TOOTHPASTE

WHAT IS BLEEDING GUM IN AN ORAL

PROBLEM
 Bleeding gums occur when the gum tissue
becomes irritated, inflamed, or weakened,
leading to bleeding, often during brushing,
flossing, or eating.
 Causes of Bleeding gum-
1. Poor oral hygiene
2. Gingivitis ( It is the mild form of gum disease
that causes inflammation and bleeding of
gums.)
3. Periodontitis (It is a serious gum infection
that damages soft tissues around the teeth).
4. Brushing too hard or using hard – bristle
toothbrush.
5. Injury to the gums
6. Hormonal changes.
 WAYS TO PREVENT BLEEDING GUMS

 Brushing your teeth regularly.

 Use of floss.

 Use mouthwashes after brushing.

 Brush your tongue.

 Maintain healthy diet.

 Avoid tobacco products.

 Do dental checkup atleast twice in a year.

 Use soft- bristled toothbrush.

 Avoid smoking.
 INTRODUCTION OF TOOTHPASTE
A toothpaste or dentifrice is a substance used with
a toothbrush for the purpose of cleaning the
accessible surfaces of the teeth.
 Paste or gel cleaner used to clean and improve the
aesthetic or pleasing appearance and health of
teeth.
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 REQUIREMENTS OF A TOOTHPASTE
 It should leave a sensation of cleanliness and
freshness in mouth.
 It should be non – toxic .

 It should provide pleasant smell.

 Convenient to use.

 It should be stable.

 It should have good shelf life.

 When used properly, with an efficient toothbrush, it

should clean the teeth adequately and it should
remove food debris, plaque and stains.
 INGRIDIENTS REQUIRED FOR
TOOTHPASTE FORMULATION

 General toothpaste formulation composition

contains:

1. Abrasives/cleansing agent
2. Detergents
3. Water
4. Humectants
5. Thickening Agents
6. Binding Agents.
7. Flavours
8. Sweetners
 INGRIDIENTS REQUIRED FOR
TOOTHPASTE FORMULATION

9. Preservatives
10. Corrosion Inhibitors
11. Colorants
12. Bleaches
13. Anticaries Actives
14. Anticalculus Agents
15. Desensitizing Agents
16.Antimicrobials /antiplaque/
antigengivitis agents
 1. CLEANING AND POLISHING AGENTS
• They are also called as abrasives.
• These are used to remove food debris and residual stains of
the teeth & to polish the teeth surface.
• Main purpose of the cleaning and polishing agent is to remove
any adherent layer on the teeth.
• Eg: Precipitated calcium carbonate, Dibasic calcium
phosphate, Tricalcium phosphate, Calcium pyrophosphate,
Insoluble sodium metaphosphate, Anhydrous dibasic calcium
phosphate, Hydrated alumina.
• Calcium carbonate: Calcium carbonate is probably one of
the most commonly used dental cream abrasives. Precipitated
calcium carbonate (chalk) is available with a white or off-white
colour and both particle size and crystalline form can be
varied, depending upon its conditions of manufacture.
• Sodium bicarbonate: It is a very mild abrasive, usually used
at a 5-30% level, in combination with other abrasives such as
silica or calcium carbonate to achieve the required cleaning
action.
 2. DETERGENTS & OTHER FOAMING MATERIALS
(SURFACTANTS):
• These are used in toothpaste for their cleansing action.
• These materials lower surface tension, thereby promoting
penetration of paste & helps in removal of deposits & debris
on the surface of teeth.
• They also provide the secondary benefits of providing foam to
suspend and remove the debris, and the subjective perception
of toothpaste performance.
• Eg : Sodium lauryl sulphate, Magnesium lauryl sulphate,
Sodium lauryl sarcosinate, Sodium lauryl sulphoacetate,
Dioctyl –sodium sulphosuccinate, Monoglycerides, Sulphates,
Sulphonates.
• Sodium lauryl sulphate: Also known as sodium dodecyl
sulphate i.e. currently the most widely used detergent in
toothpaste because it satisfies almost all the requirements. It
is a foaming & solubilizing agent that is derived from coconut
and palm oil. SLS emulsifies fats, has a high affinity for
protiens, and has mild antibacterial activity .
 3. HUMECTANTS :
• Humectants are used to prevent the paste from drying out and
hardening to an unacceptable level.
• At the same time they give shine and some plasticity to the
paste.
• Some common humectants are: Glycerin, Sorbitol solution,
Propylene glycol.
• Generally only two major humectants are considered for use
in toothpaste:
1. Glycerin: Glycerin is still the humectant used in greatest
bulk quantity in toothpaste. It is one of the best humectants,
producing a shiny, glossy product. It is stable, non-toxic,
available from both synthetic and natural sources, and
provides a useful sweetening function to the paste.
2. Sorbitol: Sorbitol syrup (approximately 70%) is also
extensively used throughout the industry and is sometimes
considered superior to glycerin depending upon the
formulation. It also imparts sweetness, and is a stable
humectant.
 4. THICKENING AGENTS
 Needed to maintain the stability of toothpaste.
 Achieve and maintain the toothpaste
consistency.
 Prevents ingredients of the toothpaste from
separation.
 Examples:
→Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (interacts with
cationic antimicrobials),
→Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC)
→ hydroxyethylcellulose (nonionic),
→Xanthan gum,
→carbomer
 5.BINDING AGENTS

 Solid & liquid phases of toothpaste tends to

separate in the absence of binding agents
particularly during storage.
 Binding agents disperse, swell or absorb water to
form viscous liquid phases.
 Eg : Natural gums (Gum Arabic, Gum tragacanth),
Cellulose derivatives ( Carboxy methylcellulose,
Sodium carboxymethylcellulose , Hydroxyethyl
cellulose), Starch ethers, Synthetic resins.
 6. SWEETENING AGENTS
 These are important for product acceptance, since the
final product must be neither too sweet nor too bitter.
These ingredients must always be considered in
partnership with the flavor because of their combined
impact.
 Sweetening agent is used to improve taste and mask
the unpleasant flavours of the ingridient.
 Eg-
 Sodium saccharin- This is the sweetening agent in
widest commercial use, and is generally used at a level
between 0.05% and 0.5% by weight.
 Aspartame - artificial sweetener- (200 times) artificial
non-saccharide sweetener.
 Potassium acesulfame - no-calorie sweeteners.
 7. FLAVOUR
•Flavours are probably the most crucial part of
toothpaste because of consumer preferences. They
are also the most proprietary part of the formulation.
Exotic flavours, although available, are generally not
well liked under long- term usage conditions, since one
of the primary consumer requirements of toothpaste is
the perception of freshness and cleanliness after
brushing conventionally, therefore, mint flavours tend
to predominate.
Examples : Peppermint, spearmint, menthol,
wintergreen, cinnamon.
8. PRESERVATIVES :
•Rarely used nowadays due to safety concerns
•Proper formulation ingredient selection can result in
preservative free toothpaste
• Preservatives are used in tooth paste to prevent the
microbial growth.
•Examples – Sodium Benzoate , Potassium Sorbate,
Parabens.

9. CORROSION INHIBITORS :
•Used to avoid corrosion of the aluminum tubes (e.g.
sodium silicate)
•Not needed nowadays due to the use of plastic
tubes
 10. COLOURS:
 Colours can be an integral part of the aspect of any
toothpaste that may influence consumer preference
and purchase intent.
 A small amount of colour may be added to the
paste as a whole to give it a pastel shade.
 Equally if a translucent gel had been formulated
then colour would be added to give it a different
visual appearance.
 Example- Titanium Dioxide.
 11. ANTICARIES ACTIVES:
•Anti-caries (cavity-fighting) agents helps to
prevent tooth decay by strengthening enamel,
reducing acid effects, and inhibiting bacterial
growth.
•Examples :
• →Sodium fluoride
•→ sodium monofluorophosphate
•→ stannous fluoride

•Fluoride is used to prevent tooth decay-

•Fluoride ions reduce the incidence of carious
lesion by reducing the acid solubility of tooth
enamel.
•FDA recommends levels of soluble fluoride
ion between 1350-1500ppm
 12. ANTICALCULUS AGENTS:
 Anticalculus agents in toothpaste help prevent the
formation of dental calculus (tartar), which is
hardened plaque. These agents work by inhibiting
the mineralization of plaque.
 Examples:
→ zinc chloride,
→zinc citrate (Crest)
→tetrasodium pyrophosphate,
→ disodium pyrophospahe (used more than zinc
salts, and it has antiplaque activity)
 13. DESENSITIZING AGENT :

 Desensitizing agents in toothpaste help reduce

tooth sensitivity by blocking nerve signals or
sealing dentinal tubules. These agents are
commonly used for individuals experiencing pain
from hot, cold, sweet, or acidic foods.
 Examples: Potassium Nitrate(5%)
 Compatible with fluoride, and has salty taste
 Example : Sensodyne toothpastes.
14. ANTIBACTERIAL/ANTIPLAQUE/ANTIGINGIVITIS
 Antibacterial, Antiplaque and Antigingivitis
agents helps to maintain oral hygiene by reducing
harmful bacteria, preventing plaque buildup, and
protecting against gum diseases.
 Examples:Triclosan, Chlorhexidine, Zinc citrate.
 15. BLEACHES
 Bleaching agents in toothpaste help in teeth
whitening by breaking down stains and lightening
the enamel.
 Example-

 Hydrogen Peroxide

 Carbamide Peroxide

 Sodium Percarbonate

 Sodium Hexametaphosphate

 Calcium Peroxide
BUILDING BLOCKS OF TOOTHPASTE
Ingredients Formula % (by Examples
weight)
Abrasives 5-30 Calcium Carbonate ,
SodiumCarbonate
Surfactant 1.0-2.0 Sodium lauryl
sulphate
Humectant 10-30 Glycerin, Sorbitol
Gelling Agent 0.5-1.5 Hydroxy ethyl
cellulose, carboxy
methyl cellulose
Sweetner 0.05-0.5 Sodium Saccharin
Preservatives Methyl paraben,
propyl paraben
Color < 1.0 Titanium Dioxide
Water Upto 100
Flavour 1.0-3.0 Spearmint, Menthol,
Peppermint
 PREPARATION OF TOOTHPASTE
❑ The trituration method is commonly used for preparing
toothpaste by thoroughly mixing solid and liquid
ingredients to achieve a uniform and smooth paste.
❑ Procedure:
 In a mortar and pestle, mix the abrasive (e.g., calcium
carbonate) with humectant (e.g., glycerin or sorbitol)
and triturate it until a smooth and homogeneous paste
is formed.
 Gradually add the thickening agent (e.g., xanthan
gum) while continuously triturating to ensure uniform
dispersion.
 Incorporate the surfactant (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate)
and continue mixing to create a consistent paste.
 Add fluoride compounds or anticaries agent (e.g.,
sodium fluoride) and mix thoroughly.
 PREPARATION OF TOOTHPASTE
 Incorporate sweeteners, preservatives, and
flavoring agents, to it by ensuring even
distribution.
 Slowly add purified water while triturating to
achieve the desired consistency.
 Continue mixing until a homogeneous, smooth
toothpaste is obtained.
 Transfer the prepared toothpaste into a clean
container or tube Or Store in an airtight container
to prevent drying or contamination.
 EVALUATION
 1) Determination of hard & sharp edged abrasive particles : The paste
was extruded about 15 to 20cm length from collapsible tube of each sample
on a butter paper. Then all the samples were tested by pressing it along it‟s
entire length by a finger for the presence of hard & sharp edged abrasive
particles.
 2) Determination of spreadability : About 1g of each sample was weighed
and placed at the centre of glass plate & another glass plate was placed over
it carefully. Above the glass plates, 2 kg weight was placed at the centre of
plate , avoid sliding of plate. The diameter of the paste in cm was measured
after 30 minutes. The experiment was repeated 3 times & the averages was
reported for all the samples.
 3) Determination of fineness : A sample of 10g was accurately weighed
and placed in a 100ml beaker. To this, 50ml of water was added & allowed to
stand for 30minutes with occasional stirring until the toothpaste was
completely dispersed. This solution was passed through 150micron standard
sieve & sieve was washed with water. After washing, the residue remained on
sieve was collected & dried in an oven at 105ºC. After drying, the sample was
collected carefully & weighed. Fineness was calculated by using the following
formula ;

Percentage by mass = M1/M2 × 100

Here M1 = Weight of the residue
M2= Weight of the toothpaste sample.
 EVALUATION
 4) Determination of pH : Take 10g of toothpaste in 150ml beaker. Add
10 ml freshly boiled & cooled water and stir well to make a thorough
suspension. Determine the pH of suspension using pH meter.
 5) Determination of foaming power : To 5 g of sample , 10ml of water
was added & covered with a watch glass , allowed to stand for 30 min to
disperse toothpaste in water. The contents of the beaker was stirred &
slurry was transferred to a 250 ml graduated measuring cylinder, ensure
that no foam was produced & no lump went into the cylinder. The content
of the cylinder was adjusted to 50ml by adding sufficient water &
temperature was maintained at 30ºC Then the cylinder was stoppered &
shaken it 12 times and the cylinder was allowed to stand for 5 min and
the volume of foam was noted for all samples.
Foaming power = V₁ - V₂
 6) Moisture content : 10g of toothpaste was weighed & dried it in an
oven at 105ºC , then it was cooled. The loss of weight is recorded as
percentage moisture content and calculated by given formula ;

% moisture = original sample wt – dry sample wt / original

sample wt × 100
 EVALUATION
 7) Determination of heavy metals : Accurately
weigh 2g of the sample in kjeldahl flask (round
bottom flask). An acid mixture of HNO₃: HCLO₄(
Nitric acid : Perchloric acid) (4:1) was added in the
flask & heated continuously till the solution become
colourless. The sample was then transferred to a
25 ml volumetric flask & volume was made up with
distilled water. A reagent blank was prepared
according to the above procedure. The standard of
lead was prepared as per the protocol & the sample
was visually analysed & compared with the
standard solution of lead
TOOTHPASTE FOR SENSITIVE TEETH

Ingredients Formula % (by Examples

weight)
Desensitizing Agent 10% Pottasium Nitrate

Wetting agent 2% Polyoxyethylene

Sorbitan manolaurate
Humectant 25% Glycerin
Abrasive 24% Silica

Sweetner 0.2% Sodium Saccharin

Water Upto 100
Flavour 1% Spearmint, Menthol,
Peppermint
BUILDING BLOCKS FOR TEETHWHITENING
Ingredients Formula % (by weight)

Sodium Bicarbonate 30%

Glycerin 27.6%

Silica Abrasive 14%

Carboxymethyl Cellulose 0.3%

Silica Thickening 4.5%

Sodium lauryol sulphate 0.15%

Sodium lauryol sarcosinate 0.15%

Sodium Saccharine 0.9%
Flavour 0.76%

Water 100%

Sodium Fluoride 0.22%