Part II ( cont)

2. analyzing by form, function and position

ex: She is sitting by the nearest window.

Adj/modifier/adjectival

She is sitting nearest the window.

Prep. (NP)/ object of preposition/ nominal

I am usually late in class.

I usually get up late on Sunday.

 A word, or group of words in a sent can be in different grammatical

category or part(s) of speech.

Swimming regularly helps to keep fit

Gerund phrase/subject/ nominal

Swimming one hour every morning, I am fitter and fitter.

 { _ING} INFLECTIONAL, present participle phrase/M/ Adverbial

- a word or a group of words in a sentence can be analyzed by its form,
function
form: part of speech
function: subject of a verb (S), object of a verb (o),
complement ( C), Modifier (M)
ex: This morning, I met my old friend on the bus.
This morning: NP/M/Adverbial
My old friend: NP/ Direct object/ Nominal
on the bus: prepositional phrase/ Modifier/ adverbial
Unit 4: Parts of speech
Introduction
- 2 main classes of word
Open/ content/lexical classes of words
- They have a dictionary or lexical meaning
- They can receive new members
- They are a larger membership
- Động từ rạo từ ra danh từ, tính từ, trạng từ
- They are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

Closed/ Function/ grammatical classes of words

They have only grammatical meaning

They rarely change or have restricted members

They are proms,auxil, deter, prep,conjs.

1/ Open/ content/ lexical classes of words

a. Nouns
- To describe a person, a thing , an object, or place
- 2 main types of noun
+ proper noun: specifies a particular person or place
+ common nouns: signify more generalized things/ objects
 Concrete: countable
 Abstract: uncountable
 Collective nouns: a group of people, things, objects
can be either a singular or plural verb
b. Adjectives
- Describe of quality
- Function:
- Nominal modifier
+ pre_Modifier
Ex: she is a very beautiful girl
Adj phrase/ pre. Modifier/ adjectival
+ post. Modifier
Ex: the boy sitting alone the corner of the class is from Canada
Pres. Participle phrase/ post modifier/ adjectival
+ subject complement (SC)
Ex: that soup tastes delicious.
Adj/SC
+ object complement
We found that exercise rather difficult
NP/ DO, adjective phrase/ OC
An adjective phrase has 3 forms: base forms, comparative, superlative
c. Adverb
- Describe manner, place, time,degree, reason,…
- An adv functions as a modifier of
Ex: he ran fast (modifier of a verb)
Ex: severely punished by his father, the boy ran away.( modifier of a
adjective)
Ex: she plays the guitar very well.(modifier of another adverb)
Ex:Coming home late, he went straight to bed ( modifier of phrase)
 Ex: Luckily, that boy passed his driving test (modifier for a whole
sentence)

d. Verbs
- To describe a action, a process, state of something
- Types of verb: 2 main type
 Auxiliary
o Primary auxiliary can be auxiliary or main verbs. {
do, have, verb}
o Modal verbs: always auxiliary, come with the main
verb
 Have only one form: compound auxiliaries:
be expected to, be about to, have to, ought
to, be interested in
 Main verbs:
o Linking verbs ( LV)
 Express the state of beings
 A LV can be identified by:
 Followed by adj
Ex: In fall, the leaves of the tree turn
yellow.
 Can be replaced by “ be , become,
remain”
 Action verbs
o Transitive verb
 Need the noun or pronoun to complete the
meaning
Ex: he has just bought a new house for his
mother
DO IO
o Intransitive verbs
 Self-sufficient in meaning
 Sometimes have an adv to make the
meaning clearer
- Form of verbs
+ finite verbs:
 Subject- verb agreement
 Tense

Non-finite verbs
  Infinitive
 Gerund
 participle

2/ closed/ function/ grammatical classes of words

a. Auxiliary
b. Pronouns (pro.)
(i) Personal pronoun
Refers to a specific person or thing
Indicates the number and the person
 Reflexive pro used as a Noun
Ex: he cut himself
 Emphasizing pro for emphasis and can be omitted
He is looking at himself in the mirror
 Both of them have the same definition: the receiver an action that
similar to the person who performs that action
 Possessive pro stands for a noun phrase ( possessive
adjective + N)
EX: the car over there is mine (my car)

ii) interrogative pro

- Asks for an informative question

Ex: what are you doing

Iii) demonstrative pro

- shows which noun performs or receives the action

ex: the new computers are in the library now. Those on the far walls
have had disks and these have color monitors.

iv) reciprocal pro: each other, together, one another

ex: They are fighting each other.(pr/M/ adverbial)

v) indefinite pro: indicate the unspecified group of people or group of things

ex: everything, anyone, ….

vi) relative pro:

- introduces a relative or adjective clause

- is similar to interrogative pronouns, but the relative pronouns always
has its antecedent.
- Notes
  When the antecedent is modified by the same /such+
noun, the relative pronouns will be “ as”
 Ex: she wore the same dress as she wore at Henry’s
wedding
 Ex: I have never heard such stories as he’s telling (adj
clause/M)
 IN
 In a negative sentence, the relative pro, “but” is used
instead of who/which + not” to form double negation
Viết ví dụ trên bảng

Part II (CONT)

c. Preposition (prep): introduce a noun or a pronoun to form a phrase

showing place, reason, time
The boy is sitting near the window
Due to the bad weather, the plane arrived late
He usually gets up late at 6:30 daily.( at what ?)
- That phrase is a prepositional phrase (PP), in which the noun is
functioned as an object of that preposition.
- Types of prepositions
 Simple prep consists of one word
 Compound prep consists of 2 or more words
Ex: due to, because of, in spite of, next to, below,…
 { ing} prep: has a verb as a stem, e.g. according to,
including, regarding, dealing with, following ,…
d. Conjunction (conj)
To link word, phrase, clauses to show the order or relate 2 or more
ideas

- Types of conjunction
 Co- Coordinating conj: links, words, phrases,or clause
Ex: FANBOYS stands for and , but, or so, because, for,
yet
 Cor-relative conj: use as a pair
Ex: not only…but also, both…and…, no
sooner….than…., either…or…., neither…nor…
 Subordinating conjunction: introduces dependent
clauses
Ex: unless we water the trees, they will be dead
 I am staying at home today because it rains heavily

e. Determiners: identify the N always precedes the N

Articles : definite( the), indefinite (a,an)
Possessive adj/poss noun: Tom’s children
Numbers:
Indefinite word
Notes
(i) The 1st three types( articles, poss adj/poss. Noun, demons.adjs)
are always determiners

Ex: a book, my house, John’s remarks , these computers

(ii) The last two types ( numbers and indefinite words) are named by
their position
 Determiners: when they are followed directly by a noun
Ex: Have you ever got any children?

Three students visited me last weekend.

 Pre- determiner: when they are before a determiner

Ex: All the students must be on time.
Pre-determiner: all
Determiner: the
 Post- determiners: when they are after a determiner
Ex: I always remember her many acts of kindness to me
Her: determiner
Many: post-determiner
The government’s decision to control the interest rate is
prompt.
The: determiner
Government’s : post determiner

Unit 5: phrases- clauses

1.1. Definition
A word or combination of words that is functioned as a grammatical
unit in a sentence.
A phrase has its head word and the words clustering around the head
Ex: very careful, to be a good student (infinitive phrase),
understandably badly, in the afternoon, my good neighbor
1.2. Types of phrases
Noun phrase, adj phrase, adverb phrase, verb phrase, prepositional
phrase
a. Noun phrase
-consist of a noun as a head its modifiers (adj(pre and post)
Ex: small green apples, the daily newspaper, Tuoi Tre( post)
Ex: a black cotton shirt that my boy was offered.
Vẽ cái hình trên bảng
 Pre- nominal modifier(pre-M)
The head noun in a noun phrase can be pre-modified
(i) Determiners can be articles, possessive adj/ poss
noun, demonstrative adj or indefinite words
Can be either pre-det, post-det
Ex: all the men
Vẽ hình trên bảng
Half harry’s new department
Some mistakes which platform
(ii) Quantifying adjectives(QA)
Expressions of indefinite quantity much, many, (a)
few, (a), little, several,…
Some few friends
So much traffic
A great amount of money
One-third of time
(iii) Numerals (num)
Expressions of definite quantity consists cardinal
and ordinal
the first three man
the last three red cabbage pickles
(iv) Adjectives phrase
A typical adj p consists of adj as a head and its
pre-M by adverb of degree or general adverb
Ex: these two very nice atomic scientists.
A beautifully cool weather.
(v) Pre-modifying noun (prep-mod N)
Noun can be used as a pre-modifying of the head
noun
Ex: traffic light , computer game
Some expensive
The child
(vi) Possessive common noun (poss.N)
 Ex: some summer’s garden
Some summer’s red
(vii) Participle phrases (part) can be their
participle(ing)_ or past participle (ed). Both share
the same subject or agent
(viii) Gerund
Is used as pre modifier of a head noun (ko cùng
một chủ thể)
(ix) Restricters (restric)
Adverb with (ly) : especially
Adverb with no (ly): just, only, even,
 Post-nominal modifier (post_M)
-post -M: follow the head N and modify it
(i) prepositional phrase (ppp)
Ex: the boy near the window

Note: the pp can sometimes be reduced as an adv

The pp can sometimes be reduced as an adv

The bus behind our car=> the bus behind

Unit 5 continiue

(ii) Adjective phrase (Adj.P)

Draw 5 tree into the notebook
(iii) Participle phrase (part) can be either present participle or past
participle
Draw 2 trees in mobile phone.
(iv) Infinitive phrase
Consist of an infinitive as a head and its O,C,or,M
 Inf. P -> inf. NP/Adj.P/ PP/Adv.P
EX: DRAW TWO TREE THE TEACHER AND JOURNEY
(v) Relative/adjective clause(Adj.C)

The man….

Complitiser khi câu có that you talked

To sum up, the phrase structure rules are as follows:

1. S-> NP VP
2. S’-> COMP. S
3. NP-> DET.N
 4. NP-> DET.N’
5. N’-> ADJ.P N
6. ADJ.P-> DEG. ADJ
7. NP-> NP ADJ.P
8. NP-> NP PP
9. VP-> V NP ADJ.P PP
10. PP-> PP NP
11. VP->AUXI.V’
12. V’-> (9)
13. VP -> V S’
 Modifier cho noun phrase có 14 cái

+ functions of a NP

(1)Subject (S) of a Verb

My mother is the best doctor of the city.
my mother: NP/S
IS THE BEST DOCTOR OF THE CITY
Draw the tree in the notebook.
(2)Complement ©
+ SC
Paul is the man I met last night.

Np/ SC

functions of a NP

+ subject (S): The boy near the window is my son

+ subject complement (SC): Paul is the man I

met last night

+ object complement (OC): They voted my

mother the best doctor of the city

+ direct object (DO): I have just bought a shirt

+ indirect object (IO): I offer the boy next door

a bouquet

+ object of preposition (OP): She puts the book

on the table
 (3)Modifier (M)
adjectival
Pre-M
The high heel shoes broken.
Adverbial
Ex: I’ll see you tomorrow morning.
b. Adjective phrase
- Consist of an adj as a head and its M( adv of degree and general adv)
- => adj.p -> (deg.) adj
- Ex: very beautiful, beautifully cool
+ function of adj.P
(i) Modifier of a noun (post and pre modifier)
(ii) Complement( SC AND OC)
SC: That girl is very helpful.
+ OC: Paul found this exercise very difficult.

C. adverb phrase

consisting of an Av & its modifier(s) ( another averb)

* telling why, when, where, how, what for, under

what conditions, to what degree, etc to describe a V

an A, another Av, a phrase, or a clause, a sentence

 Adv.P-> deg. Adv

+ function of an adverb phrase
Modifier ( V, ADV,ADJ,PHARSE, CLAUSE, THE WHOLE SENTENCE)

M of a V: She drives very carefully.

+ M of an A: She is very extremely nice girl

+ M of another Av: She was received rather less

enthusiastically.

+ M of a sentence: Very luckily, the boy did not

die.

D. prepositional phrase (PP)

consisting of a preposition & its object(s)

=>PP-> prep Np
+ function of a PP

(1)Functioned as a noun

Subject of a verb

On the beach is better now

- SC: My favorite hiding place is under the table

Object Complement: I find your explanation (DO) over their head. Difficult to
understand

- DO: I prefer in class (WHAT)

- OBJECT OF PREPOSITION:The mouse emerged from behind the table. (bổ

nghĩa cho đồng từ)

(2) functioned as an adjective

Nominal modifier

-My son is the boy near the window

The man in red hair is from Canada

(4)functioned as an adverb.
Modifier of a verb
Ex: my father works in the garden now.
Modifier of a sentence
Due to bad weather, the plane arrived an hour later.
f. Verb phrase(VP)
The most important component in verb phrase is a lexical verb.
A lexical verb is a head and its auxiliary, noun or pronoun(object),
adjective(compliment), adverb( modifier)
 VP -> (aux.) V
 V -> (aux.) V’
- 5 types of verb phrase in English
(i) Intransitive verb phrase
- May not need any complement in the predicate of the sentence
- Some common verbs are die, laugh, dance, sleep, flash, sunbathe,
blow out, eat out, appear….
Ex: Tom sunbathed
Ex: one of the tires blew out
Ex: we’re going to eat out
Ex: the Bengal tiger died.
 Sentence pattern No.1: Subj-intrans.V –(adv)->modifier
(ii) Intensive verb phrase (interns)
- Require a complement in the form of a NP, an Adj, or a PP.
- Some common verbs are go , turn, seem , sound,look,appear, smell,
taste, become, keep, remain

Ex: Ed looks extremely tired

Ex: The leaves of the tree turn yellow in fall.

Ex: My brother is in his bedroom now

 Sentence patter number 2-> Subject-intens.V- NP/ADJ/PP( SUBJECT

COMPLEMENT)
(iii) Complex transitive verb pharse (complex trans)
- Require to 2 complements: one: DO, The other: OC
- A small group of verbs: name, call, choose, appoint, select, elect,
make, vote, think, find, consider, regard, designate, nominate,
imagine, believe, keep, label, judge, prove, get,…
We elected John our captain
He considered her brilliant
We made him upstairs
The police got the traffic moving
The government declared that place to be free from infection
The student thought that explanation over their head.
 Sentence pattern No.3: Subject- complex trans.V-
NP-NP/GERUND/ADV/INFINITIVE .P( OBJECT COMPLEMENT)
(iv) Ditransitive verb phrase (distrans)
- Require 2 objects: one: DO-> form of a NP, the other I.O-> can be
either a NP OR a PP
- Some distrans are give, offer, throw, buy, pay, tell, sell, explain, read,
sing, write,ask,play, feed, assign, hand, find,…
- Ex: my father played a game of chess with me.
- Ex: he has saved a seat at the conference for you
- Ex: the teacher explains the lesson to his students
- Ex: John gave Steve a birthday present.
- Ex: Do you send your neighbors Christmas card?
 Sentence No. 4: Subject-ditrans.V-NP-PP or V-NP(IO)-NP(DO)
(v) Monotransitive verb phrase (trans)
- Require only the noun phrase to complete the meaning of the verb.
- Ex: those farmers are plowing the rice fields now.
- Ex: Tom’s brother has just bought a series of English dictionaries.
 - The buds have been killed off by the frost.
- Function of a VP
+ a VP is functioned as the predicator.

II. CLAUSES

2.1. DEFINITION

- A clause: a group of words consisting of a subj. finite verb-> subj- verb

agreement

2.2 Types of clause

a. finite clause and non finite clause

* - contain a subject and a finite verb( agreement tense,number)

Ex: it is important for him to finish that project

The teacher of maths has just come.

*- non finite clause

The verb in non-finite clause does not indicate the tense, the number, or the
person.

The non-finite clause can be infinitive, gerund, or participial non-finite

clauses.

Ex: The teacher does not tolerate someone chatting with each other.

b. independent clause and dependent clause

 independent clause:
a complete sentence
can stand alone
can sometimes be called main clause
ex: Tom has just arrived at the airport.
ex: My father like coffee but my mother prefers tea
 dependent clause
not a complete sentence
is always connected to the main clause.
Ex: that word is not so easy as you think( adv.C/M)
- TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSE
(i) Noun clause/nominal clause (NC)
Used as a noun
Introduced by interrogative prons, “whether…or…;if”, “that”
 Function of noun clause
 Subject of a V
That you are very charming is undeniable
Vẽ hình trong giấy
 Subject complement
That’s what I intend to tell you
 Object complement
She made me what I am
 Complement of adjectives (C of Adj)
A NC is used to complement the meaning of adj
Common structure: subject-intens.V-Adj.P adj- that
clause NC/C o adj
Ex. She is glad that you come early( NC/C o adj/
nominal)
 DO.
I KNOW THAT YOU ARE THE CHAMPION
 IO
GIVE..
 OP
They laughed at
(ii) Relative/ adjective clause (adj.C)
Introduced by relative pros
Modifying a n and always followed its antecedent
Ba caau trong slide
(iii) Adverb clause (adv.C)
- Introduced by subordinate conj
-
-