)
2 2
59. The angular bisectors of any two adjacent 2ab
(C) ab (D)
angles of a parallelogram intersect at: ab
(A) 30° (B) 45° 66. ABCD is a cyclic trapezium such that ADBC, if
(C) 60° (D) 90° ABC = 70°, then what is the value of BCD?
60. An equilateral triangle BPC is drawn inside a (A) 60° (B) 70°
square ABCD. What is the value of the angle (C) 40° (D) 80°
APD in degrees? 67. The diagonals AC and BD of a parallelogram
(A) 75° (B) 90° ABCD cut at O. If DAC = 30°, AOB = 80°,
(C) 120° (D) 150° then DBC is:
61. Length of a rectangular blackboard is 8 m more (A) 30° (B) 50°
than that of its breadth. If its length is (C) 80° (D) 100°
increased by 7 m and its breadth is decreased 68. In the trapezium ABCD, AB is parallel to DC
by 4 m, its area remains unchanged. The length and the diagonals intersect at O. If OA × CD =
and breadth of the rectangular blackboard is: m (OC × AB), the value of m is:
(A) 24 m, 16 m (B) 20 m, 24 m
 Objective Mathematics
361

1 1
(A) (B)
2 3
(C) 1 (D) 2
69. In the given figure, AD = 12 cm, EF = 6 cm, then
BC is equal to (Given that AD is parallel to BC):
(A) 40° (B) 80°
(C) 20° (D) 30°

Directions (74-76) AB is a diameter of the circle. APQ

(A) 8 cm (B) 12 cm
and RBQ are straight lines.
(C) 20 cm (D) 24 cm
70. Two non-intersecting circles, one lying inside
another, are of radius a and b (a > b). The
minimum distance between their
circumferences is c. The distance between their
74. What is the value of PRB?
centers is:
(A) 65° (B) 55°
(A) a – b (B) a – b + c
(C) 45° (D) 35°
(C) a + b – c (D) a – b – c
75. What is the value of PBR?
71. In the given figure, DBA= 40°, BAC = 60°
(A) 115° (B) 105°
and CAD = 20°. What is the value of DCA?
(C) 90° (D) None of these
76. What is the value of BPR?
(A) 60° (B) 45°
(C) 30° (D) None of these
(A) 60° (B) 40° 77. If in the given figure, PA = 8 cm, PD = 4 cm, CD
(C) 30° (D) None of these = 3 cm, then what is the value of AB?
72. In the given figure, AQB = 130°. O is the
center of the circle. What is the value of
OBA?

(A) 3 cm (B) 3.5 cm

(C) 4 cm (D) 4.5 cm
78. In the given figure, PAQ is the tangent. BC is
the diameter of the circle. If BAQ = 60°, then
what is the value of ABC?
(A) 65° (B) 40°
(C) 50° (D) 30°
73. In the given figure, A = 60° and ABC = 80°,
then what is the value of BQC?

(A) 25° (B) 30°