BY TEDROS 2Y
DATE 20/12/20
The engine is the source of power
for the vehicle
It converts the chemical energy
stored in fuel and air into heat
energy then into mechanical
energy (motion)
Engine is constructed from 3 basic
components
1. cylinder head
2. cylinder block
3. oil sump
Refers to the cylinder heads, valves,
camshaft, intake and exhaust
manifolds and other related
components
CYLINDER HEAD
Bolts to the deck of the cylinder
block
Covers and encloses the top of the
cylinders
Combustion chambers are small
pockets formed in the cylinder head
combustion occurs in these small
pockets
VALVES
Open and close the ports
in
the cylinder head
CYLINDER HEAD PARTS
Valve guides
valves slide in these guides
Valve seats
the place which the valve face
contacts
with the cylinder head
VALVE SEALS
Prevent oil from
entering the combustion
chambers through the
valve guides
VALVE SPRING
ASSEMBLY
Used to close the valve
CYLINDER
HEAD
PARTS
When the valve is
closed,
it seals
against the valve
seat
CAMSHAF
T
Located in the
engine block or in
the cylinder head
VALVE LIFTERS
Usually rides on the cam lobes and
transfers motion to the rest of the
valve train
Located in the engine block or
cylinder head
Fit into lifter bores, which are
machined holes in the block or
head
PUSH RODS
Transfer motion between the lifters
and the rocker arms
Needed when the camshaft is
located in the cylinder block
Made from a hollow metal tube with
a ball or socket formed on each end
One end fits into the lifter, while the
other end fits against the rocker arm
ROCKER ARMS
Used to transfer motion to the valves
Mount on top of the cylinder head
Rocker arm movement allows the
camshaft lobe to force the valve open
Valve spring force closes the valve
and keeps the rocker arm in contact
with the push rod
INTAKE VALVE
Larger than the exhaust valve
Controls the flow of the air-fuel
mixture (gasoline engine) or air
(diesel) into the combustion
chamber
Fits into the port leading from the
intake manifold
EXHAUST VALVE
Controls the flow of exhaust
gases out of the cylinder
Smaller than the intake valve
Fits into the port leading to the
exhaust manifold
INTAKE MANIFOLD
Bolts to the side of the cylinder
head
Contains runners going to each
cylinder head port
Air and fuel (gasoline engine) are
routed through these runners
EXHAUST MANIFOLD
Bolts to the cylinder head
Fastens over the exhaust ports to
carry burned gases to the exhaust
system
Made of cast iron, lightweight
aluminum, or stainless steel tubing
Refers to the block, pistons,
connecting rods,
crankshafts, and related
components
ENGINE
BLOCK
Forms the main body
of the engine
ENGINE BLOCK PARTS
Cylinders
large, round holes machined through
the block
Water jackets
coolant passages through the block
allow a solution of water and
antifreeze to cool the cylinders
PISTON
Transfers the pressure
of combustion to the
connecting rod and
crankshaft
PISTON PIN
Allows the piston to
swing on the connecting
rod
PISTON RINGS
Seal the clearance between the
outside of the piston and the
cylinder wall
Keep combustion pressure from
entering the crankcase
Keep oil from entering the
combustion chambers
PISTON RINGS
COMPRESSION RINGS
Prevent blow by (compression
pressure leaking into the engine
crankcase)
Compression and combustion
pressure push the compression rings
down in their grooves and out against
the cylinder wall, improving sealing
OIL RINGS
Prevent engine oil from entering the
combustion chamber
Scrape excess oil off the cylinder
wall
If too much oil gets into the
combustion chamber, it will burn,
causing blue exhaust smoke and
increased exhaust emissions
CONNECTING ROD
Fastens the piston to the crankshaft
Transfers piston movement and
combustion pressure to the
crankshaft rod journals
Causes piston movement during
the non-power producing strokes
intake, compression, and exhaust
CONNECTING
ROD
CONNECTING ROD
BEARINGS
Ride on the crankshaft rod journals
Fit between the connecting rods
and the crankshaft
CRANKSHAFT
Changes the reciprocating
(up-and-down) motion of
the pistons into rotating
motion
CRANKSHAFT
PARTS
Journals are
precision-ground
surfaces for the
bearings
ENGINE MAIN BEARINGS
Removable inserts that fit between the
block main bore and the crankshaft main
journals
One-half of each insert fits into the block,
while the other half fits into the block main
cap
A main thrust bearing has flanges to
control crankshaft end play
ENGINE MAIN
BEARINGS
Oil holes and
grooves allow oil
to lubricate the
bearings
ENGINE
BOTTOM
END
CRANKSHAFT OIL SEALS
Keep oil from leaking out the front and rear
of the engine
Seals are placed around the front and rear of
the crankshaft to contain this oil
Rear main oil seal
one- or two-piece seal that fits around the
rear of the crankshaft to prevent oil
leakage
Front main oil seal
FLYWHEEL
Large metal disk mounted on the rear of
the crankshaft
Flywheel functions:
connects the crankshaft to the
transmission or transaxle through a
clutch or torque converter
helps smooth engine power pulses
contains a large ring gear, which meshes
with the starting motor gear to start the
engine
PISTON TRAVEL
(TDC, BDC)
Top dead center (TDC)
piston is at its highest point in the cylinder
Bottom dead center (BDC)
piston is at its lowest point in the cylinder
Piston stroke
distance the piston slides up or down from
TDC to BDC
PISTON
TRAVEL
(TDC, BDC)
FOUR-STROKE CYCLE
Requires four piston strokes to
complete one cycle
Every four strokes, the engine
produces one power stroke
Two complete crankshaft rotations are
required to complete the four-stroke
cycle
Almost all automobiles use four-stroke-
cycle engines
INTAKE STROKE
Draws fuel and air into the engine
Intake valve is open
Exhaust valve is closed
Piston slides down and forms a low
pressure area in the cylinder
Atmospheric pressure pushes the air-
fuel mixture into the cylinder
COMPRESSION STROKE
Compresses (squeezes) the air-fuel
mixture, making it more combustible
Piston slides upward
Both valves are closed
POWER STROKE
Burns the air-fuel mixture and pushes
the piston down with tremendous force
Both valves are closed
Spark plug fires, igniting the air-fuel
mixture
Pressure forms on the top of the piston
Piston is forced down, rotating the
crankshaft
EXHAUST STROKE
Removes the burned gases from the
cylinder
Piston moves upward
Intake valve is closed
Exhaust valve is open
Burned gases are pushed out the
exhaust port
FOUR-
STROKE
CYCLE
ENGINE MAIN
SYSTEMS
INTAKE SYSTEM
is the system which uses to in let the air and fuel
mixture into the cylinder
Components
- air cleaner: uses to clean the inlet air
- carburetor: uses to mix air and fuel
- intake manifold: uses to inlet the air for all
cylinders
- intake valve: uses to inlet the air
- turbo charger: uses to maximize the engine
EXHAUST SYSTEM
Is uses to remove the burned gas from cylinders to the atmosphere
components
- exhaust valve: uses to remove the burned gas from each cylinder
- exhaust manifold: uses to remove the burned gas from all
cylinders
- catalytic converter: uses to convert harmful gas in to harmless gas
- muffler: uses to muffle the engine sound and to reduce the
pressure
up to atmospheric pressure
- tail pipe: uses to transfer the burned gas from muffler to the
atmosphere
FUEL SYSTEM
Is a system uses to deliver the fuel from fuel
tank
into the engine cylinder
components
- fuel tank: uses to store the fuel as a reservoir
- fuel pump: uses to increase the flow of the fuel
- fuel lines: uses to flow the fuel from fuel tank to
the fuel filter and to injector
- fuel filter: uses to remove the impurities of the
fuel
COOLING SYSTEM
Uses to cool the internal engine parts by
using water or coolant
Cooling system is classified in to two
systems
- air cooling system
- liquid cooling system
LIQUID COOLING SYSTEM
components
- Fan: uses to cool the water inside the radiator by pumping
the
atmospheric air
- Radiator: uses to store and refrigerate the cooling water
- Lower and upper hoses: uses to transfer the cold and hot
waters
- Water pump: uses to increase the flow of water on the
system
- Water jacket: the passages of the water inside the engine
- Thermostat: uses to control the correct operating
temperature of our engine
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Is uses to lubricate the internal engine parts
components
- Oil sump: uses to hold the engine lubricating oil
- Strainer: uses to remove impurities from the oil as
a primary filter
- Oil pump: uses to increase the flow of the oil
- Oil filter: uses to remove impurities from the oil as
a secondary filter
- Oil gallery: the oil passages inside the engine
STARTING SYSTEM
Is uses to start the engine initially
components
- Battery: is the source of electrical power
- Ignition switch: is a switch uses to start and stop
the engine
- Startermoter with solenoid: uses to change an
electrical energy in to
mechanical energy
IGNITION SYSTEM
Is uses to ignite and create engine power
components
- Battery: the source of electrical power
- Ignition coil: uses to step up the voltage from
12 v up to 20,000 v and above
- Distributer: uses to distribute the voltage by its right
firing order
- High tension cable: uses to transfer high voltage
- Spark plug: uses to ignite the compressed air and fuel
mixture
