CONTENTS
❑ Objective
❑ Introduction
▪ Toothpaste and its uses
▪ Composition of Toothpaste
▪ Types of Toothpaste
▪ History of Toothpaste & Its Evolution
▪ Anions & Cations
▪ Toothpastes Available in the Market
❑ Materials Required
▪ Apparatus Required
▪ Chemicals Required
❑ Procedure
▪ Experiment on Toothpastes Available in Market
(Comparison & Reactions involved): - (a) Colgate (b) Closeup
❑ Observation
❑ Result
❑ Precautions
❑ Bibliography
OBJECTIVE (AIM)
TO CHECK THE IONS PRESENT IN A TOOTHPASTE
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INTRODUCTION
I. TOOTHPASTE AND ITS USES
Toothpaste is a paste or gel to be used with a toothbrush to maintain and improve oral health and aesthetics.
Toothpaste is a key part of our daily oral hygiene routine, along with our toothbrush and floss.
Toothpaste helps to remove food debris and plaque from our teeth and gums and prevents bad breath (halitosis) as
well. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene.
Other uses of Toothpaste are as follows -
• Used to clean foggy Headlights
• Used to Freshen Bottles
• Used to clear pimples
• Used to avoid fogging of goggles
• Used to get rid of a carpet stain • And many others.
Molecular Formula of Toothpaste is C12H7Cl3FNaO2
II. COMPOSITION OF TOOTHPASTE
Toothpastes are derived from a variety of components, including three main ones: abrasives, fluoride, and
detergents.
Our toothpaste consists of 5 major components in addition to 20-42% water. The components are - Fluorides,
Abrasives, Detergents, Humectants and Flavors.
1. Fluoride
Fluoride is a mineral that helps strengthen the enamel on our teeth, making them less susceptible to cavities and
less likely to wear down from acidic foods and drinks. Fluoride (usually 1450 ppm) mainly in the form of sodium
fluoride, occurs in small amounts in plants, animals, and some natural water sources. Stannous fluoride and sodium
Mono fluorophosphate have also been used. Most toothpastes contain only 0.15% fluoride ion, or 1500 parts per
million. The American Dental Association (ADA) reports that fluoride is "nature's cavity fighter.
2. Abrasives
Abrasives are important ingredients because they help remove food debris and surface stains from teeth. Abrasives
are gentler and more hygienic, like calcium carbonate, dehydrated silica gels, and hydrated aluminum oxides. These
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ingredients scrub and polish the surface of the teeth without damaging our tooth's enamel. They’re the reason our
teeth feel so smooth and clean after brushing. They can also help make our smile whiter!
Other types of abrasives in toothpaste include magnesium carbonate, phosphate salts and silicates. These abrasives
are rough enough to get the plaque off, but gentle enough to avoid damage to our enamel.
Abrasives constitute at least 50% of typical toothpaste.
3. Detergents
Detergents make our toothpaste nice and foamy when we brush. One of the most common detergents in
toothpaste is sodium lauryl sulfate. The foam ensures the other active ingredients coat our teeth. Detergents lower
the surface tension and therefore help loosen plaque deposits and emulsify or suspend the debris removed from
the tooth surface during cleaning. Sodium lauryl sulfate can cause mouth irritation and canker sores. If anyone
suffers from frequent mouth sores then we can suspect our toothpaste might be the cause, its necessary to look for
an SLS-free alternative.
4. Humectants & Binders
Humectants are the ingredients that keep our toothpaste from drying out and becoming crumbly. Sorbitol is a
flavoring agent and a humectant. It traps water in the toothpaste to get a nice, smooth paste when we squeeze the
tube. Unlike sugar, however, sorbitol does not cause cavities. It can also be used as a sugar substitute for people
with diabetes. However, sorbitol may cause diarrhea in large doses as it acts as an osmotic laxative. This refers to a
combination of ingredients that retain moisture in the toothpaste (humectants) and keep all the ingredients from
separating (binding agents). Binders are hydrophilic colloids which disperse or swell in the presence of water and
are used to stabilize toothpaste formulations by preventing the separation of the solid and liquid phases. Examples
of binding agents used in toothpaste include the natural gums (Arabic, karaya and tragacanth), the seaweed
colloids (alginates, Irish moss extract and gum carrageenan) and synthetic celluloses (carboxymethyl cellulose,
hydroxyethyl cellulose), The humectants and some of the binders in toothpastes can act as nutrients for various
microorganisms. Microbial contamination of dentifrices is restricted by a low water activity and by the inclusion of
preservatives such as benzoates
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5. Flavors
Flavors constitute only a minor part of a dentifrice, but are important components for consumer acceptance. The
flavor of a toothpaste is usually a blend of several components. The principal flavors used are peppermint,
spearmint and wintergreen modified with other essential oils of anise, clove, caraway, pimento, eucalyptus, citrus,
menthol, nutmeg, thyme or cinnamon. Fluoride and abrasives help us clean and protect our teeth, but they don't
taste pleasant.
Other components like the Antibacterial agent Triclosan, is a common toothpaste ingredient in the UK. Triclosan or
zinc chloride prevent gingivitis and, according to the American Dental Association, helps reduce tartar and bad
breath.
III. TYPES OF TOOTHPASTES
There are 6 major types of toothpastes, they are - Children's
Toothpaste, Fluoride Toothpaste, Herbal Toothpaste, Tarter Control, Sensitivity Toothpaste, Whitening Toothpaste.
1. Children's Toothpaste
Children’s teeth don’t require the same intensity of cleaning as more fully formed adult teeth do so, children’s
toothpaste contains less fluoride to reduce the risk of children ingesting too much. It also has fewer abrasives in
order to prevent tooth sensitivity. Oftentimes, children’s toothpaste comes in fun, tasty flavors for a more pleasant
brushing experience. Children are also usually pickier than adults when it comes to things like taste, texture and
consistency.
2. Fluoride Toothpaste
They contain Sodium Fluoride (NaF), Stannous Fluoride (SnF2), or Monofluorophosphate (MFP2). The fluoride
content is about 1,000
parts per million (ppm). They are all effective in preventing dental carries. Fluoride helps to protect teeth against
decay, cavities and harmful foods and beverages. not only strengthens the enamel of our teeth, but it also
remineralizes teeth that have small amounts of decay already.
3. Herbal Toothpaste
Herbal toothpaste is a natural option. They work better for people who are more sensitive to additives because
they don’t contain many of the active chemical ingredients that we would find in a normal toothpaste. Herbal
toothpastes contain only natural ingredients, making them biodegradable. A major disadvantage of this type of
toothpaste is the absence of fluoride, which is great for protecting enamel and strengthening our tooth.
4. Tarter Control
Tartar is plaque that has hardened or calcified. Tartar control toothpastes contain special compounds which work
to dissolve plaque and buildup and restore healthy gum tissue. These contain chemical compounds that help
prevent plaque buildup and solidification.
5. Sensitivity Toothpaste
Once our enamel has been breached due to reasons such as aging or gum disease, the dentine of our tooth may
become exposed. This layer is the hard part underneath the enamel composed of microscopic tubes. When enamel
is damaged, the heat and cold can pass through these tubes causing sensitivity. Occasionally, teeth can become
sensitive leading to pain while eating and drinking. Toothpastes which target sensitivity contain special compounds
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that block the nerves in our teeth from sensing hot and cold. While they offer great relief for people with painful
teeth, it can take up to 3-4 weeks to see their full results, The active ingredient in sensitivity toothpaste blocks
microscopic holes in the tooth that lead to nerve endings. Because it protects these nerves, we will feel less
sensitivity to hot and cold.
6. Whitening Toothpaste
Whitening toothpastes are exactly what they sound like – they whiten our teeth! These types of pastes are perfect
for anyone experiencing aging or yellowing of teeth or for those who consume regular coffees and teas. They
contain extra gentle abrasive agents which “scrub” the stains out of our teeth. However, long term use will result in
roughened tooth surfaces, which makes stains deposit more readily. This type of toothpaste contains fluoride with
an enzyme compound, so it can cause additional teeth sensitivity and is not usually ideal for someone who already
has sensitive teeth. Using a whitening toothpaste can make teeth two shades whiter and even give us a perfect
smile. All teeth whitening kinds of toothpaste are composed of cleansers and abrasives that have the function of
removing or reducing the appearance of yellow stains on our teeth.
IV. HISTORY OF TOOTHPASTE & ITS EVOLUTION
The world's oldest-known formula for toothpaste was created by Egyptians. They crushed rock salt, mint, dried iris
flowers and pepper and mixed them together to create a cleaning powder. Although this concoction is known to
create bleeding gums, research suggests it is the most effective compared to most toothpastes used as recently as
a century ago. The development of toothpaste began as long ago as 300/500BC in China and India. The ancient
Egyptian recipe for toothpaste, the world's oldest-known formula for toothpaste, used more than 1,500 years
before Colgate began marketing the first commercial brand in 1873, has been discovered on a piece of dusty
papyrus in the basement of a Viennese museum. In faded black ink made of soot and gum Arabic mixed with
water, an ancient Egyptian scribe has carefully described what he calls a "powder for white and perfect teeth".
When mixed with saliva in the mouth, it forms a "clean toothpaste". According to the document, written in the
fourth century AD, the ingredients needed for the perfect smile are one drachma of rock salt - a measure equal to
one hundredth of an ounce - two drachmas of mint, one drachma of dried iris flower and 20 grains of
pepper, all of them crushed and mixed together
Evolution Of Toothpaste - First attempts at tooth cleaning included using abrasives such as crushed bone, crushed
egg and oyster shells, which were used to clean debris from teeth. Tooth powders were the first noticeable
advance and were made up of elements like powdered charcoal, powdered bark and some flavoring agents. This
would be applied to teeth using a simple stick. Tooth Powder or dentifrice was first available in Britain in the late
eighteenth century. It came in a ceramic pot and was available either as a powder or paste. The rich applied it with
brushes and the poor with their fingers. Modern toothpastes were developed in the 1800s. A dentist called
Peabody was the first to add soap to toothpaste in 1824. Chalk was first added to toothpaste by John Harris in the
1850s. In 1873, toothpaste was first mass produced into nice smelling toothpaste in a jar. In 1892, Dr. Washington
Sheffield of Connecticut was the first to put toothpaste into a collapsible tube.
Sheffield's toothpaste was called Dr. Sheffield's Crème Dentifrice. Advancements in synthetic detergents (after
World War II) replaced the soap used in toothpaste with emulsifying agents such as Sodium Lauryl Sulphate and
Sodium Ricinoleate. The 1960's saw the introduction of fluoride into toothpaste. This development was followed in
the 1980's with the addition of soluble calcium fluoride to fluoride toothpastes. It is therefore within the last thirty
years that toothpastes contain the two ingredients - calcium and fluoride.
V. ANIONS AND CATIONS
Ion is an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
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Cations are positively charged ions. They've lost one or more electrons, but they haven't lost any protons. They
thus have a net positive charge. Usually these are metal ions.
Anions are negatively charged ions, meaning that they've accepted one or more additional electrons. Once again,
the number of protons remains the same, so there's a net Negative charge.
In qualitative analysis, the given compound is analyzed for the radicals, that is, cations and anions that it contains.
The common procedure of testing on unknown salt is to make its solution and then test this solution for the ions
present in it. Then Preliminary tests such as color, odor, dry heating, flame test etc. are performed. These tests are
common for all samples under salt analysis. Further, there are separate procedures for detecting cations and
anions IDENTIFICATION OF ANION (ACID RADICAL)
After the preliminary tests are over with, to identify the anion, three indicatory tests are carried out. They can be
divided into three categories each with separate group reagents. Therefore, anion may be identified by performing
the following tests in the order given. Dilute H2SO4 test Concentrated H2SO4 test Independent Group (SO42-,
PO43) After an anion is indicated, confirmatory tests are carried out, corresponding to the anion.
IDENTIFICATION OF CATION (BASIC RADICAL)
To identify the cations, we have been using the flame test (a preliminary test) for indication. Whichever cation is
indicated, it is confirmed on the basis of corresponding tests
VI. TOOTHPASTE AVAILABLE IN MARKET A. COLGATE
Colgate is India’s most popular and relied product that is also recommended by dentists the most! It deep cleans
the teeth, gums and gets us fresher and healthier breath. Colgate is an American brand principally used for oral
hygiene products such as toothpastes, toothbrushes, mouthwashes and dental floss. Manufactured by
ColgatePalmolive.
Product type Oral Hygiene
Owner Colgate-Palmolive Company
Country United States
Introduced 1873; 148 years ago
B. PEPSODENT
Unilever’s toothpaste helps us achieve germ-free teeth and gums as it is full of anti-bacterial blends. It also helps
our teeth to be white and shiny. Pepsodent is an American brand of toothpaste with the minty flavor derived from
sassafras. The brand was purchased by Unilever in 1942 and is still owned by the company outside of the United
States and Canada.
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Product type Toothpaste
Owner ❑ Church & Dwight (United
States)
❑ Unilever (Rest of the world)
Country United States
Introduced 1915; 106 years ago
Markets Worldwide
C. SENSODYNE
The product is formed in order to balance the cold and hot vibrations in the teeth and has helped a lot of Indians as
many dentists recommend it. Sensodyne is a brand name of toothpaste and mouthwash targeted at people with
sensitive teeth.
Product type Toothpaste
Owner GlaxoSmithKline
Country United Kingdom
Introduced 1961; 60 years ago
Markets Worldwide
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D. PATANJALI DANT KANTI
Patanjali Dant Kanti is in a very strong competition with Colgate these days. The product has been created by Baba
Ramdev’s potential and reliable natural and ayurvedic ways with an addition of all the herbal ingredients.
Type Private
Industry ❑ Consumer goods
❑ Healthcare
Founded 2006; 15 years ago
Founder ❑ Balkrishna
❑ Ramdev
Headquarters Haridwar, Uttarakhand India
E. CLOSEUP
Close-up is an American brand of toothpaste launched in 1967 by Unilever as the first gel toothpaste. The brand is
marketed worldwide by Unilever and licensed since 2003 to Church & Dwight for the North American market.
Product type Toothpaste
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Owner ❑ Church & Dwight (United
States)
❑ Unilever (rest of the world)
Country United States
Introduced 1967; 54 years ago
Markets Worldwide
MATERIALS REQUIRED
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
❖ Hydrochloric acid
❖ Dilute Sulphuric acid
❖ Concentrated Sulphuric acid
❖ Barium chloride
❖ Ammonium chloride
❖ Ammonium hydroxide ❖ Ammonium carbonate
❖ Acetic acid
❖ Nitric acid
❖ Silver nitrate
❖ Calcium chloride
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❖ Potassium Ferrocyanide
❖ H2S gas
APPARATUS REQUIRED
❖ TEST TUBES
❖ BEAKERS ❖ FLASKS
❖ GLASS RODS
❖ SPIRIT LAMP
PROCEDURE
TEST ON DIFFERENT TOOTHPASTES
COLGATE
TEST FOR ANION
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TESTS
Color White
Odor Minty Smell
Dry Heating Colorless, CO3 2- may be
Colorless Gas Present
Flame Test Reddish Flame Ca2+ may be Present.
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Dil H2SO4 Colorless, odorless gas CO3 2- may be
Test To the sample, Added Present
some drops Of Dil H2SO4
CONFORMATORY TEST
To the sample A White CO3 2- confirmed
Added MgSO4 Precipitate
Solution.
Took a System, Brisk CO3 2- confirmed
Added dil HCl Effervescence.
Conc. H2SO4 No change Conc. H2SO4 group absent
test to the
sample added some drops
of conc.H2SO4
INDEPENDENT TESTS
1. FOR SULPHATE (SO4 2-)
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To the sample added BaCl2 White precipitate SO4 2confirmed
solution
To the sample added Lead White ppt. SO4 2- confirmed
acetate soln.
2. FOR PHOSPHATE (PO4 3-)
Added conc HNO3 to Deep yellow coloration. PO4 3- confirmed
System and boiled. Added
ammonium
Molybdate
soln. in excess and again
boiled.
TEST FOR CATION
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Group 0 To the sample No change Group 0 Absent
added NaOH and heated
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Group-1 To the sample No change Group I absent
added dilute HCl
Group-II to the above test No change Group II Absent
tube added H2S
Group-III to the sample No change Group III Absent
added NH4Cl, boiled,
cooled, added NH4OH in
excess.
To the above filtrate of No change Group lV Absent
group-III added add H2S
A white ppt Group V Present.
Group-V To the sample
added NH4OH, and
(NH4)2CO3
Solution
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DISSOLVED THE PRECIPITATE IN CH3COOH AND
DIVIDED THE SOLUTION INTO 3 PARTS
To the first part added No change Ba2+absent
K2CrO4 soln.
To the second part added No change Sr2+absent
(NH4)2SO4
To the third part added A white ppt Ca2+confirmed
(NH4)2C2O4 and NH4OH sol
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Group-VI Took A white ppt Mg2+ confirmed
the filtrate of above step
and added a few
drops of
ammonium
oxalate solution, boiled,
filtered. Took the ppt,
boiled, added
NH4OH and NH4Cl in excess.
Add (NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed
with a glass rod.
IONS PRESENT: CO3 2- , Ca2+, SO4 2- , PO4 3- , Mg2+ CLOSEUP TEST FOR ANION
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TESTS
Color Red
odor Menthol
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Dry heating Suffocating smell SO3 2- may be
Present
Flame test Reddish Flame Ca2+ may be Present.
Dil H2SO4 test to the Colorless, pungent smell, SO3 2- may be Present.
sample, Added some turned acidified
drops Of Dil
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
solution green.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS
A white ppt SO3 2confirmed
To the System added BaCl2
solution.
To the ppt from above step Pink color discharge SO3 2confirmed
added
KMnO4
solution.
Conc. H2SO4 No change Conc. H2SO4 group absent
test to the
sample added some drops
of conc.H2SO4
TEST FOR CATION
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S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Group 0- To the sample No change Group 0 Absent
added NaOH and heated
No change Group I absent
Group-1 To the sample
added dilute HCl
No change Group II Absent
Group-II to the above test
tube added H2S
A brown ppt Group III Present, Fe3+
Group-III to the sample detected
added
NH4OH and
NH4Cl
Prussian blue color Fe3+ confirmed
Dissolved the ppt. in dilute
HCl and added
Potassium
Ferrocyanide.
No change Group lV Absent
Group-IV to the above test
tube adds H2S
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Group-V To the sample A white ppt Group V present
added NH4OH, and
(NH4)2CO3 sol.
DISSOLVED THE PRECIPITATE IN CH3COOH AND
DIVIDED THE SOLUTION INTO 3 PARTS
No change Ba2+ absent
To the first part added
K2CrO4 solution
No change Sr2+ absent
To the second part added
(NH4)2SO4
A white ppt Ca2+confirmed
To the third part added
(NH4)2C2O4 and NH4OH
solution
Group-VI Took No change Mg2+ absent
the filtrate of above step and
add a few drops
of Ammonium oxalate
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solution boiled, filtered. Took
the ppt, boiled,
added NH4OH and NH4Cl in
excess. Add (NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a glass rod.
IONS PRESENT: Ca2+, SO3 2- , Fe3+
OBSERVATION
TOOTHPA- Ca2+ SO3 2- Fe3+ Mg2+ SO4 2- CO3 PO4
STE 2- 2-
COLGATE YES NO NO YES YES YES YES
CLOSEUP YES YES YES NO NO NO NO
RESULT
Toothpastes generally have many different components. The most common ions are Phosphates and Calcium.
Different types of toothpastes have different ingredients.
On the basis of the observation table, we can conclude that Colgate is the best toothpaste as it has the majority of
the essential constituents that is required in a toothpaste.
PRECAUTIONS
★ Never add water to conc. Acids
★ Never touch any chemical with hands directly.
★ Don’t smell the vapors from too close. ★ Use test tube holder to hold the test tube
★ Use a dropper for concentrated Acids ★ Handle the chemicals carefully.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
▪ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste
▪ Photos from google images ▪ Class XII Chemistry NCERT book
▪ www.google.com
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