Map
Projections
ESSENTIALS OF MAP MAKING
• Scale
• Projections
• Map Generalization
• Map Design
• Map Construction & Production
DEFINITION
• Acc to F.J. Monkhouse:
A map projection is “ the representation of the earth’s
parallels & Meridians as a net or graticule on a plane
surface”
• Acc to Erwin Raisz:
A Projection can be defined as….. Any orderly
system of parallels & meridians on which a map
can be drawn.
Representation of 3 D figure to 2 D is called a map projection.
ELEMENTS OF MAP PROJECTIONS
• Reduced Earth
• Parallels of Latitudes
• Meridians of Longitude
• Global Property
Types of Map
Projection
On the Basis of Drawing Techniques
• Perspective: Can be drawn taking the help of a
source of light by projecting the image of a network
of parallels & meridians of a Globe on a developable
surface.
• Non-Perspective: They are developed without the
help of a light source or casting a shadow on
surfaces.
• Mathematical: They can be derived by mathematical
computation, & formulae and have little relations
with the projected image.
On the Basis of Developable Surface
A developable surface is one, which can be
flattened, and on which, a network of latitude &
longitude can be projected.
A non-developable surface is one, which cannot be
flattened without shrinking, breaking or creasing.
A Spherical surface or globe has the property of
non-developable surface whereas cylinder, cone &
plane have property of developable surface.
On the basis nature of developable surface, the projections are
classified as Cylindrical, Conical & Zenithal
1. CylindricalProjections : They are made
through the use of cylindrical developable
surface. A paper-made cylinder covers the
globe, and the parallels and meridians are
projected on it. When the cylinder is cut
open, it provides a cylindrical projection on
the plane sheet
Conical projection: It is drawn by wrapping a
cone round the globe and the shadow of
graticule network is projected on it. When
the cone is cut open, a projection is obtained
on a flat sheet.
Zenithal projection: It is directly obtained on a
plane surface when plane touches the globe
at a point and the graticule is projected on it.
Generally, the plane is so placed on the globe
that it touches the globe at one of the poles.
These projections are further subdivided into normal,
oblique or polar as per the position of the plane touching
the globe. If the developable surface touches the globe at
the equator, it is called the equatorial or normal projection.
If it is tangential to a point between the pole and the
equator, it is called the oblique projection; and if it is
tangential to the pole, it is called the polar projection
On the basis of Global Properties
The correctness of area, shape, direction and
distances are the four major global properties to be
preserved in a map.
But none of the projections can maintain all these
properties simultaneously. Therefore, according to
specific need, a projection can be drawn so that the
desired quality may be retained.
Thus, on the basis of global properties, projections
are classified into equal area, orthomorphic,
azimuthal and equi-distant projections.
• Equal Area Projection is also called homolographic
Projection. It is that projection in which areas of
various parts of the earth are represented
correctly.
• Orthomorphic or True-Shape Projection is one in
which shapes of various areas are portrayed
correctly. The shape is generally maintained at the
cost of the correctness of area.
• Azimuthal or True-Bearing Projection is one on
which the direction of all points from the centre is
correctly represented.
• Equi-distant or True Scale Projection is that where
the distance or scale is correctly maintained.
On the basis of Source of Light
On the basis of location of source of light, projections may be
classified as gnomonic, stereographic and orthographic.
Gnomonic projection is obtained by putting the light at the
centre of the globe.
Stereographic projection is drawn when the source of light is
placed at the periphery of the globe at a point diametrically
opposite to the point at which the plane surface touches
the globe.
Orthographic projection is drawn when the source of light is
placed at infinity from the globe, opposite to the point at
which the plane surface touches the globe
Some Commonly used Map
Projections
NAME OF PROJECTION Application
Lambert Conical Orthomorphic Proj. Map Of India & States of India
Lambert Equal Area Projection Map of Asia, South America
Bonne Projection Map of Asia
Azimuthal Equal Area Projection Maps of Islands of West Pacific Ocean, North
America, Africa, Australia
Lambert Projection Map of Europe
Conical with two Standard Parallel British Isles, Indian Islands
Polar Stereographic Projection North & South Pole
Mercator’s Projection Navigation Purpose
Robinson Projection World Map
Sinsoidal Projection
Universe Transverse Mercator(UTM) World Map
Military Grid Reference System(MGRS) Army Maps
Universe Transverse Mercator(UTM) Global Positioning System(GPS)
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