Fundamental of
Mechanical Engineering
ME – 283
Credit: 3.00 Contact hour: 3.00
Course Teacher: Lecturer Md. Fahim Faisal
Contact Number: +8801521503917
Email:
[email protected] Topic: Turbine
Class: 16 Section (A+B)
Date: 23 June 2024 (Sunday)
Turbine Usages
Hydroelectric Power Plant Steam Power Plant Wind Turbine
Gas Turbine Nuclear Turbine
Turbine Terminology A turbine is a rotary mechanical
device that extracts energy from a fast
moving flow of water, steam, gas, air,
or other fluid and converts it into
useful work.
According to the type of inlet:
a) Impulse turbine b) Reaction turbine
According to the direction of flow
through runner:
a) Tangential b) Radial c) Axial d) Mixed
According to the head at the inlet:
a) High head b) Medium head c) Low
head
According to the specific speed:
a) Low specific b) Medium specific c) High
specific
The specific speed value for a turbine is the speed of a geometrically similar turbine which would produce unit
power (one kilowatt) under unit head (one meter).
Turbine Terminology
What is hydraulic turbine?
Hydraulic turbines are the machines which convert the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. In other
words, hydraulic turbines are the prime movers which run with hydraulic energy. The mechanical energy
can be converted into electrical energy by coupling the turbine to an electric generator.
Kaptai Dam
2 x 40 MW (54,000 hp), 3 x 50 MW (67,000 hp) Kaplan-type
Impulse Turbine
Components of Pelton wheel
• Nozzle with control mechanism
• Runner and buckets
• Casing
• Breaking
• Deflector
Nozzles
• A circular guide mechanism which guides the water to flow at a designed direction and also to regulate the
water flow. This water in form of a jet, strikes the buckets. A conical needle or spear operates inside the nozzle.
The main purpose of the spear is to control or regulate the quantity of water flowing through the nozzle.
• When the spear is pushed forward into the nozzle, it reduces the area of jet. As a result of this, the quantity of
water flowing through the jet is also reduced.
• Similarly, if the spear is pushed back out of the nozzle, it allows a great quantity of water to flow.
• The movement of the spear is regulated by hand control wheel or by automatic governing arrangements.
Runner and bucket
• The runner of a Pelton wheel consists of a circular disc fixed to a horizontal shaft.
• On periphery of the runner, a number of buckets are fixed uniformly.
• A bucket resembles to a hemispherical cup or bowl with a dividing wall (splitter) in the
center.
• Buckets are made of cast iron ( low heads), bronze and steel (high heads).
• When the water is impure, buckets are made of special alloys.
• Buckets are generally bolted to the runner disc.
Casing
• To prevent splashing
• To lead the water to tail race ( for exit)
• To act as a safe guard against accident.
• Actually it does not perform any hydraulic action.
Braking
• Whenever the turbine has to be brought rest, the nozzle is completely closed. It has been observed that the
runner goes an revolving for a considerable time, due to inertia, before it comes to rest.
• In order to bring the runner to rest in a short time, a small nozzle is provided in a such a way, that it will direct a
jet of water on the back of the buckets.
• It acts as a brake for reducing the speed of the runner.
Deflector
• The sudden closing of the nozzle may cause excessive water hammer.
• To avoid water hammer the nozzle is closed slowly by a movable steel plate known as deflector.
