AUTOMOTIVE REVIEWER
A. REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF AUTOMOTIVE
ENGINE – provide power to move vehicle. Most complex systems of an automobile.
ENGINE SUB SYSTEMS
A. LUBRICATION SYSTEM
- REDUCES FRICTION AND WEAR ON ENGINE MOVING
B. FUEL SYSTEM
- PROVIDES FUEL FOR ENINGE TO CREATE COMBUSTION
C. IGNITION SYSTEM - PROVIDE POWERFUL SPARK TO IGNITE THE MIXTURE
D. COOLING SYSTEM - MAINTAIN ENGINE NORMAL OPERATING TEMPERATURE
E. AIR INTAKE SYSTEM - PROVIDES AND MEASURES THE AMOUNT OF AIR ENTERING THE SYSTEM
F. EXHAUST SYSTEM - REGULATES EXHAUST GAS AND REDUCES POLLUTANTS
G. EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM – System which reduces or eliminates harmful gases to exit the engine.
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
1. OIL PAN - stores lubricating oil
2. OIL PUMP - pressurizes oil to circulate inside the engine
3. OIL FILTER - removes dirt and keeps oil clean as it circulates inside the engine
4. OIL GALLERIES - passage for engine oil
5. LUBRICATING OIL - fluid which reduces engine friction and wear
6. Oil Dip Stick – Use for checking oil level inside the engine.
SAE RATING - oil viscosity rating
VISCOSITY – Resistance of liquid to flow
High Viscosity – Slower liquid flow
Low viscosity – fast liquid flow
MONOGRADE - SAE 40
MULTI GRADE - SAE 10W – 40
W - Winter
CHANGE OIL INTERVAL
- EVERY 5,000 KM
IGNITION SYSTEM
- provides a powerful spark to ignite the mixture
TYPES
1. BREAKER POINT IGNITION SYSTEM (PLATINO TYPE) – Oldest type of ignition system
2. ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM (DISTRIBUTOR TYPE) – does not use breaker point
3. WASTE SPARK IGNITION SYSTM -
4. COIL ON PLUG IGNITION SYSTEM – common type ignition system for newer gasoline engines. Uses individual
ignition coil per spark plug and controlled by Engine Control Unit
PARTS OF BREAKER POINT IGNITION SYSTEM
1. BATTERY – Provide the electricity to power ignition system
2. IGNITION SWITCH - Allows the driver to turn on or turn off ignition system circuit.
3. IGNITION COIL – DC transformer which converts 12 Volts into 22,000 Volts or More.
4. BREAKER POINT – A mechanical switch located inside the distributor which turn ON/OFF primary circuit of the ignition
coil in time with piston ready to create power stroke.
5. CONDENSER – Also known as CAPACITOR. Absorbs the back Electromagnetic Force (EMF) to prevent arching between
breaker points.
6. SPARK PLUG – converts high voltage into a powerful spark.
7. HIGH TENSION WIRE – Transmit high voltage from ignition coil to spark plug.
8. LOW TENSION WIRE – transmit low voltage from battery to primary coil of the ignition coil.
NORMAL SPARK PLUG TIP COLOR - BROWN / GRAYISH TANGERINE
RICH MIXTURE - PLUG TIP IS BLACK
LEAN MIXTURE - PLUG TIP IS WHITE
COOLING SYSTEM
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEAT TRANSFER
1. radiator - cools down the coolant
2. radiator hose - passage for coolant from radiator to engine
3. cooling pump /Water pump- pushes coolant to circulate
4. water jacket - passage for coolant inside the engine
5. thermostat - prevent coolant to flow from engine to radiator when engine temperature is at below normal
6. expansion tank / Header Tank
7. Radiator Cap – a special type of cap which allows
8. Coolant – liquid use to which keeps the engine cool
- mixture of Water and Anti-Freeze, a normal mixture is 50 / 50, 50% Water, 50% Anti Freez (ethylene
Glycol)
FUEL SYSTEM
PARTS
1. fuel tank - stores fuel
2. fuel pump - pressurize fuel and send to carburetor
3. fuel lines - passage for fuel
4. carburetor (mechanical gasoline engine)
Fuel Injector (electronic gasoline engine)
OCTANE RATING
- GASOLINE ANTI KNOCK QUALITY
HIGHER OCTANE - GASOLINE IS HARD TO BURN EVEN AT HIGH TEMPERATURE
LOWER OCTANE -
CETANE RATING
- DIESEL IGNITION CAPABILITY
- HIGHER CETANE NUMBER - EASY TO BURN
LOWER CETANE NUMBER - DOES NOT EASILY BURN
FUEL SYSTEM PARTS
■ Fuel tank—stores fuel for delivery to the engine as needed.
■ Fuel filler neck—allows fuel to be added to the fuel tank.
■ Gas cap—prevents leaks into and out of the filler neck.
■ Evaporative emission control system (EVAP)— Temporarily stores fuel vapors until they can be burned in the engine.
■ Fuel pump relay—sends power to operate the fuel pump on some vehicles.
■ Fuel pump—pumps fuel at the proper pressure and volume to the injectors.
■ Fuel tank sending unit—provides a method of signaling the level of fuel in the fuel tank to the fuel gauge on the
instrument panel.
■ Fuel filter—filters the fuel going to the fuel injectors to strain out particles of dirt and debris.
■ Fuel lines—provide a route for fuel to flow from the tank to the injectors. Also typically provides a location for a fuel
filter.
■ Fuel rail—a hollow tube that delivers fuel to the injectors. May have a pressure tap and pressure regulator mounted
on it.
■ Fuel pressure regulator—the device that maintains the proper pressure in the delivery system. Can be mechanical
or electronic.
■ Fuel injector(s)—electromechanical solenoid valves that control the flow of fuel into the intake manifold or combustion
chamber
THE INTAKE SYSTEM
EXHAUST SYSTEM
parts
1. exhaust manifold - collects exhaust gases from engine
2. catalytic converter - block / traps harmful gases and send back to engine for combustion
3. muffler - reduce engine noise
4. tail pipe -
Exhaust gases
Harmless
Water, Nitrogen (N), Oxygen
Harmful
HydroCarbons (HC) / Unburned Fuel
Nitrigen Oxide (NOx)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
ENGINE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS
1. EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR)
2. POSITIVE CRANKCASE VENTILATION (PCV)
3. EVAPORATIVE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM (EVAP)
- TRAPS VAPOR FROM TANK TO EXIT IN THE ATMOSPHERE
DRIVE TRAIN SYSTEM
- Transmit engine power to drivewheels
DRIVE TRAIN SYSTEMS
1. CLUTCH SYSTEMS – engaged or disengage engine power to transmission
2. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – allows the vehicle to select several gear ratios to meet engine speed and load
3. DIFFERENTIAL / FINAL DRIVE – Allows the wheel to turn at different speed while transmitting engine power
and the vehicle to turn smoothly.
THE CLUTCH SYSTEMS COMPONENTS
TRANSMISSION / TRANSAXLE SYSTEMS
TYPES
1. MANUAL TRANSMISSION
2. AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
TRANSAXLE – combination of Transmission and Differential on a single package. It is used on most front wheel
drive vehicles and compact vehicle to save space.
BRAKE SYSTEMS
- Allows the vehicle to slow or stop in motion
TYPES
1. LINKAGE TYPE – uses rod or cables to transmit braking force
2. HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEMS – uses liquid to apply braking force
3. PNEUMATIC BRAKE SYSTEMS – Uses air to apply braking power
ABS – Anti Lock Braking system
- Brake technology which prevents the wheel to lock when braking and improves the braking capability of the
vehicle.
COMPONENTS OF THE HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEMS
1. BRAKE FLUID – life blood of any hydraulic systems. A special liquid which transmit the force from master cylinder
to all wheel cylinder.
2. BRAKE PEDAL – transmit driver force to brake system components
3. MASTER CYLINDER – Transmit the pressure from the brake pedal to all wheel cylidners
4. BRAKE LINES – Transmit liquid from master cylinder to all wheel cylinders
5. WHEEL CYLINDERS – converts fluid pressure into mechanical force which makes the brake shoe to expand and
make contact with the brake drum.
6. BRAKE DRUM / DISC– Rotating mechanism which rotates together with the wheel and make contact with the
brake shoe.
7. BRAKE SHOE / BRAKE PAD – a friction material which applies friction to brake drum or disc to prevent motion.
BRAKE BLEEDING – process of removing air from hydraulic brake system.
SUSPENSION SYSTEM
- Absorbs road irregularities and provide comfort riding.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF SUSPENSION SYSTEM
1. SPRING – carries the load of the vehicle
2. SHOCK ABSORBER – dampening and prevent spring oscillation.
Types of Springs
1. Leaf Spring
2. Coil Spring
3. Torsion Bar
4. Air Spring
DIFFERENT TYPES AND COMPONENTS OF SUSPENSION SYSTEM
McPherson Strut Type Suspension System
- Use for Front wheel suspension system
LEAF SPRING SUSPENSION SYSTEM
- Commonly used on rear suspension systems
INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION SYSTEM (COIL SPRING TYPE)
- Commonly used in front suspension systems
TORSION BAR SUSPENSION SYSTEMS
- Commonly used in front suspension systems
SUSPENSION WEIGHTS
1. SPRING WEIGHT – Weight of the vehicle carried by springs (Vehicle Body, Vehicle Frame, All of the parts above
the spring)
2. UNSPRUNG WEIGHT – Weight of the vehicle not carried by the springs (Wheel, Axle, Spring Weight, Shock
Absorber Weight)
STEERING SYSTEM
- Allows the vehicle to change direction
CLASSIFICATION
1. MANUAL STEERING SYSTEM – only the drivers force applied on the steering wheel use to turn the tire.
2. POWER STEERING SYSTEM – there is an external power assist system which helps the driver to turn the tire.
a. Hydraulic Power Assist System – Uses hydraulic pump driven by the engine to pressurize the fluid which
helps the driver turn the tire.
b. Electronic Power Steering System – Uses Electric motor to help driver turn the tire.
TYPES
A. PARALLELOGRAM STEERING SYSTEM
B. RACK AND PINION STEERING SYSTEM
POWER STEERING SYSTEMS