DISASTER PREPAREDNESS,

PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

(B20ED0703)
UNIT – [1]V
INTRODUCTION TO
DISASTERS
Dr. S. VIGNESHWARAN M.Tech., Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor
School of Civil Engineering
REVA University
Bengaluru – 560 064
 SYLLABUS

Definition: Disaster, Hazard, Vulnerability,

Resilience, Risks – Disasters: Principles of
Disaster Management; Types of Disasters-
floods, Landslides, earthquakes, Tsunamis,
and Drought - Classification, causes,
impacts including social, economic,
environmental, psychological; Significance
of earth processes in natural disasters,
Hazards, Risks and Vulnerabilities; Human
induced disasters; Global trends in disaster-
pandemics, Climate change - case studies. 2
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

DEFINITIONS
▪ Disaster is defined as a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or a grave
occurrence in any area arising out of natural or manmade causes,
or by accident or negligence.
▪ Hazards are defined as physical phenomena that pose a threat to
the people, structures or economic assets and which may cause a
disaster.
▪ Vulnerability is the extent to which a community, structure, service
or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the
impact of a particular hazard on account of its nature, construction,
and proximity to hazardous terrain or a disaster-prone area.
▪ Resilience refers to the ability of individuals, communities,
organizations, and systems to anticipate, prepare for, respond to,
recover from, and adapt to the adverse impacts of disasters.
▪ Risk is the probability of harmful consequences or expected losses
(deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted
or environment damaged) resulting from interaction between
natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions. 3
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Hazard

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 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Hazard
▪ There are two types of hazards, namely: Natural - These are
hazards caused by nature such as floods, droughts, earthquake
cylones, tsunami, landslides etc.
▪ Human made - These are hazards that are caused by human
beings either deliberately or by accident such as industrial and
chemical accident, road and railway accidents, aviation disasters,
fire, building collapse, communal violence, bomb blasts etc.

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 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Hazard
▪ Water and Climate related Hazards: 1) Floods and
Drainage Management 2) Cyclones 3) Tornadoes and
Hurricanes 4) Hailstorm 5) Cloud Burst 6) Heat Wave
and Cold Wave 7) Snow Avalanches 8) Droughts 9) Sea
Erosion 10) Thunder and Lightning
▪ Geologically related Hazards: 1) Landslides and
Mudflows 2) Earthquakes 3) Dam Failures/Dam Bursts
4) Mine Fires
▪ Chemical, Industrial and Nuclear Hazards: Chemical and
Industrial Disasters 2) Nuclear Disaster.
▪ Accident-Related Hazards: 1) Forest Fires 2) Urban
Fires 3) Mine Flooding 4) Oil Spill 5) Major Building
Collapse 6) Serial Bomb Blasts 7) Festival related
disasters 8) Electrical Disasters and Fires 9) Air, Road
and Rail Accidents 10) Boat Capsizing 11) Village Fires6
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Vulnerability
▪ It is the extent to which a community, structure, service or
geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact
of a particular hazard on account of its nature, construction, and
proximity to hazardous terrain or a disaster-prone area.
▪ It is the likely extent of damage due to a hazard. In the face of a
particular hazard, it is important to determine how each hazard
interacts with each and every dimension of vulnerability.
▪ Therefore, a study of vulnerability is a study of what might happen
to people or communities and while it is not certain that a crisis
might occur; it definitely affects different populations in a different
manner.
▪ Vulnerability represents the interface between exposure of any
physical threats to human well-being and the capacity of people
and communities to cope with those threats.
▪ Human vulnerability thus integrates many environmental concerns
and may undermine the entire sustainable development process in
developing countries. 7
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Vulnerability

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 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Vulnerability
▪ Physical vulnerability: Depending on physical location of people
and elements at risk and technical capacity of buildings,
structures, and infrastructure.
▪ Economic vulnerability: Poor people are considered to be more
vulnerable as their houses are built of weak material and in
dangerous areas.
▪ They do not have the essential safety nets to recover as the
affluent population. Their loose the essential tools and
equipment's of their livelihood as well.
▪ Social Vulnerability: Some sections of the population are more
vulnerable than the others like women, children, elderly,
physically and mentally challenged and those dependent on
critical facilities.
▪ Other types of vulnerability: Some other types of vulnerability
have also been identified like Environmental vulnerability,
Cultural vulnerability, Educational vulnerability, Attitudinal9
vulnerability and Political vulnerability.
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Hazard vs Vulnerability vs Risk

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Principles of Disaster Management

▪ Comprehensive Approach: Disaster management should adopt a
comprehensive and all-encompassing approach, addressing all
phases of the disaster management cycle.
▪ Prevention and Mitigation: Efforts should focus on preventing and
mitigating the impact of disasters. This involves identifying and
reducing vulnerabilities.
▪ Community Involvement: Engage and empower local communities
in all aspects of disaster management. Local knowledge and
participation are essential for effective management.
▪ Risk Assessment: Conduct thorough risk assessments to
understand potential hazards, vulnerabilities, and exposures.
▪ Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Foster collaboration and
coordination among various disciplines, agencies, and
stakeholders involved in disaster management.
▪ Early Warning Systems: Establish and maintain effective early
warning systems to provide timely and accurate information to
communities at risk. 11
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Principles of Disaster Management

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 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Principles of Disaster Management

▪ Capacity Building: Invest in building the capacity of individuals,
communities, and organizations to enhance their ability to
prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters.
▪ Sustainability and Resilience: Incorporate sustainability
principles into disaster management planning to ensure that
recovery efforts contribute to long-term resilience.
▪ Government Leadership and Governance: Governments play a
central role in disaster management.
▪ Ethical Considerations: Uphold ethical standards and respect
human rights during all phases of disaster management
▪ Flexibility and Adaptability: Recognize that disasters are
dynamic and evolving events. Disaster management plans
should be flexible and adaptable.
▪ Post-Disaster Learning: Conduct thorough evaluations and
assessments after a disaster to identify lessons learned. Use
this knowledge to improve future preparedness, response, and 13
recovery efforts.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Floods
▪ Flood is a rise, usually brief, in the water level in a stream to
a peak from which the water level recedes at a slower rate. –
WMO/UNESCO International Glossary of Hydrology (WMO -
1 974).
▪ Flood (or River Flood) is a relatively high flow or stage in a
river, markedly higher than the usual. A mass of water rising,
swelling and land - ICID Multilingual Technical Dictionary of
Irrigation & Drainage (ICID - 1996).
▪ Overflowing by water of the normal confines of a river,
stream, lake, sea or other body of water or accumulation of
water by lack of drainage over areas that are normally not
submerged.
▪ Inundation normally means only a few decimetres of water
and this does not have to originate from flood.
▪ Controlled spreading of water for the purpose of irrigation,
etc. 14
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Floods

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Floods - Causes
▪ The climatological factors, particularly excessive rainfall, act as the most
important cause of floods.
▪ Excess over the anticipated seasonal rain over wide spatial tracts
usually gives rise to the annual monsoonal floods and heavy rains from
sudden storms give rise to flash floods over small areas.
▪ Prolonged rainfall in localised small drainage basins often results into
heavy flooding. Flood intensifying factors refer to those variables that
accelerate the drainage basin response to a particular rainfall input.
▪ Human causes of flooding basically refer to the encroachment of the
flood plains. Floods remain a non-event if the floodplains are left
untouched by human activities.
▪ Thus, we find that floods are mainly caused due to heavy water inflow
and inadequate capacity within the banks of a river to contain high flows.
▪ Riverbank erosion, obstruction of flow, change in the river course,
synchronisation of floods in the main and tributary rivers, retardation of
flow due to tidal and backwater effects etc., will intensify the flood.
▪ Storm surge brought in by cyclones and tsunami are the cause of
coastal floods. These floods are not only highly destructive but are very
corrosive because of the high salinity of sea water. 16
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Floods - Causes

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Floods - Impacts
▪ The inundation of the landscape makes the building and other physical
structures untenable for long and ultimately leads to their collapse.
▪ The floating debris after the collapse of the physical structures further
causes damages to lives and properties.
▪ In mountainous and hilly terrain, the saturated soils often result into
landslides creating more hardships to the people.
▪ Threat of epidemics and menace to public health are the other
prominent adverse effects of the flooding:
▪ The intermixing of the toxic and unhygienic substances in the life cycle
of the people leads to the outbreak of endemic diseases like malaria,
diarrhoea, leptospirosis and viral infections.
▪ Amongst the bare minimum necessities of the people, the most affected
utility is the water supply. The carriage of poisonous substances by the
flood water contaminates the wells and other sources of drinking water.
▪ In urbanised areas, the collapse of the water supply system and
contamination of the ground water make the supply of clean drinking
water to the people a daunting task.
▪ Finally, the adverse impact of flooding is also found in terms of losses18to
harvests and the washing away of food stocks.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Earthquakes
▪ Earthquake means quaking or shaking of the earth. The lithosphere
comprises crust and uppermost part of mantle.
▪ It is the earth’s rigid part and is made up of numerous tectonic plates
which are in motion with respect to each other.
▪ Lithospheric plate can be continental and oceanic. Oceanic crust being
denser undergo subduction.
▪ The movement of these tectonic plates over the ductile asthenosphere
are responsible for causing earthquakes.
CAUSES
▪ 1. Surface Causes: They produce earthquakes of minor intensity which
are often insignificant and are caused due to:
▪ (i) Collapse of Caves: The caves and cavities are formed by the action
of underground water in the rocks like limestone.
▪ The impact in the surrounding area may result in their collapse causing
feeble earthquake.
▪ (ii) Landslides/mass movement/mass wasting: Massive landslide often
causes shaking in the surrounding area.
▪ (iii) Blasting of rocks: This can generate tremors in surrounding area
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which may produce cracks in the houses or induce landslides.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Earthquakes

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Earthquakes - Causes
▪ 2. Volcanic causes: The earthquakes associated with
volcanoes are more localised both in extent of damage and in
wave intensity produced.
▪ 3. Tectonic Causes: They include most important causes for
major earthquakes. Geological Hazards Some of these are:
▪ (i) Plate Tectonics: The crust of the Earth is divided into
plates which may be continental, oceanic, or combined.
Movement of these plates produces earthquakes. In most of
the cases the earthquakes are disastrous.
▪ (ii) Movement along Fault planes: Crustal displacements or
structural disturbances cause sudden slipping of the Earth’s
crust along the faults.
▪ As a result of movement of the adjacent blocks of fault, major
earthquakes are produced.
▪ (iii) Elastic Rebound Theory: This describes the mechanism
by which earthquakes are generated. 21
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Earthquakes - Causes
Impact Social Economic Environmental Psychological
Tr a u m a a n d
Medical costs D i s r u p t i o n o f
Fatalities and stress from
Loss of Life and potential ecosystems and
injuries during personal and
and Injury loss ofn a t u r a l
seismic events community
workforce landscapes
loss
F o r c e dProperty
C h a n g e s i n Anxiety and
Displacement evacuation and damage and
topography and f e a r of
and Migration displacement r e b u i l d i n g
land use aftershocks
of populations costs
Damage to
R e p a i r a n d D i s r u p t i o n t o Disruption to
Infrastructure b u i l d i n g s ,
reconstructio w a t e r a n d daily life and
Damage roads, bridges,
n costs sewage systems routines
and utilities
Loss of
Disruption of
productivity I m p a c t o n Financial strain
Economicb u s i n e s s
a n d agriculture and and economic
Disruption operations and
e c o n o m i c forestry uncertainty
commerce
output
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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Earthquakes - Impacts

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 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Earthquakes - Impacts
Impact Social Economic Environmental Psychological
Breakdown of Grief and
Impact on local Soil liquefaction
Communityc o m m u n i t y mourning for
businesses and a n d g r o u n d
Disruption structures and lost community
employment shaking
social networks members
Sense of
Landslides, soil Pollution from
vulnerability
Environmental l i q u e f a c t i o n , d a m a g e d D i s r u p t i o n t o
and loss of
Damage a n d g r o u n d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e wildlife habitats
environmental
shaking and industries
stability
Closure ofLong-term
Changes in Anxiety and
schools and i m p a c t o n
Educational river courses f e a r a m o n g
d i s r u p t i o n o f workforce skills
Disruption a n d c o a s t a l students and
e d u c a t i o n a l and education
areas educators
systems levels
Strain onIncreased
h e a l t h c a r e h e a l t h c a r e Contamination Mental health
Healthcare
systems due to c o s t s forof w a t e rchallenges,
Challenges
i n j u r i e s a n d treatment and sources including PTSD
trauma rehabilitation
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 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Landslides
▪ Landslides (also called "Landslips") are a major threat to the
environment, human settlements and infrastructure.
▪ They are mostly hill events and cover a wide variety of
landforms and processes involving the movement of soil
and rock down-slope under the influence of gravity,
Landslide phenomenon is experienced in all the hill ranges
of India.
▪ The Himalayas have been observed to be the scene of most
frequent landslide incidents, mainly because Himalayas are
a comparatively young mountain system and the rock
structure is still weak and fragile.
▪ The other hill ranges in India can be grouped in decreasing
order of landslide proneness, such as: Northeast hill ranges,
Western Ghats and Nilgiris, Eastern Ghats and Vindhya’s.
▪ Most landslides are triggered by natural causes, including
substantial rainfalls, cloud bursts, earthquakes, etc. 25
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Landslides

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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Landslides

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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Landslides

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Landslides - Causes
▪ Change in the Slope Gradient: A progressive increase in
the slope angle due to undermining of the foot of a slope
by erosion, i.e., by streams, rivers and glaciers.
▪ Surcharge: The surcharge or the overloading may lead to
increase in shear stresses and increase in the porewater
pressure in clay type soils or rocks, which in turn produces
a decrease in shear strength.
▪ Shocks and Vibrations Earthquakes: Large-scale explosive
and machine vibrations produce vibrations of different
frequencies and affect the equilibrium of slopes.
▪ Changes in Water Content: Rainfall and snowmelt water
penetrate the joints and crevices and produce hydrostatic
pressure. The increase in porewater pressure in soils
causes decrease in the mobilised shear resistance which
may eventually lead to instability. 29
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Landslides - Causes

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Landslides - Impacts
Impact
Social Economic Environmental Psychological
Category
Trauma, grief,
Fatalities and H a b i t a t
Loss of and mental
Loss of Life i n j u r i e s c a n destruction and
productivity and h e a l t h
and Injury occur, impacting potential loss of
labour force. challenges for
communities. biodiversity.
survivors.
F o r c e d
Soil erosion and S t r e s s a n d
e v a c u a t i o n , Disruption of
Displacement a l t e r e d anxiety due to
t e m p o r a r y o r local economies
of Communities v e g e t a t i o n relocation and
p e r m a n e n t and markets.
patterns. uncertainty.
displacement.
Changes in
Roads, bridges, Fear and
P r o p e r t yd r a i n a g e
Infrastructure a n d insecurity related
damage and p a t t e r n s
Damage communication to damaged
repair costs. affecting water
disrupted. infrastructure.
resources.
E x t e n s i v e
damage toLoss o f Increased risk of Financial stress
P r o p e r t y
h o m e s , livelihoods and l a n d s l i d e s i n and economic
Damage
businesses, and income. affected areas. insecurity.
agriculture. 31
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Landslides - Impacts

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 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Landslides - Impacts
Impact
Social Economic Environmental Psychological
Category
Costs of
L o c a l Disruption of E c o n o m i c
Disruption of c l e a n u p ,
economies ecosystemss t r e s s a n d
Economic rebuilding, and
disrupted due to and ecological uncertainty for
Activities preventive
lost businesses. balance. businesses.
measures.
Governments
Economic strain L o n g - t e r m A n x i e t y a n d
Costs ofa n d
o n l o c a l a n d impacts on soil frustration due
Mitigation and c o m m u n i t i e s
n a t i o n a l q u a l i t y a n d to prolonged
Recovery incur significant
budgets. fertility. recovery efforts.
expenses.
Connection to
A l t e r e d o r I m p a c t o n Potential loss of n a t u r e
H a b i t a t
d e s t r o y e d agriculture and p l a n t anddisrupted,
Destruction
natural habitats. food production. animal species. impacting well-
being.
I n c r e a s e d Concerns about
Contributing to A g r i c u l t u r a l
sedimentation l o n g - t e r m
Soil Erosion soil erosion and p r o d u c t i v i t y
in rivers and environmental
reduced fertility. decline.
water bodies. degradation. 33
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Tsunami
▪ A tsunami is a wave in the ocean or in a lake that is created by a
geologic event. They are also known as tidal waves or seismic sea
waves. Most tsunamis are very weak and have heights of only a few
inches (or centimetres).
▪ But the intensity varies from time to time. Near the place where they
are created, these larger tsunamis may have heights of many feet
(metres). As they spread out or move into the deep ocean, their
heights decrease to a foot or less.
▪ However, their heights increase again as the tsunami waves reach
shallow water near impact areas. The expected heights for these
larger tsunamis are around 30 − 70 feet.
▪ Tsunamis are most often caused by earthquakes and landslides.
Volcanic eruptions can also cause tsunamis.
▪ On 26th December 2004 the Indian coastline experienced the most
devastating tsunami in recorded history.
▪ The tsunami was triggered by an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the
Richter scale at 3.4° N, 95.7° E off the coast of Sumatra in the
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Indonesian Archipelago at 06:29 hrs IST (00:59 hrs GMT).
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Tsunami

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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Tsunami

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 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Tsunami - Causes
▪ Underwater Earthquakes: The most common cause of tsunamis is the
displacement of the ocean floor due to underwater earthquakes,
particularly those along tectonic plate boundaries.
▪ Submarine Volcanic Eruptions: Volcanic activity beneath the ocean
can displace water, generating tsunamis. This can occur when there's
an eruption or collapse of a volcanic island or underwater volcano.
▪ Landslides: Underwater landslides, whether triggered by earthquakes,
volcanic activity, or other factors, can displace large amounts of water
and generate a tsunami.
▪ Submarine Landslides: Similar to landslides, the collapse of the
seafloor due to various factors like sediment instability can lead to the
displacement of water and trigger a tsunami.
▪ Underwater Explosions: Man-made explosions, such as those from
nuclear tests or accidental explosions, can displace water and lead to
tsunami generation.
▪ Tectonic Plate Movements: Sudden vertical movements of tectonic
plates, especially at subduction zones where one plate is forced
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beneath another, can displace water and cause a tsunami.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Tsunami - Causes
Economic Environmental Psychological
Social Impacts
Impacts Impacts Impacts
Trauma and
Coastal erosion
Loss of lives and Destruction of mental health
and alteration of
injuries infrastructure issues among
landscapes
survivors
Displacement of Loss of Fear and anxiety
Contamination
communities businesses and about future
of soil and water
and individuals livelihoods events
Breakdown of Decline in Destruction of
Grief and
social structures tourism and marine
mourning for lost
and support local economic ecosystems and
loved ones
systems activities habitats
Disruption of
Increased Impact on Post-traumatic
education and
economic biodiversity and stress disorder
healthcare
inequality ecosystems (PTSD)
services 38
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Tsunami - Impacts

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Drought
▪ A ‘drought’ can be defined as a prolonged period of unusually dry
weather, with little rainfall, in a region where rains are normally
expected. As such a drought differs from a dry climate.
▪ Droughts are not confined to any particular tectonic or topographic
setting and their impact extends over very large areas and regions.
▪ The impact of drought affects the developing countries more severely
than the developed countries. The early effects of drought from endemic
seasonal hunger and the resulting malnutrition.
▪ Droughts can be classified into four types: i) Meteorological drought:
rainfall deficit ii) Hydrological drought: river flow deficit iii) Agricultural
drought: soil moisture deficit iv) Famine drought: food deficit.
▪ Though climate is usually the prime reason for the triggering of drought,
the situation is often made worse by the way people use the water
resources.
▪ Felling trees for firewood, denuding the forest for agricultural or housing
purposes, mining, unscientific farming method, indiscriminate drawing of
ground water are identified as causes of droughts.
▪ It is argued that serious droughts in developing countries are more40 a
function of global developmental policies than climatic conditions.
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Drought

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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Drought - Causes

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Drought - Causes

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Drought - Impacts
▪ Environmental Impact: problems associated due to scarcity of water
supply for drinking, irrigations and other uses pose tremendous
discomfort not only to the society but also on the forest and aqua-culture
habitat.
▪ Economic Impact - Drought pose tremendous economic impact on the
affected society in terms of loss of livelihoods / employment opportunities,
▪ Increased prices of Food / Fodder, falling of current agricultural and non-
agricultural wages and loss from diary / fishery / other livestock production
▪ Social Impact - drought put tremendous pressure on the social fabric of
the society in terms of Migration of people in search of
▪ alternative livelihood results in break up of communities and families,
▪ loss of Human Life (heat stress / suicides / starvation deaths /
unhygienic conditions in the working areas),
▪ distress sale of assets (movable and non-movable),
▪ increased inequity among social groups,
▪ increased conflicts - water user’s conflicts, political conflicts and other
social conflicts.
▪ It creates negative impacts on nutritional status, Increased mental and
physical stress (e.g. anxiety, depression, loss of security, domestic 44
violence etc.) and morbidity.
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Drought - Impacts

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Drought - Impacts

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 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Significance of earth processes in natural
disasters
▪ The Earth is a dynamic, evolving system with complex interaction of
internal and external processes. The processes that shape and change
the earth can be broadly divided into “surface processes” and “internal
processes”.
▪ Most changes on the earth’s surface (surface processes) are caused
by the external heat engine. Some of these changes, essential to
human survival, are slow and imperceptible; some are fast and
terrifying.
▪ Among the slow events is erosion by the water. Newly exposed rocks
weather to provide essential nutrients to soil and to release other
chemicals to rivers and streams.
▪ On the fast scale like the fast movements of air, such as hurricanes,
that are rapid enough and cause sufficient coastal flooding to be
potential catastrophic.
▪ The earth’s internal heat causes earthquake and volcanic hazards. This
heat results both from the accumulation of the earth and the radioactive
elements that it acquired as it forms.
▪ Mantle convection is the fundamental cause of earthquakes and 47
volcanoes.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Significance of earth processes in natural
disasters

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 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Significance of earth processes in natural
disasters
▪ Volcanic eruption not only create local disasters, but they may also
affect the earth’s climate for period of several years.
▪ The Earth’s internal and external heat sources create a dynamic,
rather than static, earth. Many rapid earths and atmospheric processes
cause changes are risky – hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, and so on.
▪ The forces that generate natural hazards can be internal or external to
the Earth. The internal forces arise within Earth.
▪ Examples are the internal heat of the Earth, the movement of the
Earth’s plates that produces compression or tension and the
movement of magma in the crust.
▪ External forces come from the Sun or the moon and influence weather
and climate.
▪ For example, uneven heating from the Sun causes wind circulation
around the atmosphere and different pressures, which can generate
weather patterns and extreme weather events.
▪ The gravity between the moon and the Earth causes tides. The
interactions between these forces and the Earth’s spheres control
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most natural processes.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Human Induced Disasters

▪ Direct or indirect exposure to toxic wastes and hazardous chemical
agents has been implicated in numerous adverse effects on humans
from cancer to birth defects.
▪ The old pollutants like lead, mercury, industrial solvents and pesticide
residues, are of great concerns in many parts of the world. There is a
reasonable level of understanding of their effects on human health.
▪ Although protective measures are not always adequately implemented,
there are provisions to reduce their harmful effects on human health and
environment.
▪ War is no more confined to war zones only or those fighting the war
directly. In recent times there have been more civilian deaths than
military deaths and hundreds and thousands of people are being
displaced as refugees.
▪ A high percentage of those dying or affected in these conflicts are
children. Air power and wide-ranging nature of modern war put entire
population at risk, disrupting food production, imperilling fragile
ecosystems and forcing entire populations to flee from their natural
habitats.
▪ In recent times most of the wars are fought in developing countries with
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indirect and covert involvement of major powers.
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Human Induced Disasters

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Human Induced Disasters

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 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Human Induced Disasters

▪ A massive and unprecedented change in the potential consequences
of wars began with the development of nuclear weapons.
▪ In the years since their use on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, the
expenditure on nuclear weapons and the number of arms in the
world’s nuclear arsenals has grown tremendously.
▪ Most of the industrial accidents are avoidable if proper safety
standards and protocols are implemented and followed.
▪ The dangerous gas and hazardous substances released during the
accidents affect life forms across the boundaries of neighbouring
states and countries.
▪ Indiscriminate burning of fossil fuels, emissions of pollutants from
motor vehicles, emission of poisonous gases from chemical industries
contributes to global warming.
▪ The inert gases are being used extensively in refrigeration fluids,
blowers in foam making, aerosol propellants, solvents and in fire
extinguishers.
▪ Depletion of ozone layer allows more ultraviolet radiation to reach the
53
Earth resulting in a great threat to life on earth.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Human Induced Disasters

54
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Global Trends in Disasters

▪ Based on the number of people affected, those killed – directly or
indirectly – and the economic impacts, the COVID-19 pandemic stands
out as an exceptional global disaster.
▪ As of 27 October 2022, there have been over 625 million cases of the
disease and 6.5 million people confirmed dead (WHO, no date). These
enormous losses have occurred within less than three years.
▪ Furthermore, the numbers are likely to be underestimates due to gaps
in reporting data. Attempts have been made to estimate the true death
toll by examining excess mortality figures, which are more
comprehensive.
▪ These studies have a significant uncertainty, but they all point to a
higher death toll. For example, the official death toll for 2020 was just
over 1.8 million, but some estimates place it at 3 million (WHO, 2022).
▪ Similarly, a 2022 analysis estimates that between 1 January 2020 and
31 December 2021 there were 18.2 million deaths, compared to the
official figure of 5.94 million (COVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators,
2022).
▪ It is not possible to state a final death count because the pandemic55is
ongoing
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Global Trends in Disasters

56
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Global Trends in Disasters

▪ Globally, the number of new cases increased by 4% during the 28-
day period of 11 December 2023 to 7 January 2024 as compared to
the previous 28-day period, with over 1.1 million new cases.
▪ The number of new deaths decreased by 26% as compared to the
previous 28-day period, with 8700 new fatalities reported.
▪ As of 7 January 2024, over 774 million confirmed cases and over
seven million deaths have been reported globally.
▪ During the period from 11 December 2023 to 7 January 2024,
COVID-19 new hospitalizations and admissions to an intensive care
unit (ICU) both recorded an overall increase of 40% and 13%.
▪ Globally, JN.1 is currently the most circulating VOI and is now
reported by 71 countries, accounting for around 66% of the
sequences in week 52 compared to around 25% in week 48.
▪ Its parent lineage, BA.2.86, is stable and accounted for 7.8% of
sequences in week 52 compared to 7.0% in week 48.
▪ The initial risk evaluation for JN.1 was published on 19 December
2023, with an overall evaluation of low public health risk at global
57
level based on available evidence.
THANK
YOU
58
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS,
PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

(B20ED0703)
UNIT – [2]V
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND
PREPAREDNESS
Dr. S. VIGNESHWARAN M.Tech., Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor
School of Civil Engineering
REVA University
Bengaluru – 560 064
 SYLLABUS
Vulnerability Assessment and Preparedness:
Definition: Vulnerability; Assessment of Disaster
Vulnerability of location and vulnerable groups;
Vulnerability assessment for floods, earthquakes,
tsunamis, landslides.
Preparation of Disaster Management Plans -
Roles and responsibilities of community,
Panchayat Raj Institutions/Urban local Bodies
(PRIs/ULBs); Framework at State and Central
Level-State Disaster Management Authority
(SDMA) - Early warning system - Advisories from
Appropriate Agencies for Earthquake, Landslide,
Flood, Drought. 60
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Assessment of Disaster Vulnerability of location and
vulnerable groups

▪ It is the extent to which a community, structure, service or

geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the
impact of a particular hazard on account of its nature,
construction, and proximity to hazardous terrain or a disaster-
prone area.
▪ It is the likely extent of damage due to a hazard.
▪ Vulnerability Analysis is the process of estimating the
vulnerability to potential disaster hazards of specified elements
at risk.
▪ Vulnerability analysis has both the engineering aspect and the
socio-economic dimension. It is holistic analysis, which is a
prelude to a comprehensive package of disaster preparedness.
▪ Vulnerability assessment is an inter-disciplinary process
undertaken to unearth both short- term and long-term and direct
and indirect losses likely in case of a disaster.
▪ It involves detailed investigations including on the filed 61
observations, surveys and statistical analyses, etc.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Assessment of Disaster Vulnerability of location and
vulnerable groups

62
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Assessment of Disaster Vulnerability of location and
vulnerable groups

▪ Geographic Location: Evaluate the location's susceptibility to

specific types of disasters such as earthquakes, floods,
hurricanes, or wildfires based on historical data and
geological/geographical characteristics.
▪ Climate Patterns: Analyze the area's climate patterns and
trends to determine the likelihood of weather-related disasters
like storms, droughts, or heatwaves.
▪ Socioeconomic Status: Assess the socioeconomic status of
the population in the area, including income levels, access to
resources, education, and healthcare.
▪ Infrastructure Resilience: Evaluate the quality and resilience
of critical infrastructure such as buildings, roads, bridges, and
utilities to withstand disasters and maintain essential services.
▪ Environmental Degradation: Consider any environmental
degradation or deforestation in the area
▪ that may exacerbate the impact of disasters, loss 63of
biodiversity.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Assessment of Disaster Vulnerability of location and
vulnerable groups

▪ Population Density: Examine the population density and

distribution within the area, as densely populated areas may
face greater challenges in evacuation and sheltering.
▪ Vulnerable Groups: Identify specific vulnerable groups within
the population such as children, elderly individuals, people
with disabilities, and marginalized communities.
▪ Access to Emergency Services: Evaluate the accessibility and
effectiveness of emergency services, including the availability
of emergency shelters, medical facilities, and first responders.
▪ Preparedness Measures: Assess the level of disaster
preparedness within the community, including the existence of
early warning systems and evacuation plans.
▪ Historical Disaster Data: Review past disaster events in the
area to understand the frequency, severity, and impact of
disasters,
▪ as well as any lessons learned or gaps in response and 64
recovery efforts.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Vulnerability assessment of floods

65
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Vulnerability assessment of floods

▪ Vulnerability indicators method which adapted to use
available data for providing a logical Image of the place
vulnerability.
▪ This method is widely used in flood vulnerability studies and
preferred by policy makers for its clarified vulnerability image
over space which priorities measures and plan for the risk
response in specified region.
▪ Vulnerability curve method. The relation between the flood
risk and elements at risk can be studied by empirical damage
or fragility curves.
▪ Disaster loss data method. This method is constructed on
data collection from real flood hazard and their usage such as
a director to upcoming events this method is a simple
approach but will be a little inaccurate.
▪ Modeling methods. Computer models can evaluate depth,
elevation and velocity of flood with using frequency, 66
magnitude and shape of the hydrograph.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Vulnerability assessment of floods

67
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Vulnerability assessment of earthquakes

▪ Earthquake vulnerability simply quantifies the impact of the disaster’s

possible hazards.
▪ In its broadest sense, earthquake risk results from. Earthquake
vulnerability assessments have been carried out using many
formulations, including analytical, mechanical, and empirical methods.
▪ Seismic vulnerability is defined as the tendency of the structure to
undergo structural or non-structural damage in case of any seismic
event.
▪ Seismic vulnerability based on empirical method are evaluated with
the help of post-earthquake damage data collected over the years
and thereafter the structures are compared with the structural details
and typology prior to seismic event.
▪ The damage data and statistics are recorded year after year around
the globe after every seismic event.
▪ On the other hand, in analytical method, the seismic vulnerability can
be assessed through deriving numerical model and performing
various types of static and dynamic analyses, mainly the nonlinear
68
analyses.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Vulnerability assessment of earthquakes

69
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Vulnerability assessment of Tsunami

▪ Tsunami inundation will vary according to the topography and

surface roughness but is limited to within a few kilometres of the
coastline.
▪ In the inundation zone, the exposure encompasses both the
population and the built-up environment (buildings, infrastructure
and critical facilities).
▪ The possible effect of a tsunami is quantified by measures of
vulnerability – the relationship between tsunami flow depth or
velocity, and the resulting damage or loss.
▪ Vulnerability is often divided into the study of (a) the probability of
human casualties, influenced by a population’s risk awareness and
behaviour during a tsunami,
▪ (b) structural damage and the resulting economic loss, influenced by
building type and construction material and
▪ (c) social vulnerability, which deals with damage to livelihoods and
communities and their post-event recovery.
▪ Socioeconomic vulnerability is influenced by socioeconomic factors,
70
gender, availability of infrastructure, and coping capacity.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Vulnerability assessment of Tsunami

▪ Tsunami inundation will vary according to the topography and

surface roughness but is limited to within a few kilometres of the
coastline.
▪ In the inundation zone, the exposure encompasses both the
population and the built-up environment (buildings, infrastructure
and critical facilities).
▪ The possible effect of a tsunami is quantified by measures of
vulnerability – the relationship between tsunami flow depth or
velocity, and the resulting damage or loss.
▪ Vulnerability is often divided into the study of (a) the probability of
human casualties, influenced by a population’s risk awareness and
behaviour during a tsunami,
▪ (b) structural damage and the resulting economic loss, influenced by
building type and construction material and
▪ (c) social vulnerability, which deals with damage to livelihoods and
communities and their post-event recovery.
▪ Socioeconomic vulnerability is influenced by socioeconomic factors,
71
gender, availability of infrastructure, and coping capacity.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Vulnerability assessment of Tsunami

72
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Vulnerability assessment of Tsunami

73
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Vulnerability assessment of landslides

▪ Exposure of the population and/or the built environment to

landslide risk can be assessed by superimposing landslide
hazard map(s) on maps of population density, the built
environment and infrastructure.
▪ However, this type of assessment provides only a qualitative
picture of the exposure.
▪ Landslides vulnerability assessment is a complex process
that should consider multiple dimensions and aspects,
including both physical and socioeconomic factors.
▪ Physical vulnerability of buildings and infrastructure is a
function of the intensity of the landslide event and the
resistance levels of the exposed elements.
▪ Societal vulnerability and resilience of a community, on the
other hand, are related to factors such as demographics,
preparedness levels, memory of past events, and institutional
and non-institutional capacity for handling natural hazards. 74
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Vulnerability assessment of landslides

75
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Vulnerability assessment of landslides

76
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Preparation of Disaster Management Plans - Roles
and responsibilities of community

▪ Community-Based Disaster Management is a very effective

and vital tool for reducing the vulnerabilities of the population.
▪ It also equips the populace with necessary skill and
knowledge to prevent the hazards from becoming disasters.
▪ Communities in disaster affected areas are the real sufferers
and are the first responders as well.
▪ Communities in high-risk areas have often developed their
own coping mechanisms and strategies to reduce the impact
of disaster.
▪ It is important to appreciate this local knowledge and
resources, and to build on them in order to improve the
capacity of the people to withstand the impact of disasters.
▪ Disaster reduction activities should be based on participatory
approaches involving local communities
▪ as much as possible, considering them as proactive
stakeholders and not passive targets for intervention. 77
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Preparation of Disaster Management Plans - Roles
and responsibilities of community
▪ Involvement and participation of the communities will ensure a
collective and coordinated action during emergencies.
▪ Building community leadership and a chain of trained
community cadres through participatory approach can help
harness the resilience and resourcefulness of the community to
cope.
▪ Solution is sustainable if it comes from people themselves
rather than thrusting upon them.
▪ Ownership of disaster reduction should not be stripped from
local people who would be left even more powerless in case
external intervention does not occur.
▪ In case the unit of community is taken as a village, then
development of Village Disaster Management Plan (VDMP) by
the community ensures ownership and reflects local conditions.
▪ The plan has to be prepared through a participatory approach
on the basis of facilitation provided by external resource 78
persons.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Preparation of Disaster Management Plans -
Panchayat Raj Institutions/Urban local Bodies
▪ Panchayat-level and village-level Disaster Management Plans
to mitigate the challenges in the event of disaster from a
foundational level.
▪ For holistic development of Panchayats, Disaster
management should be kept in mind while making a master
plan.
▪ Most appropriate institution: The Panchayati Raj Institution
(PRI), the representative body of the people, is the most
appropriate institution from village to the district level in view
of:
▪ Its proximity, Universal coverage and Enlisting people’s
participation on an institutionalised basis.
▪ Their close involvement will be able to make people more
prepared for countering natural disasters as well as involve
them in all possible preventive and protective activities
▪ so that the impact of the disasters are mitigated and the 79
people are able to save their lives and property.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Preparation of Disaster Management Plans -
Panchayat Raj Institutions/Urban local Bodies

80
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Preparation of Disaster Management Plans -
Panchayat Raj Institutions/Urban local Bodies

▪ Social mobilisation: The PRIs can act as catalysts to

the social mobilisation process and tap the traditional
wisdom of the local communities to complement the
modern practices in disaster mitigation efforts.
▪ Integration: Besides PRIs will also provide a base for
integration of various concerns of the community with that
of the NonGovernmental Organisations (NGOs) and
Community Based organisations (CBOs) which are
engaged in various developmental activities at the
grassroots level.
▪ Leadership Role: The Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI)
members can play a role of leadership in Disaster
management at all stages.
▪ Right from the preparatory stage up to the handling of the
long term development activities for risk reduction. 81
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Preparation of Disaster Management Plans -
Panchayat Raj Institutions/Urban local Bodies
▪ To provide assistance to the District Collector in disaster management
activities.
▪ ii. To ensure training of its officers and employees and maintenance of
resources so as to be readily available for use, in the event of a
disaster.
▪ iii. To undertake capacity building measures and awareness and
sensitization of the community
▪ iv. To ensure that all construction projects under it conform to the
standards and specifications laid down.
▪ v. Each department of the Government in a district shall prepare a
disaster management plan for the district. The local authorities need to
ensure that relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in the
affected area, within the district, are carried out.
▪ vi. Trust / Organisations managing Places of Worships & Congregation
a. Each establishment / organisation identified as ―critical
infrastructure and key resource , b. Including places of congregation in
a district shall prepare ―on-site and ―off-site c. Disaster
management plan. Carry out mitigation, response, relief, rehabilitation
82
and d. Reconstruction activities
‖
‖
‖
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Preparation of Disaster Management Plans -
Panchayat Raj Institutions/Urban local Bodies

83
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Preparation of Disaster Management Plans -
Panchayat Raj Institutions/Urban local Bodies

84
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Preparation of Disaster Management Plans -
Panchayat Raj Institutions/Urban local Bodies

85
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

▪ National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) - With the Prime

Minister as Chairperson and 9 other members.
▪ NDMA is entrusted with the responsibility of laying down the policies,
plans and guidelines for ensuring timely and effective response to
disasters.
▪ NDMA is mandated to lay down policies, approve the national plan,
approve plans of other ministries/departments.
▪ Recommend guidelines for the states, coordinate implementation of
policies and plans, recommend mitigation funding provisions and
coordinate bilateral support to other affected countries during disasters.
▪ NDMA is also expected to frame guidelines for provision of minimum
standards of relief, special provisions to be extended to widows and
orphans and ex-gratia assistance for restoration.
▪ The NDMA is authorized to constitute an Expert Committee consisting
of experts in the field of disaster management and having practical
experience of disaster management.
▪ At the national, state and district levels to suggest and recommend
86
measures for different aspects of disaster management.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA)

87
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA)

88
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Early Warning Systems

▪ India Meteorological Department (IMD) provides Cyclone Warning
Services for the country. The cyclone warning organization of IMD has a
three-tier system.
▪ These are, Cyclone Warning Division set up at IMD Head Quarters New
Delhi to co-ordinate and supervise cyclone warning operations in the
country.
▪ Area Cyclone Warning Centers Early Warning at Chennai, Mumbai and
Kolkata and Cyclone Warning Centers at Visakhapatnam, Ahmedabad and
Bhubaneswar. The cyclone warning services is also supported by the
Forecasting Division at Pune.
▪ A nationwide flood forecasting and warning system is developed by Central
Water Commission (CWC) and this initiative has also been supplemented
by various States/UT that make special arrangements in states.
▪ In the wake of massive loss of life during the Indian ocean tsunami of
2004, a tsunami warning system has been now established by the Ministry
of Earth Sciences (MoES) in collaboration with Department of Science and
Technology (DST), Department of Space (DOS) and the Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
▪ The National Tsunami Early Warning Centre has been set up at Indian 89
National Centre of Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Early Warning Systems

90
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Advisories from Appropriate Agencies for
Earthquake, Landslide, Flood, Drought
▪ It should be realistic, based on existing structures and systems and
recognising their strengths and weaknesses. A high level of adaptability will
be required during disasters.
▪ Roles and responsibilities must be defined clearly. This is often done
through provisions in the legislation setting up disaster management
structures, or through administrative order.
▪ Analysis of past events and how they were managed will form a central part
of this information base, but it is also important to anticipate the kinds of
event that are likely to happen in the future.
▪ It must prepare for extreme events and chaotic situations. These will require
a different scale and type of response from routine emergencies.
▪ Preparedness plans are usually much more aware of the vulnerability of
critical facilities and infrastructure (e.g. emergency command centres,
hospitals, power and water supplies, roads and bridges).
▪ The aim should be to provide effective and timely response. This is a
question not just of speed, but also of providing what is most needed, when
it is needed.
▪ Governments usually take the lead in disaster preparedness planning, but
as in any other aspect of risk reduction the plan should integrate the skills
91
and capacities of a wide variety of agencies – official and non-governmental.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Advisories from Appropriate Agencies for
Earthquake, Landslide, Flood, Drought
▪ Good coordination is vital – vertical (between local and higher authorities)
and horizontal (between different agencies operating at the same level).
▪ At government level, enabling legislation and adequate resources
(especially funding) are key indicators of commitment; so too is support
from a senior figure such as a president or prime minister.
▪ When a disaster strikes, a variety of goods and services are needed to
deal with the crisis.
▪ The necessary human resources include trained emergency management
staff and volunteers able to disseminate warnings, assist evacuation, carry
out emergency response activities such as search and rescue and first aid.
▪ Items that are needed but are brought in from far away when they are
readily available locally (such as blankets, tents, cooking utensils and
foodstuffs).
▪ Short-term measures to protect household assets will be needed in sudden
onset disasters. The most obvious step is to move them out of harm’s way.
▪ Communities vulnerable to frequently occurring hazards such as seasonal
floods tend to have well-established systems for moving livestock, food,
household utensils and other items.
▪ Agencies need to protect their own buildings, equipment – and files, 92
preserving records of beneficiary groups, resources and methods.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Assignment - 1

Climate Change
Induced Disaster
– Case Study
93
THANK
YOU
94
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS,
PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

(B20ED0703)
UNIT – [3]V
MITIGATION MEASURES AND DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
Dr. S. VIGNESHWARAN M.Tech., Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor
School of Civil Engineering
REVA University
Bengaluru – 560 064
 SYLLABUS
Disaster mitigation planning of human
settlements and townships for earthquakes,
floods/Flash floods, Fire, tsunamis, Landslides,
drought; Issues in Environmental Health,
Water, Food & Sanitation, Post disaster Relief
& Logistics Management; Basic principles of
disaster Management, Emergency Support
Functions, Resource & Material Management,
Management of Relief Camp, Information
systems & decision-making tools, Voluntary
Agencies & Community Participation at various
stages of disaster management. 96
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Disaster mitigation planning of human settlements and townships for
earthquakes, floods/Flash floods, Fire, tsunamis, Landslides, drought

▪ Disaster mitigation is defined as “Measures aimed at

reducing the impact of natural or man-made disasters in a
nation or community”(Carter, 1991).
▪ Strengthening buildings to render them more resistant
against cyclones, floods or earthquakes.
▪ The incorporation of hazard resistance in structures or
procedures to be followed in new development projects.
▪ Planning certain kinds or varieties of crops that are less
affected by specific kinds of disasters.
▪ Changing crop cycles so that crops mature and are
harvested before the onset of the flood or cyclone season.
▪ The adoption of land-use planning and controls to restrict
activities in high-risk areas.
▪ Economic diversification to allow losses in one sector to be
offset by increased output in other sectors. 97
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Disaster mitigation planning of human settlements and townships for
earthquakes, floods/Flash floods, Fire, tsunamis, Landslides, drought

▪ Risk Assessment: Conduct thorough risk assessments to identify

vulnerable areas within settlements prone to earthquakes, floods/
flash floods, fire, tsunamis, landslides, and drought.
▪ Zoning Regulations: Enforce zoning regulations to prohibit
construction in high-risk areas and promote safer land use
practices.
▪ Building Codes and Standards: Implement and enforce building
codes that prioritize structural resilience against earthquakes, fire-
resistant materials, and flood-proofing measures.
▪ Vegetation Management: Maintain green spaces and manage
vegetation to mitigate fire risks and reduce soil erosion in landslide-
prone areas.
▪ Emergency Response Training: Provide regular training to
emergency responders and residents on evacuation procedures,
first aid, and fire prevention techniques.
▪ Early Warning Systems: Establish early warning systems for floods,
tsunamis, and landslides, utilizing sirens, mobile alerts, and 98
community outreach.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Disaster mitigation planning of human settlements and townships for
earthquakes, floods/Flash floods, Fire, tsunamis, Landslides, drought

▪ Firebreaks and Fire Hydrants: Create firebreaks and

ensure adequate fire hydrant coverage to contain
fires and facilitate firefighting efforts.
▪ Community Fire Prevention: Educate communities
on fire prevention strategies, including safe cooking
practices, proper disposal of flammable materials,
and creating defensible spaces around homes.
▪ Coastal Protection Measures: Implement coastal
protection measures such as seawalls, mangrove
restoration, and elevation of buildings to mitigate
tsunami risks.
▪ Slope Stabilization: Implement slope stabilization
measures, including terracing, retaining walls, and
revegetation, to reduce landslide hazards. 99
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Disaster mitigation planning of human settlements and townships for
earthquakes, floods/Flash floods, Fire, tsunamis, Landslides, drought

100
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Disaster mitigation planning of human settlements and townships for
earthquakes, floods/Flash floods, Fire, tsunamis, Landslides, drought

▪ Water Conservation: Promote water conservation practices

and implement water management strategies to mitigate the
impacts of drought on settlements.
▪ Alternative Water Sources: Develop alternative water sources
such as rainwater harvesting systems, groundwater recharge,
and desalination plants to ensure water availability during
drought periods.
▪ Community Resilience Centers: Establish community
resilience centers equipped with emergency supplies,
communication tools, and disaster response resources for
various hazards.
▪ Disaster Resilient Infrastructure: Upgrade critical infrastructure
such as roads, bridges, and utilities to withstand the impacts of
earthquakes, floods, and landslides.
▪ Green Infrastructure: Incorporate green infrastructure
elements such as permeable pavement, green roofs, and rain 101
gardens to manage stormwater runoff and reduce flood risk.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Disaster mitigation planning of human settlements and townships for
earthquakes, floods/Flash floods, Fire, tsunamis, Landslides, drought

▪ Ecosystem Restoration: Restore and preserve natural ecosystems

such as wetlands, forests, and riparian zones to enhance resilience
to multiple hazards and promote biodiversity.
▪ Multi-Hazard Approach: Adopt a multi-hazard approach to disaster
planning, considering the interconnectedness
▪ of risks posed by different hazards and implementing integrated
mitigation strategies.
▪ Public Awareness Campaigns: Conduct public awareness
campaigns on disaster preparedness, emphasizing the importance
of risk reduction measures and community participation.
▪ Partnerships and Collaboration: Foster partnerships and
collaboration among government agencies,
▪ NGOs, community groups, and private sector stakeholders to
leverage resources and expertise in disaster mitigation efforts.
▪ Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish mechanisms for monitoring
and evaluating the effectiveness of disaster mitigation measures,
incorporating lessons learned into future planning and decision-
102
making processes.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Issues in Environmental Health, Water, Food &
Sanitation
▪ Disasters, such as floods or earthquakes, can disrupt water
supply systems, leading to contamination of drinking water
sources with debris, sewage, and hazardous materials.
▪ Contaminated water can result in waterborne diseases like
cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis, affecting the health of disaster
survivors.
▪ Disasters often lead to damage to sanitation facilities, causing
problems with waste disposal and sewage systems.
▪ Improper waste management can result in the accumulation of
garbage and waste in disaster-affected areas, creating breeding
grounds for disease carrying vectors like mosquitoes and
rodents.
▪ Standing water in flooded areas can provide ideal breeding
grounds for disease vectors like mosquitoes, increasing the risk
of diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.
▪ Damaged infrastructure and displacement of populations 103 can
also lead to an increase in vector populations.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Issues in Environmental Health, Water, Food &
Sanitation

104
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Issues in Environmental Health, Water, Food &
Sanitation

105
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Issues in Environmental Health, Water, Food &
Sanitation

106
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Issues in Environmental Health, Water, Food &
Sanitation
▪ Disasters can disrupt the food supply chain, leading to food shortages
and contamination of food stores.
▪ Poor food safety and nutrition can result in foodborne illnesses and
malnutrition, particularly among vulnerable populations like children and
the elderly.
▪ Inadequate shelter arrangements and overcrowded conditions in
emergency shelters can lead to the rapid spread of respiratory infections
and other communicable diseases.
▪ Proper ventilation, sanitation, and hygiene practices are crucial to
mitigate these risks.
▪ Disasters can have significant psychological impacts on affected
individuals and communities.
▪ The stress and trauma resulting from a disaster can affect mental health,
making access to mental health support and counselling an important
aspect of disaster response.
▪ Healthcare facilities may be overwhelmed or damaged during disasters,
leading to reduced access to medical care.
▪ Maintaining a high standard of hygiene and sanitation in medical facilities
is critical to prevent the spread of infections among patients 107 and
healthcare workers.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Issues in Environmental Health, Water, Food &
Sanitation

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Post disaster Relief & Logistics Management

▪ Restoring utility services is an essential prerequisite for beginning

economic recovery and for restoring some measure of comfort to
those whose routines have been disrupted.
▪ Public facilities often suffer as much damage as private property in
a disaster. Civic buildings, fire and police stations, hospitals, and
schools have all suffered damage or destruction in major disasters.
▪ One critical function of a post-disaster plan is to establish the
community’s priorities concerning reconstruction of these facilities.
▪ Knowing where to access financial assistance both for restoration
of business activity and for residential reconstruction allows for a
more smoothly functioning process of recovery and reconstruction.
▪ The safety of residential buildings is particularly crucial because of
their round-the-clock occupancy. When and under what conditions
may people reoccupy partially damaged structures?
▪ Replanning uses the new lessons about local hazards to reshape
the community’s long-term vision.
▪ This function ought to be addressed in two stages: pre-disaster 109
and post-disaster.
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Post disaster Relief & Logistics Management

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Post disaster Relief & Logistics Management

▪ The Search Teams are expected to have the capability to

perform physical search, consisting of conducting interviews with
survivors and a systematic movement across the site
▪ while listening for calls for help; canine search (search by dogs
specially trained to find out trapped victims under debris of fallen
structures and avalanches)
▪ and electronic search using sophisticated listening and seismic
equipment.
▪ These three primary types of search allow search personnel to
focus on the most important potential rescue opportunities.
▪ Prior to initiating search operations, the team must determine the
search strategy to be followed. This should be based on
detecting and locating the greatest number of victims in the
shortest amount of time.
▪ A plan should be developed which prioritizes the search
opportunities based on a number of factors,
▪ including occupancy, time of day, and local information 111on
missing persons.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Emergency Support Functions

▪ Emergency Support Functions are the essentials of Emergency
Management comprising of various coordinating agencies, which
manage and coordinate specific kinds of assistance common to all
disasters types.
▪ Each ESF is headed by a lead organisation/ ministry responsible for
coordinating the delivery of goods and services to the disaster area,
and is supported by numerous other organisations.
▪ These ESFs form an integral part of the Emergency Operation Centres
and each ESF should coordinate its activities from the allocated EOC.
▪ Extension teams and workers of each ESF will be required to
coordinate response procedures at the affected site.
▪ The ESF will coordinate directly with their functional counterpart, State
agencies, to provide the assistance required by the State.
▪ Request for assistance will be channelled from District level through
the designated State agencies for action.
▪ Based on the State-identified response requirements, appropriate
Central response assistance will be provided by an ESF to the State or
112
at the State’s request, directly to an affected area.
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Emergency Support Functions

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Resource Material and Management

▪ Designate a person (or a group of persons) within the supply
section as the focal point(s) for the given disaster.
▪ Establish a mini emergency supply team for targeted action-
oriented implementation, as a means of minimizing disruption
of on-going supply functions while meeting emergency needs.
▪ Coordinate through concerned departments/ministries with
other partners and counterparts to streamline supply
procurement and avoid duplication.
▪ Provide suggestions on potential supply sources, as may be
helpful to partners.
▪ Work with the Emergency Task Force (this could be operating
under a different nomenclature) to finalize and establish
correct products, specifications, quantities, qualities,
destinations, distribution and storage systems.
▪ Assess sources, prices and availability to determine local or
offshore options. 114
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Resource Material and Management

▪ Initiate the procurement process, keeping a provision for flexibility in
decision-making and operation processes to meet emergency
requirements.
▪ Establish an active communication mechanism that provides up-to-date
about all supply activities, ensuring that all key players have access to
the latest information.
▪ For items not available locally, coordinate emergency offshore
procurement, including charter flight, port clearance, delivery and
redistribution.
▪ Monitor the procurement, supply and distribution processes. As a
number of stakeholders participate in the process of providing relief it
becomes obvious that specific roles and responsibilities need to be
assigned to such actors for:
▪ Assisting the government other national and international agencies in
the distribution of relief items;
▪ Ensuring that interventions are not duplicated and the most vulnerable
are reached with relief and rehabilitation measures;
▪ Ensuring that the people in need receive their entitlements 115 and
compensation as appropriate.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Management of Relief Camp

▪ Each pre-decided structure/location shall have a coordinator to ensure
all basic facilities such as water availability, functional toilets, and
secondary source of electricity such as generator with fuel.
▪ The District Administration shall enter contact details of major
manufactures/suppliers of pre-fabricate sheets/tents/tarpaulins/mobile
toilets/mobile RO plants to ensure there is no delay in procurement
relief materials.
▪ The relief camp shall provide 3.5 sq.m of covered area for normal
person and more for differently abled persons. The relief camp will
have basic lighting facility and good ventilation.
▪ Necessary partition/separate rooms shall be allotted to women,
children, widows, elders and differently-abled people to ensure
protection and privacy.
▪ Sufficient number of women officers/volunteers shall be engaged in
management of the camp and they shall interact with women
inhabitants to assess their special needs.
▪ The District Administration shall liaise with telephone/mobile services
provide in the district to install portable mobile phone towers in case
116
communication breakdown.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Management of Relief Camp

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 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Management of Relief Camp

▪ Loudspeaker shall be installed in the camp to make announcement
regarding relief aid, food, transport facility, reporting missing persons,
etc.
▪ Relief center shall be a temporary arrangement and shall be closed
once normalcy is restored.
▪ The relief camp shall have proper signage in local language to guide
people.
▪ Appropriate quantity of fit to human consumption cooked food which
is culture specific and as per food habits of the community shall be
provided to the camp inhabitants.
▪ Steps shall be taken to ensure hygiene at community and camp
kitchens. Preferably disposable plates and glasses shall be used to
serve food and water for hygienic reasons.
▪ Minimum of 3 liters per person/per day drinking water and 15-20 liters
of water for personal hygiene is made available.
▪ One toilet for 30 persons may be arranged. Portable toilets shall be
rented for ensuring adequate number of toilets. Separate toilet shall
118
be allotted to women and children and differently-abled.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Information systems & decision-making tools

▪ During any emergency situation, the role of a reliable decision

support system is very crucial for effective response and recovery.
▪ Geographical information System (GIS) facilitates this task by
providing information about hazard zoning, incident mapping,
natural resources, critical infrastructure at risk etc.
▪ GIS-based information tools help disaster managers to quickly
assess the impact of a disaster, mobilise resources at right
location, within the best response time.
▪ The problem with the traditional manual maps is that they are
tedious and time consuming to prepare, difficult to update and
inconvenient to maintain.
▪ GIS allows public safety personnel to effectively plan for
emergency response, determine mitigation priorities, analyse
historical events, and predict future events.
▪ GIS can also be used to provide critical information to emergency
responders upon dispatch or while enroute to an incident to assist
in tactical planning. 119
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Information systems & decision-making tools

120
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Information systems & decision-making tools

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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Voluntary Agencies & Community Participation at
various stages of disaster management

122
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Voluntary Agencies & Community Participation at
various stages of disaster management

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THANK
YOU
124
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS,
PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

(B20ED0703)
UNIT – [4]V
REHABILITATION AND AWARENESS

Dr. S. VIGNESHWARAN M.Tech., Ph.D.,

Assistant Professor
School of Civil Engineering
REVA University
Bengaluru – 560 064
 SYLLABUS
School Awareness & Safety Programme;
Integration of Rural Development Programs
with disaster reduction and mitigation
activities; Risk Assessment, Response and
Recovery Phases of Disaster – Disaster
Damage Assessment; Role of Remote
Sensing, Science & Technology Information
systems and decision-making tools in
disaster management, Rehabilitation
programme; New initiatives, Disaster
management in India. 126
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
School awareness and safety programme

▪ School Disaster Management is the continuous process of

assessing and planning for preparedness, prevention and
response capacity development for:
• Safety of students and staff from any harm during and
post-disaster; minimizing disruption
• Ensuring continuity of education and other required
services for all children amidst the disaster recovery
• Create and uphold the culture of safety
▪ As being a part of educational continuity, school safety can
be referred as a continuous process to initiate and manage
the staff, students and teachers to ensure the safety of all
during the emergencies.
▪ School disaster management reflects the individual, and
family preparedness widening the extent of community
disaster preparedness. 127
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
School awareness and safety programme

128
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
School awareness and safety programme

129
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
School awareness and safety programme

130
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
School awareness and safety programme

131
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
School awareness and safety programme

132
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
School awareness and safety programme

133
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Integration of Rural Development Programs with
disaster reduction and mitigation activities
▪ Community Resilience: By integrating rural development programs,
communities become more resilient to disasters through sustainable
development practices, infrastructure improvement, and livelihood
diversification.
▪ Risk Reduction: Rural development programs can address underlying
vulnerabilities such as poverty, inadequate infrastructure, and
environmental degradation, thereby reducing the risk of disasters and
enhancing community preparedness.
▪ Capacity Building: Integration allows for the enhancement of local
capacities and skills in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery,
fostering self-reliance and empowering communities to manage
disasters effectively.
▪ Efficient Resource Utilization: By aligning rural development and
disaster management efforts, resources can be optimally utilized,
avoiding duplication of efforts and maximizing the impact of
interventions.
▪ Long-term Sustainability: Integrated approaches ensure that disaster
management efforts are sustainable in the long term, as they are
embedded within broader development goals and strategies, 134
▪ leading to lasting improvements in community resilience and well-being.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Integration of Rural Development Programs with
disaster reduction and mitigation activities
▪ The development of disaster management plan at the village level
aims at building the capacity and resilience of the community to
equip them with skills so that management of various hazards
becomes a way of life for them.
▪ Development of Village Disaster Management Plan by the local
community members ensures ownership and reflects local
conditions.
▪ Mock Drills check the response of the community in a simulated
environment. They have to be conducted at regular intervals on the
basis of plan prepared by the community.
▪ Awareness has to be generated amongst the community through
various mediums like televisions, radio and print media.
▪ These campaigns are carried out through rallies, street plays,
competitions in schools, distribution of IEC materials, wall paintings
on do’s and don’ts for various hazards.
▪ The aim of setting up of Village Disaster Management Committees
(VDMC) is for better utilization of local skills, resources, manpower
135
and leadership in order to equip them with tools and strategies.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Integration of Rural Development Programs with
disaster reduction and mitigation activities

136
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Risk Assessment, Response and Recovery
Phases of Disaster
▪ Risk Assessment Phase: In the pre-disaster phase, risk assessment
involves identifying potential hazards, vulnerabilities, and exposure of
assets and populations.
▪ This comprehensive evaluation helps in understanding the likelihood and
potential impact of various types of disasters on the affected area.
Planning for disaster damage assessment during this phase is critical.
▪ Response Phase: Immediate assessment follows a disaster, with rapid
damage assessment teams deployed to evaluate the extent and severity
of damage to infrastructure, housing, utilities, and essential services.
▪ These initial assessments inform immediate response actions, such as
search and rescue operations and the provision of emergency aid.
Findings from damage assessments guide resource allocation, directing
personnel, equipment, and supplies to areas with the greatest need.
▪ Recovery Phase: During the recovery phase, detailed damage
assessments are conducted to comprehensively evaluate the long-term
impact of the disaster.
▪ This includes assessing economic, social, and environmental losses
incurred by communities. Data from damage assessments inform
reconstruction and recovery planning, guiding decisions on rebuilding 137
infrastructure.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Disaster Damage Assessment

▪ Risk Disaster damage assessment is a critical process that spans all
phases of disaster management, from pre-disaster risk assessment to
response and recovery efforts.
▪ Before a disaster strikes, it involves identifying potential hazards,
vulnerabilities, and exposed assets to understand the likely impact.
This helps in preparing for efficient response and recovery actions.
▪ During the immediate response phase, rapid assessment teams are
deployed to evaluate the extent and severity of damage to
infrastructure, housing, utilities, and essential services.
▪ These initial assessments inform search and rescue operations,
emergency aid distribution, and resource allocation, ensuring that
assistance reaches areas with the greatest need in a timely manner.
▪ As the situation stabilizes, more detailed damage assessments are
conducted to comprehensively evaluate the long-term impact of the
disaster.
▪ This includes assessing economic, social, and environmental losses
incurred by communities, which informs reconstruction and recovery
138
planning.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Disaster Damage Assessment

139
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Role of Remote Sensing, Science & Technology Information
systems and decision-making tools in disaster management

1.https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/
wcee/article/14_K004.pdf
2.https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/
images/public-awareness/
ICT%20for%20Disaster%20
Risk%20Reduction.pdf

140
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Rehabilitation Programme
▪ Rehabilitation and reconstruction operations are integral to disaster
recovery. They provide a direct ‘connect’ between disaster response and
long-term development.
▪ Rehabilitation involves restoring local services related to the provision of
immediate needs. It implies a systematic return to predisaster status.
▪ It refers to actions taken in the aftermath of a disaster to enable basic
services to resume functioning, assist victims’ self-help efforts to repair
physical damage, restore community facilities.
▪ It focuses on enabling the affected population to resume more or less
normal patterns of life. It may be considered as a transitional phase
between immediate relief and major long-term development.
▪ Reconstruction, on the other hand, represents long-term development
assistance, which could help people in the affected areas to rebuild their
lives and meet their present and future needs.
▪ It takes into account reduction of future disaster risks. Rehabilitation may
not necessarily restore the damaged structures and resources in their
previous form or location.
▪ It may include the replacement of temporary arrangements established as
part of emergency response or the upgradation of infrastructure 141 and
systems.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
new initiatives and disaster management in India

▪ Initiatives like the establishment of the State Disaster Risk Management

Fund (SDRMF) and National Disaster Risk Management Fund (NDRMF)
based on the Fifteenth Finance Commission's recommendations aim to
enhance disaster resilience at both state and national levels.
▪ The creation of the National Disaster Management Fund (NDMF) in
February 2021 and the implementation of the National Disaster
Management Plan (NDMP) underscore the government's commitment to
effective disaster preparedness and response.
▪ Furthermore, the government has launched initiatives such as the Aapda
Mitra scheme to train community volunteers, the National Cyclone Risk
Mitigation Project (NCRMP) to address cyclone risks, and projects to
mitigate urban flooding risks in major cities.
▪ These efforts, along with investments in weather forecasting,
technological advancements, and capacity building, have significantly
improved India's readiness for natural disasters.
▪ The establishment of systems like the Disaster Management Information
System Portal and the 112 Emergency Response Support System
further underscores India's commitment to enhancing disaster
preparedness and resilience. 142
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new initiatives and disaster management in India

143
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Assignment - 2

Role of Remote Sensing

and Geographical
Information System in
Disaster Management –
Case Study

144
THANK
YOU
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