1.TREK TO PAKISTAN BY AHMAD SAEED KH.

MANSOOR
SARWAR
(*Trek to Pakistan* was published in 1955. The book details
Ahmed Saeed’s experiences and observations during the
partition of India and the subsequent formation of
Pakistan.Ahmed Saeed, the author of *Trek to Pakistan*, was
born on March 18, 1920.Ahmed Saeed passed away on
October 25, 2008.

2.HADI PAKISTAN STUDIES by RAO ZULFIQAR ALI (Rao Zulfiqar

Ali (1942–1999) was a prominent Pakistani scholar and
educator. Born in British India and later relocating to Pakistan,
he made significant contributions to education in the country,
especially in the field of Pakistan Studies.Career and
Contributions:Education: Rao Zulfiqar Ali pursued higher
education and became deeply involved in teaching and
writing.Authorship: He is best known for his textbooks on
Pakistan Studies, which are widely used in schools and
colleges across Pakistan. His books cover a range of topics
including the history, geography, and politics of Pakistan.)

3.KPK TEXT BOOK PESHAWAR for 8th CLASS BY

PROF.BAKHTIAR HEAD OF THE POLITICAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT SWABI
DOGAR UNIQUE LECTURER PAKISTAN STUDIES BOOK BY
SHAHID MEHMOOD DOGAR.

WHO IS WHAT BOOK BY SHAHID MEHMOOD DOGAR

4.PAKISTAN STUDIES BY IMTIAZ SHAHID.MCQs BOOK

(Imtiaz Shahid was born on June 14, 1947.Imtiaz Shahid was
born in Sialkot, Pakistan.Imtiaz Shahid passed away on April
30, 2008.Imtiaz Shahid’s book “Pakistan Studies” was first
published in 1987.)

5.PAKISTAN STUDIES BY M.SOHAIL BATTI.MCQs

6.PAKISTAN STUDIES BOOK BY IKRAM RABBANI.

IDEOLOGY
The word ideology composed of two words idea which means
thought and logy which means science.It means that ideology
is the Science of ideas.This word first used by distill Tracy in
french revolution l.
An ideology is a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an
individual.
An ideology is a set of beliefs, especially the political beliefs
on which people, parties, or countries base their actions.
Ideology means the aim according to which human beings
plan their future.
Collective thinking of a nation on a single agenda for specific
purpose is called ideology.
Kinds of Idealogy are economic, political and religious
Idealogy etc.
ELEMENTS OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
1. Islam
2. Territorial land
3. Democratic system
4. Social justice
5. Equality
6. Fundamental human rights
7.Role of Iqbal Vision
8.Role of quaid e Azam in making Pakistan Idealogy
9.urdu language
Subjects name of Master degree?
1.Ideology of Pakistan
2. Geography of Pakistan
3. Independence movement 1858-47
4. Pakistani society and culture
5. Human rights in Pakistan
6. Functional English

1. Political constitution development in Pakistan

2. Economic development in Pakistan
3. Mass media development in Pakistan
4. Pakistan foreign policy
5. Local self government in Pakistan
6. Urban life in Pakistan

1. Politicals constitution development

2. Muslim revivalist movement in Indo pak
3. Administrative and legal system
4. Cultural heritage in Pakistan
5. Pashtu literature
6. Rural life in Pakistan

1. Pakistani languages
2. Research methodology
3. Bureaucracy and millitary in political system in Pakistan
4. Political parties and pressure groups in Pakistan
5. Muslim rule in south Asia 1526-1857
6. Women empowerment in Pakistan

CAUSES OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

1.Millatary causes
2.Religious Causes
3.Political causes
4. Annexation of States
5.Economic exploitation
Christian missionary
Huge taxation
6.Immediate cause

CAUSES OF THE FAILURE

1.Change in Plan..10 may and 31 may
2.The treachery of the sikhs
3.Absence of active leader
4.Company controle over transport and communication
5.Economic condition

Map of Pakistan and KPK.Study in photos.

Currently Malaysia president Anwar Ibrahim is on visit in
Pakistan.security supported.supported Pakistan talk about
Kashmir.

Current federal Ministers

Defence and Aviation: Khwaja Asif
Finance: Muhammad Aurangzeb
Deputy prime minister and Foreign affairs: Muhammad Ishaq
Dar
Information and Broadcasting:Atta Ullah tarar
Interior:Syed Muhsin Raza Naqvi
Petroleum:Musaddiq Malik
PROVINCIAL MINISTERS
Important books of Pakistan studies and its authors.

1.The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global

Politics”Author: Ayesha Jalal(Ayesha Jalal(woman) is a
prominent Pakistani-American historian and academic,born in
1956 LAHORE,best known for her work on the history of South
Asia, particularly the history of Pakistan and the partition of
India).

4.The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the

Demand for Pakistan”Author: Ayesha Jalal

2.Pakistan: A Hard Country”Author: Anatol Lieven(Anatol

Lieven is a British author, journalist, and academic known for
his extensive work on international relations, with a particular
focus on South Asia, Russia, and global security issues)

3.The Making of Pakistan: A Study in Nationalism

(1967)”Author: K.K. Aziz(K.K. Aziz (Khurshid Kamal Aziz) was a
prominent Pakistani historian and scholar, widely respected
for his extensive work on the history and politics of South
Asia, particularly focusing on the creation and development of
Pakistan)
THE MURDER OF HISTORY by K.K Aziz.The Murder of History:
A Critique of History Textbooks Used in Pakistan” is a book
written by K.K. Aziz, a renowned Pakistani historian. Published
in 1993, the book critically examines how history is taught in
Pakistani schools, particularly through the textbooks
prescribed by the government.

5.Pakistan: A Modern History”Author: Ian Talbot(Ian Talbot is

a distinguished British historian and academic, recognized for
his extensive research and writings on the history and politics
of South Asia, particularly Pakistan and India)

6.Pakistan: A New History”Author: Ian Talbot

7.Pakistan: Beyond the ‘Crisis State’”**Editor:** Maleeha

Lodhi(Maleeha Lodhi is a prominent Pakistani diplomat,
academic, and journalist known for her contributions to
international diplomacy and her expertise in South Asian and
global affairs.She is Permanent Representative to the United
Nations (2015-2018): Maleeha Lodhi served as Pakistan’s
Permanent Representative to the UN) current representative
of Pakistan to UN is Munir Akram.
8.Jinnah of Pakistan 1984 by Stanley Wolpert(Stanley Wolpert
was a prominent American historian and scholar, known for
his extensive work on South Asian history, particularly the
history of modern India and Pakistan)

THE LINE OF FIRE is the autobiography(An autobiography is a

self-written account of a person’s life) of PARVEZ MUSHARRAF
published in sep 2006.

EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN book is written by Muhammad Ali

Choudary

THE STRUGGLE FOR PAKISTAN book is written by Ishtiaq

Husain qureshi.Ishtiaq Husain Qureshi was a prominent
Pakistani historian, scholar, and politician. Born on November
3, 1903 and was died in 1981.

INDIA WINS FREEDOM book is written by Moulana Abdul

kalam azad(India Wins Freedom is an autobiographical
account by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, a prominent leader in
India’s struggle for independence)
FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN or THE MYTH OF
INDEPENDENCE book is written by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.The
book, published in 1969, is a significant work on Pakistan’s
foreign policy.The book reflects Bhutto’s perspective on
Pakistan’s foreign policy, especially in relation to India, China,
the United States, and the Soviet Union.

FRIENDS NOT MASTERS book is written by Ayub Khan

published in 1967.

Pakistan: A Personal History is a 2011 book written by Imran

Khan, the former Prime Minister of Pakistan and former
cricketer.[1] In the book, Khan details Pakistan’s history; his
political party, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf; and his own life and
cricket career.

Imran Ahmad khan niazi profile?

Born 1952.22nd prime minister.1992 WC Vs England.

What is meant by Bloom’s taxanomy?

Ans:Bloom’s Taxonomy is a framework for categorizing
educational goals and objectives, often used to guide
curriculum development, assessments, and teaching
strategies. It is typically divided into six levels, arranged from
lower-order to higher-order thinking skills. Here’s a brief
explanation of each level with examples:
Remembering: Recalling facts or basic concepts.Example: “List
the planets in our solar system.
“Understanding: Explaining ideas or concepts.Example:
“Explain why the Earth orbits the Sun.
“Applying: Using information in new situations.Example:
“Solve a math problem using the Pythagorean theorem.
“Analyzing: Breaking down information into parts to explore
relationships.Example: “Compare and contrast the
characteristics of mammals and reptiles.
“Evaluating: Justifying a decision or course of action.Example:
“Assess the effectiveness of renewable energy sources.
“Creating: Producing new or original work.Example: “Design
an experiment to test the effects of sunlight on plant growth.
“Each level represents a different type of cognitive process,
with the complexity and depth increasing as you move up the
hierarchy.

Q.Current DC,DPO,DHO and DEO of Lakki Marwat?

DC:Iqbal Husain Bacha
DPO: Taimur Khan
DEO: Abdul Malik
Q.current vice chancellor of university of Lakki
Marwat:Dr.Shakeeb Ullah
What is the current speaker and deputy speaker of NA and
chairman and deputy chairman of Senate?
Speaker: Sardar Ayaz Sadiq PMLN
DEPUTY SPEAKER:Syed Ghulam Mustafa Shah PPP
CHAIRMAN: Syed Yousaf RAZA GILLANI
DEPUTY CHAIRMAN:Saidal Khan Nasar

KPK profile
KPK GOVERNOR IS FAISAL KARIM KUNDI
Chief Secretary is Nadeem Aslam Choudary
Population above 4 crore
Literacy 57%
Seats provincial Assemblyb 145
Divisions 7
Districts 38
Tehsil 105
UC 986
KP Assembly speaker Babr Salam Swati.
Deputy speaker SURAYA BIBI INDEPENDENCE
Opposition leader Ibadullah PMLN

The current Minister of Elementary and Secondary Education

for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) is Faisal Khan Tarakai.
The current Secretary of the Elementary and Secondary
Education Department (ESED) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is Mr.
Masood Ahmad.
Current director of education KPK is Samina Altar.
CHAIRMAN OF KPPSC: Cap.SIKANDER QAYYUM (RETD)

Current governors
Balochistan (list) Sheikh Jaffar Khan Mandokhail 6 May
2024 (122 days)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (list) Faisal Karim Kundi 4 May 2024

(124 days)

Punjab (list) Sardar Saleem Haider Khan 10 May 2024 (118

days)
Sindh (list) Kamran Tessori 10 October 2022 (1 year, 331
days

CURRENT CHIEF MINISTERS

Balochistan Sarfraz Bugti(PPP) 2 March 2024
(187 days) (Coalition government)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Ali Amin Gandapur 2 March 2024 PTI

Punjab Maryam Nawaz Sharif 26 February 2024PML-N

Sindh Murad Ali Shah 26 February 2024 PPP

Gilgit-Baltistan Gulbar Khan(PTI) since July 2023 coalition

government.

Pakistan NA seats distribution

Pakistan’s National Assembly consists of a total of 336 seats.
These seats are distributed among provinces and territories
based on population. Here’s the general breakdown:

General Seats
:Punjab: 141+w32=173
Sindh: 61+14:T 75
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP): 45+10:55
Balochistan: 16+4:20
Islamabad: 3
FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas): 12 (Note: After
the merger of FATA with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, these seats
are being integrated into KP)
Minorities (National): 10
Reserved Seats:Women:
Punjab: 32
Sindh: 14
KP: 10
Balochistan: 4
Islamabad: 0
Minorities: 10
Senate seats distribution
Each province has 14 general seats 4 for women 4 for
technocrats/Ulama and 1 for minorities=23
23×4=92
ICT has 2 general seats 1 for technocrats/Ulama and 1 for
woman,0 for minorities
92+4=96

NAMES OF THE HEADS OF THE PAKISTAN NEIGHBOURING

COUNTRIES:
As of the latest information in 2024, here are the heads of the
neighboring countries of Pakistan:
India:President: Droupadi Murmu
Prime Minister: Narendra Modi
China:President: Xi Jinping
Premier: Li Qiang
Afghanistan:Supreme Leader: Hibatullah Akhundzada
Prime Minister (Acting): Hasan Akhund
Iran:Supreme Leader: Ali Khamenei
President:Masoud Pezeshkian
Ebrahim Raisi plane crash 19 may 2024
USA PRESIDENT:Jao Baydan
RUSSIA:Mikhail Mishustin.

Research methodology?
Research methodology refers to the systematic approach,
principles, and techniques used by researchers to collect,
analyze, and interpret data in order to answer a research
question or test a hypothesis(discussed below). It
encompasses the methods, tools, and procedures applied in
the research process.

A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction or statement

about the relationship between two or more variables. It
serves as the foundation for conducting research, as it offers a
direction for investigation and provides a basis for testing
theories.
Example: “Increasing the amount of daily exercise will lead to
weight loss.”
Independent variable: Amount of daily exercise.
Dependent variable: Weight loss.
RESEARCH METHODS
1.Problem identification
2.DATA COLLECTION
Primary data
Secondary data
3.Review of available literature
4.Deciding the methodology
Qualitative research
Quantitative research
5.writting a research proposal
5.Analysing and interpret the data
6.writting the research report

CURRICULUM?
A curriculum is a structured set of learning objectives,
materials, lessons, and assessments that guide the
educational process in schools, universities, or other learning
environments. It outlines what students are expected to learn,
how they will be taught, and how their understanding will be
evaluated. Curricula are typically designed by educators or
educational authorities and can be broad, covering entire
subjects or grade levels, or specific to a particular course or
program. They often align with educational standards and
goals set by national, state, or institutional bodies.

Are you read a newspaper?

Geo News is a leading Pakistani news channel that broadcasts
in Urdu. It is part of the larger Geo TV Network, which is
owned by the Jang Group of Newspapers, one of Pakistan’s
largest media conglomerates. Launched in 2002.
Some of its well-known programs include “Aaj Shahzeb
Khanzada Kay Sath,” “Capital Talk,” and “Report Card.”

Anchors Associated with geo

Shahzeb Khanzada
Program: Aaj Shahzeb Khanzada Kay Sath.

Hamid Mir
Program: Capital Talk

Sohail Warraich
Program: Aik Din Geo Kay Sath
Rabia Anum
Bullitens

Saleem Safi
Program: Jirga

SIR SYED AHMAD KHAN

SOCIAL SERVICES
1.Kuhtbat e ahmadia 1869
2.tabeen Ul kalam
3.ahkam e taam ahl e kitab
4.Tahzib Ul akhlaq
5.Anjuman Urdu
POLITICAL SERVICES
1.Muslim British compromise
2.Causes of Indian revolt
3.asbab e baghawat hind
4.loyal of Muhammadan of India.
5.interpretation of Nasar.
ALIGARH MOVEMENT
Precious clothes.17BA and 3 MA.
ALIGARH MOVEMENT OBJECTIVES
1.Build confidence between Muslims and governments
2.Persuade Muslim to modern education and English language
3.to keep Muslim away from politics

DAR UL ULUM DEOBAND

District Saharanpur.village DEOBAND.Mwlana Abid
Hussain.qasim Nanotwi... participated in 1857.Tahrik e reshmi
romal.mehmood Ul hasan.abdul kalam azad.Ulama
divided.Ashraf Ali than I,Shabir Ahmad Usmani,M Shafi
supported Pakistan movement.Tabligh.
Objectives
Protection of Shah waliullah worRk.
ANJUMAN HIMAYAT E ISLAM
28 SEP 1884.Khalifa Hamid ud din.ereligious and modern
education.mutti bhar atta.1886 printing press.Risala Himayat
e Islam 1886.Darul Aman.

SiNDH MADRASAT UL ISLAM

Hasan Ali afandi 1885.1896 died.son wali muhammad.quiad e
Azam and Sir Ghulam hidayat Ullah.

NADWATUL ULMA
Syed Muhammad kanpuri.both education. Mwlan Shibli 1904
to 1913.suleman nadvi. Risala maarif.

JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA DEHLI

Muhammad Ali johar.1920.shifted to Dehli 1925.dr Zakir
husain,hakim ajmal and Ansari supported.

ISLAMIA COLLEGE PESHAWAR

Qayum son of Abdul rawof.21 march 1913.

CONGRESS AT TIME OF INCEPTION

First, there should be a British-style representative
government in India, in which all the powers of the
government are vested in an elected parliament.
Second, all government jobs should be recruited through
competitive examination.
3.Evolve sense of nationhood
4.grievances of Indian people
5.work for the welfare of Indian people

OBJECTIVES OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN:

1.peaceful atmosphere
2. Protection of Urdu language
3. Tortures of Congress ministries
4. Two nation theory
5. Protection of Muslim culture
6.Implementation of Islamic culture

SIMLA DEPUTATION DEMANDS

1.separate electorate
2.Muslims share in government jobs
3.Muslim judges in high court and chief court
4.Seats for Muslims in senate and syndicate in universities
5. Financial help for Muslim university.
6.Muslim representation in executive council

CAUSES OF THE DIVISION OF BANGAL

1. Administrative Difficulty
2. Religious Divide: mostly east bangal were Muslims and west
Bangal were Hindus and clashes.
3. British interest in Chittagong.
4.Uria Language....Orrisa
5.Lord Curzon promise with east bangal
6.East Bangal area was very backward

CAUSES OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ALL INDIA MUSLIM

LEAGUE
1. Establishment of congress
2. Hindus extremists sectarian parties
3. Partition of Bangal
4. Hindi Urdu controversy
5. Problem of slaughtering cow
6. To save Muslim identity
7. Political reforms
8. Separate electorate
9. Success of Simla deputation

OBJECTIVES OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

 1. Loyal to British
2. Safeguards of Muslim rights
3. Excellent relation with other communities

LUCKNOW PACT
1.Separate electorate
2.weightage formula accepted
3. Muslims one third representation
4. Any Bill would not pass three fourth
5. Executive and judiciary separation
6. Four fifth members of legislation would be elected.
7. Commissioned rank in Army should be given to Indian.
8. Central legislative assembly 150 members 4/5 by election
9. In major provinces 125 and minor 50 to 75.
10. Adult franchise
11. Legislative assembly 5 years
12. Half of Imperial legislative assembly Indian
13. Salaries of secretary by British exchangue
Hosting by ML.Qaisri garden lucknow.arrangement by Raja
sahib of Mehmood abad.
UP Muslim League member Choudary khaliq uz Zaman
criticized Lucknow pact in a book pathway to
Pakistan....Bangal Punjab division in 1947.

KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
1. Maintain Turkish caliphate
2. Protection of holy Places
3. Maintain Unity of ottoman caliphate

NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT 6 SEPTEMBER 1920

1.Boycott courts
2.Boycott school and colleges
3.Renounce government titles
4.Resigned government jobs

HINDU MAHASABHA
1921.madan Mohan Malwiya.hindustan only for Hindus.
SHUDHI MOVEMENT....Shardanand .insolence ... killed by
Abdul Rasheed.
SANGHATAN MOVEMENT..Dr.monjay.training Hindus
ARIA SAMAJ.swami Dayanand saraswati
SIMON COMMISSION
1.Federal system of government
2.Diarchy Abolished in provinces and it promulgated in
centre.Provinces made autonomous.
3. Sindh separation
4.Reforms in NWFP
5. 1/3 representation of Muslim rejected, representation
according to population
6.vote right extend to more people

General dyer killed by Odham Singh in London in 1940.

DEHLI MUSLIM PROPOSALS

1.Sindh separation
2.Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan
3.Representation in Punjab and Bangal according to Muslim
population
4.one third seats in central legislative assembly

NEHRU REPORT
1. Rejected separate electorate
2. Unitory form of government
3. Separate sindh from Bombay
4. One fourth Muslim representation
5. Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan
6. Hindi official language
7.In south Punja new Hindu province karnatik will be
created.
Quaid e Azam suggested three amendments in Nehru
report
1.1/3 Muslim representation
2.in Punjab and Bangal Muslim representation according to
their population
3.provinciL autonomy

JINNAH FOURTEEN POINTS

1.Federal
2. Provincial autonomy
3.Representation of minority
4.1/3 Muslim representation
5.Separate electorate
6.Muslim majority provinces territory should not reduced
7.Religious liberty
8.3/4 representation for bill
9.Separation of Sindh
10.Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan
11.Muslim share in services
12.Protection of Muslim culture and language
13.1/3 Muslims ministers
14.No constitution change without provinces

GANDHI IRWIN PACT 05th March 1931

1.Discontinue CDM
2.congress present in 2nd RTC
3.Leaders releasing

CONGRESS MINISTRIES
1.Hindu Muslims riots
2.Band e matram
Bankim Chandra chatterji.1870s.anad math novel 1882
3.Three colour flag
4.Cow slaughtering
 5.Wardha education system
6.Vidya Mandir scheme Gandhi picture
7.Official language Hindi
8.Disturbance in religious matters

AUGUST OFFER 1940

Get the support of Indian
Dominion status
Constituent assembly
Safety of the minority rights
Congress rejected while Muslim League accepted it
CRIPPS MISSION
1. Dominion status
2. All institutions to Indian
3. Central Constituent Assembly formation
4. Made constitution given to provinces
5.Safeguards for minority rights
6. General election in provinces

LORD WAVELL PLAN

1.Executive council reconstituted
2. Constitution of India by themselves
21 leaders invited for Wavell plan.jinnah.liaqat Khwaja nazim
ud din.

CABINET MISSION
1. Union of India
2. Groups of provinces
3. All powers to provinces
4. After ten years separation
5.Interim government......Short term
3rd JUNE PLAN

1.punjab Bangal division or not by 2.NWFP and Sylhat

referendum
3.Balochistan Shahi jarga and municipal commettee
4.states India Pakistan or independence
5.own governor general
6.Sindh assembly decided
7.Hindu majority provinces India
8.Millitary division
9.Boundary commission
10. 14 August 1947 instead of June 1948

INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT 1947

1.Two dominions
2.British commonwealth
3.Act of 1935
4.own governor general
5.Boundary commission
6.Princely states willing
7.agreements with princely state
8.British crown control ended

EARLY PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN

Boundary dispute...batala, gurdaspur and zeera link to India
to Kashmir
Refugees problems
Administrative problems
Water dispute
Divisions assets
Divisions of millitary assets
Dispute of states
Economic problems
Constitutional problems
Death of quaid e Azam
GEO STRATEGIC
It means the importance of a country or region in which they
are geographically located.
Cash share of Pakistan 750M.200M first.500M once again.
GEO STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN
1.Heart of the Islamic world
2.Fort of the Islamic world
3.Gateway to south Asia
4.Natural resources
5.Political importance
6.Defence Importance
7.Arabian sea

INDUS WATER TREATY 1960

World bank,1944, Washington DC.ayub Nehru.pak Indus
Jhelum chenab.india Ravi bias Sutlaj.
ECONOMIC INSTABILITY IN PAKISTAN
1.Non development expenditure is more than development
expenditure
2.Less exports than imports
3.More defence expenditure
4.Poor economic policies
5.Poor agriculture reforms
6.Unequal distribution of wealth
7.Robbery,theft and smuggling
8.Increase in population
9.Burdon of international debt
10.Unemployment
11.Backward technology

CAUSES OF FAILURE OF PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY IN

PAKISTAN
1.Unexperience Leadership
2.Sudden death of Quaid e Azam
3.Failure of first constituent assembly
4.Martial laws
OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION 1949
1.Sovereinghty belongs to Allah
2.Islamic legislation
3.Power and authority of the state
4.Provided Islamic atmosphere
5.Protection of minority rights
6.Federal system
7.Independence Judiciary
8.Basic rights
9.Islamic way of life
10.Urdu as a national language
11.protection of minorities
In all constitution of Pakistan objective resolution included as
a preamble

SHEIKH MUJIB UR REHMAN SIX POINTS

1.FEDERATION.. only defence and foreign affairs
2.MONETARY POLICY:own currencies
3.OWN FOREIGN TRADE
4.TAXATION POWEE.. federal only custom tax all other to
provinces
5.SEPARATE FOREIGN ACCOUNTS
6.PARAMILITARY or MILITIA for East Pakistan

CAUSES OF THE SEPARATION OF EAST PAKISTAN

1.Geographical features
2.Provincial prejudices
3.Different life style
4.Incompetent leadership
5.Hindus in east Pakistan trade and teachers
6.Language issue
7.Economic disparity
8.Agartala conspiracy case
9.six points of sheikh Mujib Ur rehman
10.General election 1970
11.Indian interference

STEPS TOWARDS ISLAMISATION

1.Hadood Ordinance 10 February 1979
2.Federal Sharia court 26 may 1980
3.Zakat and usher Ordinance 20 June 1980
4.Iterest free banking January 1981
5.Wafaqi muhtasib 1983
6.Ramzan Ordinance
7.Teaching of Islamiyat and Pakistan studies
8.Nizam e salat and Azan
9.Ban on un-Islamic literature
10.Sharia bill 1991

CULTURE
It is a social heritage and it is the totality of way of life of the
people.
According to Allama Iqbal culture encompasses all the mental,
spiritual and physical activities of a nation.it includes faith,
beliefs,customs and music etc.

FOREIGN POLICY
Relations between sovereign states.
BASIC GOALS OF PAKISTAN FOREIGN POLICY
1.Maintainance of territorial integrity
2.Maintainance of political political development
3.Economic development
4.Friendly relation with all countries
PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES OF PAKISTAN FOREIGN POLICY
1.Freedom and soverienghty
2.Relations with Muslim countries
3.Non interference in internal affairs of other countries
4.Implementation of UN charter
5.Promotion of world peace
6.Non alignment
7.Member of international organization
DETERMINENTS OF PAKISTAN FOREIGN POLICY
1.Troika
2.Foreign Ministers
3.Intelligence Agencies
4.Political parties and pressure groups
5PHASES OF PAKISTAN FOREIGN POLICY
1.1947-60 tilted towards USA.Cold war
Era.SEATO.CENTO.1965 war no help from America to Pakistan
2.1960s tilted towards USA.capatalism.1971 war USA no help.
3.1970s Bhatto changed towards Russia(Socialism or
communism).steal mill.Bhatto used socialist policy.
4.1980s.Zia Ul haq.tilted towards West(USA) and Islamic.1979
Russia in Afghanistan.jihad.America help.
5.1990s.PPP and PMLN.tilted towards USA.IMF funding.
9/11 tilted towards USA.Millitary bases.Pakistan is very
important forUSA. Terrorism started.
6.2010s.Pakistan was accused of double game.
PTI govt: two visits of America Imran khan. But the PTI
government showed its eyes to America.best relationship
with china.

SOCIETY
It means the system of living together in group.

OIC
25 SEP 1969.started work in 1972.permanat secretariat in
Jaddah Saudi Arabia.
AIMS OF THE ORGANISATION
1.Islamic countries solidarity
2.Cooperation in political, economic , social, cultural and
scientific fields
3.Safeguard of the holy Places
4.Support Falastin
5.Defence of Muslim countries

RCD or ECO
RCD Regional Cooperation for Development or ECO
RCD worked from 1964to 1979
New name is ECO since 1985
1992 central Asian nations joined
Members 10 IKK U PAATTT
All Islamic countries.
Secretariat in Tehran
Reinsurance company branch(Business)in Karachi
OBJECTIVES
1.Economic Development
2.Trade promotion
3.Development in transport and communication, agriculture,
cultural and industrial
4.
ISRAEL FALASTINR WAR
Israel 14 may 1948
Bakta day 15May
Balfour declaration 1917
British left Falastin 1948
Arab Falastin war 1948
Hamas controled only ghaza
Operation Al aqsa 7 October 2023
Hasan nasrullah martyred on 29 SEP 2024
Ismail Haniyah martyred on 31st July 2024 Tehran.
Israel...Nathan Yahu
Falastin...Yahya

CONSTITUTION
The rules and regulations through which a state or country run
their government is called constitution.It outlines the duties
and rights of citizens and institutions.
Or
A constitution is a set of fundamental principles that outline
how a state or organization is governed. It defines the
structure of government, the powers and duties of different
branches, and the rights and responsibilities of citizens.
‫دین کے لفظی معنی روش اور طریقہ کے ہیں۔دین‬
‫سب انبیاء کا مشترک ہیں جیسےامنت بااللہ۔۔۔۔‬
‫اسالم کے لفظی معنی اپنے آپ کو اللہ کے سپرد کرنا۔‬
‫ہمارا دین اسالم ہے۔‬
SAARC
EIGHT ASIAN COUNTRIES Dec 8 1985
MBBS PAIN
Zia Ur Rehman.08 December 1985 dhaka.headquarter
Kathmandu(Nepal).Last Afghanistan 2007.conferences in
Pakistan two 1988 (Benazir and Rajiv Gandhi).2004 both in
Islamabad.
Cooperation in trade, communication, Science, transportation
education etc.

SCO SHANGAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION 1996

SCO name in 2001.before name Shanghai 5
PTC KI RUKI=Pak, Tajikistan, china
karghstan,India,Russia,uzbak, Kazakhstan, Iran
Pak and India 2017 membered.
Cold war ended in 1991,division of Russia, America win
Secretariat in Beijing chine.Almost central Asian countries.
SCO business and investment conference was held in Pakistan
12 and 13 2024 by Ministry of commerce,Ans SCO countries
heads conference scheduled in Oct 15 and 16 2024 in Pakistan.
Objectives
Mutual security
Stop influence of USA
Socially
Economy
Education
Energy

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TEACHER

1.Knowledge
2.Communication skills
3.Adaptability...how students easily learn
4.Creativity
5.Motivational skills
6.Teaching preparation
UN General Assembly Shahbaz sharif speech 79th session
1.Falastin Israel war.
2.Kashmir issue.5th August 2019
3.Flood and climate change in Pakistan
4.CPEC
5. Terrorism
6.Ukrain war

Built road initiative BRI and CPEC

Started work in 2013 and completed 2049.
BRI is 160 billion dollars project.CPEC is very important project
in BRI.
CPEC
Kashgar to Gawadar
3218 km long.Railways.50. Billion dollars,30 for energy and 15
for infrastructure.motorways.complete 2030.
Goals of CPEC
Elimination of poverty.
Agriculture development
Industrialization
Technology advancements.

PSL
2015.feb 2016 5 teams.champion Islamabad.Peshawar zalmi
won 2017 final.in 2018 Multan sultan was added as a team.
Total seasons 9.2024 season won by islamabad (3rd time)
against Multan sultan at national stadium Karachi.
International cricket
2023 champion Australia
2024 t20 champion india

GEOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN
India boarder 3323km
A)Himalaya...Asam India to Indus river
Shawalik.600 to 1200m.hazara.attak.pindi
Pirpunjal.1800 to 4600m.batagram.abatabad.mansehra
Kabir.6000m.Nanga parbat 8120m,Saiful malook wadi kaghan.
B)Karakoram
K2 8611m.khunjrab pass.karakoram pass.20 glaciers more
than 20km
C)N.W.mountain
Kohe hidukush
Chitral.tirch mir7690m.khyber pass.river chitral.
KOH E SUFAID
3600m.Sikaram sar.para chinar.
WAZIRISTAN HILLS
1500m to 3000m.Miranshah and Wana.
KOHE SULEIMAN
Takht e suleman 3847m
KOHE KIRTHAR
400km length.30km width.lower Indus plain and Balochistan
separation.

PLATEAUS
Sttah hamwar.
PHOTOHAR PLATEAU
Between Indus and Jhelum river.Pindi jehlum Islamabad.300
to 600m.skesar peak 1527m. Salt range.minerals.kewrra salt
mine
BALOCHISTAN PLATEAU
600 TO 900m.Area 34190sq km.chaghi mountain.hamoon
mashkhil lake.
PLAINS
UPPER PLAIN
Punjab.shiwalak mountain to mittan koot.River indus, Jhelum
chanab,ravi sutlaj.1200f to 400f
LOWER INDUS PLAIN
Sindh
Magro fast at delta.delta from Tatta to Indian Ocean.

DESERT
Katpana skardu desert 2236m altitude
Thar 15%pakistan 1,75000sq km.16th in world
Cholistan Punjab.rohi.bahawalpur.bahawal Nagar.
Thal Punjab 305 sq km
Kharan . Balochistan

DOAB
Sindh Sagar. Jehlum Indus
Chaj.jhelum chanab
Rachna.chenab Ravi
Bari.ravi Sutlaj
Bist doab.bias Sutlaj

PASSES.study in picture
1.Khyber Pass – Kabul with Peshawar
2. Bolan Pass – Jacobabad and Sibi with Quetta,
3. Lowari Pass – Chitral with Dir
4. Broghil Pass – Pakistan-Afghanistan border
5. Malakand Pass – Dir with Chitral
6. Shandur Pass – Gupis, Gilgit with Chitral
7. Khanjrab Pass – Pakistan with China
8. Dorah Pass Badakshan Province of Afghanistan with Chitral
9.Khojak Pass.qilla Abdullah with chapman.toba kakar range.
Muztagh Pass6013m Baltistan – Yarkand

Karakoram Pass5880mKashmir – China

Khankun Pass5060mD-I Khan – Ghazni

Bolan Pass 1,793m Balochistan – KPK

Kilic Pass 4827m GB- Xinjiang (China)

Khunjrab Pass 4693 mPak – China

Mintaka Pass 4709mKashmir – China.

Dorah Pass4300mAfghanistan – Chitral

Babusar Pass4173 mGB – KPK

Shandur Pass3700mChitral – Gilgit

Lowari Pass3118mDir – chitral

Buroghil Pass3798mChitral – Wakhan (Afg)

Khyber Pass1070mPak-Afghan
GLACIERS
Total length of glaciers in Pakistan 1771 Km-2nd in world
Siachen Glacier 78 km Karakoram
Baltora Glacier 63 km Karakorum
Batora Glaciers 57 km Hunza valley
Abruzzi Glacier-Gilgit-Baltistan
Blafo Glacier-67 km- Karakoram Mountains

Azad hind army by Subhash Chandra Bose in 1942 with the

help of Japan to expel British.Major Mohan singh.Subash
Chandra Bose died on 18th August 1945 crash plane injury in
Taiwan.
.Japan joined 2nd world war on 27 SEP 1940.singapore lost in
1942.

Iran attacked Pakistan with missiles on 16 January 2024.jaish

Al adl millitant.pakistan attacked Iran separatist Baloch camp
17 January.
Tochi pass Bannu ghazni.
Khunjrab pass karakoram 15000feet.GB.cpec.
Must watch quick review videos of 1857 to 2020.
HRCP
The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) was
established in 1987. It was founded as an independent, non-
governmental organization with the mission to promote and
defend human rights in Pakistan. HRCP has since become a
leading human rights body in the country, focusing on issues
such as freedom of expression, minority rights, women’s
rights, and democratic governance.
ARTICLE 6
Article 6 was part of the original Constitution of Pakistan
when it was promulgated on August 14, 1973. The article was
included to safeguard the supremacy of the Constitution and
to prevent unconstitutional actions, such as military coups or
other forms of subversion of democratic rule.

The importance of Article 6 became more prominent after

military interventions in Pakistan’s politics, and it has been
referred to in legal actions against military rulers, particularly
after constitutional deviations by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977
and General Pervez Musharraf in 1999.

Article 63(A) is part of the Constitution of Pakistan, dealing

with the disqualification of members of the Parliament.
Article 63(A): Disqualification on Grounds of Defection

It specifically addresses issues related to defection from

political parties. The article defines the circumstances under
which a member of the Parliament (either National Assembly
or Senate) may be disqualified if they are found to have
defected from their political party.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GDP AND GNP:

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the total value of all
goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a
specific time period, regardless of who produces them.

Gross National Product (GNP), on the other hand, measures

the total value of all goods and services produced by a
country’s residents, regardless of where the production takes
place. This means GNP includes the income earned by
residents from investments abroad but excludes the income
earned by foreign residents within the country.
In summary:
GDP = Total domestic production
GNP = Total production by a country’s residents (including
abroad)
LAKKI MARWAT LOCATION
Lakki Marwat is a district located in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
province of Pakistan. It is situated in the southern part of the
province, bordered by the districts of Dera Ismail Khan to the
west and Bannu to the north. The area is known for its
agricultural activities and has a predominantly Pashto-
speaking population. The district’s administrative center is
also called Lakki Marwat.
The latitude and longitude of Lakki Marwat, Pakistan, are
approximately:
Latitude: 31.5581° N
Longitude: 70.8947° E

‫آئینی ترمیم‬

64 ‫ ووٹ اور سینیٹ میں‬224 ‫قومی اسمبلی میں‬

‫ووٹ۔‬
214 ‫سیاسی جماعتوں کے پاس قومی اسمبلی میں‬
‫ارکان کی حمایت حاصل ہے جبکہ دو تہائی اکثریت کے‬
‫ مزید ووٹ درکار ہیں۔ جبکہ اطالعات‬10 ‫لیے حکومت کو‬
‫کے مطابق سینیٹ میں حکومت کو ایک ووٹ کی کمی‬
‫کا سامنا ہے۔فضل الرحمن کے پاس قومی اسمبلی میں‬
‫آٹھ اور سینیٹ میں پانچ ارکان ہیں۔‬
 ‫وفاقی وزیر قانون اعظم نذیر تارڑکے بقول ایسا‬
‫اقدام عدلیہ میں اصالحات کرنے کے ساتھ ساتھ زیر‬
‫التوا مقدمات فوری نمٹانے اور اعلی عدلیہ میں چیف‬
‫جسٹس سمیت دیگر ججز کی تعیناتی کا پیکج بھی‬
‫شامل ہیں۔تاحال سرکاری سطح رپر ان ترامیم کا‬
‫مسودہ جاری نہیں کیا گیا۔ جس میں مجموعی طور پر‬
‫‪ 54‬تجاویز شامل کی گئی ہیں۔اس ِبل میں آئین کے‬
‫آرٹیکل ‪ 63‬اے میں بھی ترمیم کی تجویر دی گئی ہے‬
‫جس کے مطابق پارلیمانی پارٹی کی ہدایات کے خالف‬
‫کسی بھی قانون سازی یا ِبل پر ووٹ دینے والے ُر کن‬
‫پارلیمان کا ووٹ گنتی میں شمار کیا جائے گا۔‬

‫اس کے عالوہ آئینی عدالت بنانے کا بھی ذکر کیا گیا ہے‬
‫جس میں صرف آئینی معامالت ہی بھیجے جائیں گے‬
‫اور اس کے ساتھ ساتھ سپریم جوڈیشل کونسل اور‬
‫ججز کی تعیناتی سے متعلق پارلیمانی کمیٹی کی‬
‫فارمیشن تبدیل کرنے کی تجویز بھی الئی جا رہی ہے۔‬
‫اس کے عالوہ آئینی عدالت کے جج کی ریٹائرمنٹ کی‬
‫عمر ‪ 68‬سال تجویز کی گئی ہے اور اس عدالت کے جج‬
‫کی تقرری تین سال کے لیے کی جائے گی۔‬
‫‪Secretary of state for India was William St John Brodrick in‬‬
‫‪1905.‬‬
‫‪Lord stanley was the first secretary of state for India.‬‬
‫‪Last secretary of state was William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel.‬‬
The Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC) was
established in 1952, and played a crucial role in Pakistan’s
early industrial development, particularly under Ayub Khan’s
leadership in the 1960s. PIDC was a government-owned entity
responsible for creating and developing industries in sectors
where private investment was initially reluctant or
insufficient. Its objectives were to promote industrialization
by providing financial, technical, and managerial support to
both public and private sector enterprises.

In Pakistan, NIDC stands for the National Industrial

Development Corporation. It was established by the
Government of Pakistan in 1952 to promote industrial growth
and development in the country. The NIDC was responsible
for identifying, planning, and developing industries in key
sectors such as manufacturing, heavy industry, and other
strategic areas.
In Pakistan, NIT commonly refers to National Investment
Trust, the first and largest mutual fund in the country.
Established in 1962, NIT offers various investment options to
individuals and institutions, aiming to promote savings and
investment in Pakistan’s financial markets.

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of

27 European countries that are located primarily in Europe.
1.Austria
2. Belgium
3. Bulgaria
4. Croatia
5. Cyprus
6. Czech Republic
7. Denmark
8. Estonia
9. Finland
10. France
11. Germany
12. Greece
13. Hungary
14. Ireland
15. Italy
16. Latvia
17. Lithuania
18. Luxembourg
19. Malta
20. Netherlands
21. Poland
22. Portugal
23. Romania
24. Slovakia
25. Slovenia
26. Spain
27. Sweden
UK left in 2020.

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in

Pakistan is the lead federal agency responsible for
coordinating disaster response and preparedness efforts in
the country. It operates under the National Disaster
Management Act of 2010, aiming to reduce disaster risks,
manage emergencies, and enhance national preparedness.

The first Governor-General was Warren Hastings.

The longest continuous term was held by Lord Wellesley, who
served from 1798 to 1805, a total of about seven years.
Youngest governor general was lord mount batton

‫روس یوکرین جنگ‬

‫ کو‬2022 ‫ فروری‬24 ‫روس کےصدر والدی میر پوٹن نے‬
‫ مشرق اور جنوب کی جانب سے‬،‫یوکرین پر شمال‬
‫حملے کا ٓاغاز کیا۔ انہوں نے روسی فوج کی اس پیش‬
‫قدمی کو ’خصوصی ملٹری ٓاپریشن‘ کا نام دیا تھا۔‬

‫روسی صدر نے یوکرین میں بسنے والی روسی النسل‬

‫کمیونٹی کے تحفظ کے لیے یوکرین کو غیر مسلح کرنے‬
‫اور وہاں سے ُان کے بقول ' نازی ازم' کے خاتمے کے‬
 ‫ساتھ یوکرین کو نیٹو کا رکن بننے سے روکنے کو اس‬
‫کارروائی کے بنیادی مقاصد بتایا تھا۔‬
‫روسی حملوں کے دوران یوکرین کے صدر ولودیمیر‬
‫زیلنسکی نے اپنے ہیڈ کوارٹرز کے باہر ایک وڈیو ریکارڈ‬
‫کراکر جاری کی اور بتایا کہ وہ لڑائی میں اپنی فوج‬
‫کی قیادت کررہے ہیں۔‬
‫جون ‪2022‬میں یوکرین کے مغربی اتحادیوں نے اسے‬
‫مزید ہتھیار فراہم کرنا شروع کردیے۔ امریکہ نے یوکرین‬
‫کو 'ہمارس' نامی ملٹی پل راکٹ النچرز فراہم کردیے۔‬
‫یوکرین کے صدر زیلنسکی نے ‪ 21‬دسمبر کو امریکہ کا‬
‫دورہ کیا۔ یہ جنگ شروع ہونے کے بعد ان کا پہال غیر‬
‫ملکی دورہ تھا۔ اس دورے میں ان کی امریکی ہم‬
‫منصب جو بائیڈن سے مالقات ہوئی۔‬

‫‪NATO‬‬
‫نارتھ اٹالنٹک ٹریٹی آرگنائزیشن (نیٹو) کی تشکیل سنہ‬
‫‪ 1949‬میں سرد جنگ کے ابتدائی مراحل میں اپنے رکن‬
‫ممالک کے مشترکہ دفاع کے لیے بطور سیاسی اور‬
‫فوجی اتحاد کے طور پر کی گئی تھی۔‬
‫نارتھ اٹالنٹک ٹریٹی آرگنائزیشن (نیٹو) اتحاد امریکہ‬
‫اور کینیڈا کے عالوہ دس یورپی ممالک کی جانب سے‬
‫دوسری جنگ عظیم کے نتیجے میں بنایا گیا تھا۔ اس‬
‫اتحاد کا بنیادی مقصد اس وقت کے سوویت یونین سے‬
‫نمٹنا تھا۔‬
 ‫سنہ ‪ 1952‬میں اس تنظیم میں یونان اور ترکی کو‬
‫شامل کیا گیا جبکہ سنہ ‪ 1955‬میں مغربی جرمنی بھی‬
‫اس اتحاد میں شامل ہوا۔‬
‫مونٹینیگرو جون ‪ 2017‬میں اس کا حصہ بننے واال‬
‫آخری ملک تھا۔‬
‫یٹو کے قیام کا بنیادی مقصد ’شمالی اٹالنٹک کے‬
‫عالقے میں استحکام اور بہبود‘ کو فروغ دے کر اپنے‬
‫رکن ممالک کی ’آزادی ‪ ،‬مشترکہ ورثے اور تہذیب کی‬
‫حفاظت‘ کرنا ہے۔‬

‫نیٹو معاہدہ یہ ثابت کرتا ہے کہ نیٹو کے ایک رکن ملک کے‬

‫خالف مسلح حملہ ان سب کے خالف حملہ سمجھا جائے‬
‫گا‪ ،‬اور یہ کہ وہ ایک دوسرے کی مدد کریں گے۔‬
‫میں نیٹو نے پہلی بار یورپ کے باہر اپنی کاروائیاں ‪2001‬‬
‫کیں‪ :‬اس نے ‪ 11‬ستمبر کے حملوں کے بعد افغانستان‬
‫بھیجے گئے اقوام متحدہ کی جانب سے منظور شدہ‬
‫اتحادی فوج کی سٹریٹجک کمانڈ سنبھالی۔‬

‫‪COLD WAR‬‬

‫امریکہ اور سوویت یونین کے اتحادیوں کے درمیان‬

‫‪1940‬ء سے لے کر سوویت یونین کے خاتمے یعنی‬
‫نصف صدی تک قائم رہنے والے ذہنی تنأو اور مقابلے‬
‫کو سرد جنگ کا نام دیا گیا۔‬
 ‫یہاں دلچسپ بات یہ ہے کہ امریکہ اور سوویت یونین‬
‫دوسری جنگ عظیم میں جرمنی کے خالف ایک پلیٹ‬
‫فارم پر تھے لیکن اس جنگ کے اختتام کے ساتھ ہی ان‬
‫کے اختالفات بڑھتے چلے گئے۔ دراصل جرمنی کی‬
‫شکست کے بعد یہ سرد جنگ یورپ اور دنیا کے ہر خطے‬
‫میں پہنچ گئی۔اس جنگ بارے اگر یہ کہا جائے کہ یہ‬
‫دراصل دو مختلف نظریات کی جنگ تھی تو غلط نہ ہو‬
‫گالیکن یہاں سوال یہ پیدا ہوتا ہے کی ٓاخر ایسی کونسی‬
‫وجوہات تھیں کہ یہ جنگ سیاسی جنگ سے عسکری‬
‫جنگ میں بدلتے بدلتے رہ گئی ؟۔‬
‫سرد جنگ کی وجوہات ‪:‬دوسری جنگ عظیم کی فتح‬
‫یافتہ طاقتوں کے درمیان پائے جانے والے اختالفات کی‬
‫وجہ سے مغربی دنیادو حصوں میں بٹ گئی تھی۔ ایک‬
‫گروپ سوویت یونین کی سربراہی میں کمیونسٹ‬
‫گروپ جبکہ دوسرا گروپ جو سرمایہ دارانہ نظام کا‬
‫حامی تھا اسے امریکی سرپرستی حاصل ہو گئی۔‬
‫نظریاتی تقسیم ہی دراصل بنیادی طور پر وہ نقطہ تھا‬
‫جو ان دونوں سپر پاورز کے درمیان ذہنی کھچأو کا‬
‫سبب بنی رہی تھی۔‬
‫اس کے مقابلے میں سوویت یونین کے زیر اثر ممالک‬
‫نے ‪1955‬میں '' وارسا پیکٹ ‘‘ کی تشکیل کی جس کا‬
‫بنیادی تصور نیٹو کے ذریعے پیش ٓانے والے خطرات کا‬
‫باہمی طور مل کرمقابلہ کرنا تھا۔‬

‫‪2ND WORLD WAR‬‬

‫اسباب۔‬
 ‫یوں تو جنگ کے باقاعدہ آغاز کا فوری سبب یکم‬
‫ستمبر ‪ 1939‬کو جرمنی کا پولینڈ پر حملے کا واقعہ بنا‬
‫مگر اس کے بنیادی اسباب اس سے پہلے کے کچھ‬
‫حاالت اور واقعات تھے‬

‫۔ معاہدہ ورسیلز۔ ‪ 1919‬کے پیرس امن کانفرنس میں ‪1‬‬

‫طے کردہ ( بلکہ عائد کردہ) معاہدہ ورسلیز کے تحت‬
‫جرمنی کو بعض عالقوں اور افریقی اور مشرقی‬
‫ایشیا کے مقبوضات سے محروم کر نے کے عالوہ بھاری‬
‫تاوان جنگ ادا کرنے اور کمزور فوج رکھنے کا بھی‬
‫پابند کر دیا تھا‬

‫جرمنی کی طرف سے اس تضحیک آمیز سلوک کا‬

‫ردعمل کسی وقت ناگزیر تھا۔ دوسری جنگ عظیم کا‬
‫ایک سب سے بڑا سبب معاہدہ ورسیلز کے مضمرات‬
‫تھے‬

‫‪NATIONAL HIGHWAYS, EXPRESSWAYS, MOTORWAYS‬‬

‫‪Pakistan has an extensive network of highways that connect‬‬
‫‪major cities and regions, playing a vital role in the country’s‬‬
‫‪transportation infrastructure. The highways are managed by‬‬
‫‪the National Highway Authority (NHA) and are categorized‬‬
‫‪into motorways, national highways, and expressways. Here‬‬
‫‪are some of the key highways in Pakistan:‬‬
Motorways M-series
N-5: The Grand Trunk Road (GT Road) Karachi torkham
1819km longest
N55 Indus highway Karachi Peshawar 1264km.
Remaining list watch in Google

EDUCATION PROBLEMS IN PAKISTAN

1.Low enrolment and drop out
2.Girls education
3.Teacher training
4.infrastructure
5.low budget allocation
6.early marriage
7.child labour
7.medium of education
8.low literacy rate
SOLUTIONS
1.Increase budget
Improve teacher training
Promote girls education
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