Graph s Theor. Agron CGN) consis oH NO 9907 emply Set oy \rerheen Cnodes) @ F A set ay edges: Each ed has other One or hwo endpoints assodele| With it catted enol points: : 4. roenile graph - A qrapn wit) An inwini\e Vertex Ser oc an lapoile number cg ealges iS caued rnboile grr 2 Fianle graph - A graph wit pine Set ay Yertices Isarle set os eolges e A computer 200d, COM bE modelled oo a graph Dejhi Pame Ses len > 1z04 Hy{ceraboo\ Alanatcaof ¢ simple graph - A graph in WWeh each ge conneets tud Opera Nerticén &@ Where No HELO eAqes COnnDop Same poor pH Vert oa, ea SF D- si rnpie Pie qrapn Nota simpe graph ° ; 2 Puts graph - Graph thas mo hove Mut ple enige, ~~ Sennenting same Nery 02 are catiesl mtr graph When thee are *m’ aipperent edges assocciel 10 TL Same unordered pose oF Xeryens fuvg ve soy LYINY 1s A> eCdne with THUAN plc) ve mWe | Pseuslo graphs °° Graphs Hot roy have \oops and Possibby: MLN ple: edges conneenny He Save pare or veer! to i}setts ore axuierl pseacto graphs, + Directed graph / DI Qgcapr '- -constcts op anes emp Set cK verHees \!" 4 'SeK Oy reateo| esiges E. Each cureatel ecige is assowated fh an ordeco pare vertices The wrested ealge assow wis the orolereol Pour CU, Ns 1Scd to Start au! Lend atv’ © Adjacest Venice > Two VeHc 19a grops CUrbresteol) Gg G are carted adjacent in Gr lb U and ‘VY’ are ercl PONS of an edge ‘e oy, Gs ° Edee “eis called jncdent wtin phe verkces “ul aad ve 3 satin © eo The ce ay au neghbors RA verter) Nv’ oy G2 CPE) Clenoteo! loys Ntv), 3s coved He Neigh bor hone ay “v Th A 1s “sumser pV" we cence N(AD He set op au verre adjacent to atteasd one vestem in A- NCAD= Onsen NOD @ Degree Hy 0 verren The Oegree op O Veer 14 OH Unoiredked graph 1S the numer 4) 'eolQe, loudent with spi. erceaph prot 1 Oop OFA wertex conribule: bolce fo! tre degre J thot verte t DA \s denoted Los clea Cv).So a a — * e 34 Na@r= {baie st Nob) = faecded NOcad= Lea154 HA Vertex with degree zom tc cated os iselated # A vertex is pendant fp a. onp th tt hoo ceqre 1 x Hand shou theorem Le G- CVE) be an Uncvireateo} gran, wWipy ' CA ge, Hen _ 2am = deqcv) vey Note Hat , +his Applies Owen Vis muLbiple ealaed loops - Or precens @ How 9 : OY AA, OFC Hee in Q Graph Lith le Vert Ceo Lam y degre 6. : Tora’ swn py clegrees = long = 60 7 ems 60 m= 80 ian@ Theorem 2. An einai reoteal graph hoo on even Oumbes | OH Nec ceo op odal lag ree =) Ler V, 9 Vo be He set an Vertic A even eqee and the ser mp Verh CO WIth odel Aeqce respech very, We jenoed Hho 7 | S — ams 7 9eqty = Seay) + Olea vev NY, VEY2 7 even. Suro RUs 1s Wen oo | ib tS eaual yo 2 pOweb 18 even We know © 1s even hence bo: yep boa} owtps an ewen GE) must be even: : @ pirecter| graph - To degree §: OW dare yy Ina wreoead grap, Tn Cleqree qy a verted ‘Vis _denctedd gH aay CVD is He Numer g, e9lAe> di V2 ther terrsinal vertex 2) tre owl degre op'v' is chenctesl dleg* (vy) ts > tre_ number ay calgon With VOD hem Torhal vertex e Note tal loop at a verter contibutes A to beth in-degre and ouldegre on this vertex a GS < o(Pam o| deg (@ = be deg (A) =4 agin =f age = Ce) = 3 ~ (gle C2 4 Seat (cd 2 4 agg = 2 agar Cd9 = 2 “seg C8 a3 sgt Ce7n= & ~~ dey Cb) =9 Agat (6) = ° VY “| Theorero Si Ge CVE) a graph Wily directed edges then Leg Cd = 2 age ad = TE] yev "vey 4 2 Type sore simple graphs + complese Arcoph -- A complere qropn toh OS vertcm Seated tayy Ko 1S arsimple graph thay contouns exoepy Ore @dge Berween each Parr ag Wshinck verltes s = AES 2 ise k Cade with Oo vertices chencteal gy Cr. ~_~Se08 83, aD on Vaeyice wre Nes.ASE EES Be Wheels. We obloung wheel Wn, When ve add an additonal vertex to a cydle Cn boy n> 3 ond COnNed} tnis Need Vertex to C20 % Hen’ Yeti, Gy Cr 4 Nevo CAC SSS 8 Ne We 4) Dive nie graph « A Simple graph * Gr’ 1s cave! bipevtie Ih" fis Vertee seh V can be Part boreol_ its wo CUsjoInt sete Vy nd Vo suoh that eve e272 i0 graph conneeks O verter in Vi andl o Vener in V2. No 2A9e 19 G Cconneats KYO ven Nip Or Huo vertices in V2) hen His cond hen hold we caut the por Ot NY a biportition ry yes eey Sor V en G — ’ Say 6 1S A bipantile qrapn a b | Vo> Fa % e¥ _— Na- fe 45 OY kg is na Uipeni ve. in~~ cheek. berow graphs are bipaxHie o- oot . >”vM = [od] vee fee wal © b Ld Cc Not bipaxie NP | a / @ theorern G + A Simple graph is bi pawie ip O-ek -OnK} I it 1€ possive to assign ore q Hud Vbpered COlOvS FO _ D0 Verte. op the graph so tha4 no tub adjacart vertices assignesl He same color 57 comple bi pawile groph + A complere bipatie raph Kmn 1s @ graph thas hoo Wenex ser parr Hond Into HWO Subse? qT Mm AA 9 Verte respec wT OP GAAL berwee) 10 vertes if anol onpy tb Ord vere 1S4N Wrst Suesee ano other Vertee 1s 19 SeaDnal susger. BA Kaa Kaa :XK Repee cena of bs hn -Ss0rnowPyicr) [ 1. Adjacaney lish - DnobreotedA groplo 2 Neri eg AA \OCeAN ei ceo a a bo ce b> o | s a die : 2 A a ae e a,c, | a coy Vist ber db rected qcaen - = Q® | Venn Ooljacet vem, | 2 on a e,¢ 6 b, a e Q ° e A a e | | — Adjacany man x% - Adacany ist Prrocessi nat 1S Cumbersore 1 Hea oe mora dye" i : Odjoean moamx represenkal usicd, @ DA\aceAy oY Nerhces @_ Laodence op Vervices & edger te G+ CV, isa Simple graph qohere \Wh=n Uppoge +nat Hye Vervices % G_ ae liste Cd wor Om Vi V2 Va =-2 Vn, Tre odjocany mhamp A CAG) ae, Wore Hs, MSA a Verio fs oq NX ZeMD-one Mamx wth 4 oO te ci)” enkey when Vib ty Ot _odjaceH, ond © ay (13) enbef ty Hey one nor oclyacumt ~es SE Tw —- . SUP POSS . We cert Phe Nec] A OS) _ Oa SB oe a ee eee ae Ue eclge> HG. Tee preeterce Mamxr Wr Mss - arate D> Vaart © is nem meee MH PMY S = pt. ere 65 Srocat wiin ve Lo athaawwe\ at Lsornoxrphi sm geraphs tk’ ‘ The _sirsy ple ns _G,=CNr, BE) OM Ga= (2,8) are isomorphic ib tee exis Q_ One-to-one 201 ontp bunchiog GB brOm V, bo V2 Win the Property that aan blodjacad i9G, ip and ony Ib 51009 brL5 ove adljaceu in Ya, fer OU O15 from Vi. SU Sunttton is Ctted tsororphisim: SB Un “ x Ya ~ Na ¥4 : G H : The Obore Grapns Gr ard Hac _isome-pwe There eE20SH_ @ Furchion kb wrt Blu) = lua = b (Us) = V2 Yq br4a > Ve Tne jindtHon’ 1s ‘one to-one_& Onto. How 40 Aererminn- ib Pure simpe grcipns anna Th IS ObteED Wbprcusth fo olelermine conerne Heo grap Ge (Sormowpwcr Or not. There Qe N! one-to-one corespondanee Win to arapry n Vertes Teg LACH SUCD ,TOrre spondance +O sae awheHor {} presenes Ooljadan Q@ non odjacony ts Lean pracn’ Ber sorrge vosug Op "A" Sorre teen 14 18 Not hand fo shaw thal bo gros ewe pon ysomerpe ; ple can SNo2 }wWo graphs Ove nen _|somo~Pwe ik Ye con bind a peopocy Only ore ~Qecrpin fy te t80~ ororns he, —eprnoTR YS simple aces muy hare 7 / Oo Bare numbed) eAdqes 6 sure me D ver ces “6 The egrees A NEerceo Muct be soune, b Ge H The girxern graphs ove nor jsOmorpwe ) Both graphs contans Sore number aD Neices 2) Both grapns comovr 5 Vertices % 6 edqes 3) Tree 1s a node in SP he deqre “ie Oo hoeweree a Node With degre LY not Proewrin G- a aT s t oo = a : c ¥ : ° | _ 7 Mee) Bots " & lo ex Arash conrovn B Nerhwe edge ———2)_ Born Arorhs CONAN DMNe nos q Sane au Aeqreeo D vert ceo —2)_ Bur Od jacany D w%adegree venee 19 GIs i RI Gree Yerrices C &, AD ED COR DH Hever lege Vertey © bo TF 15 a SAPNA OLVOD One hen oeqce oo@ The sungreaph op (O ‘graph G = CWE) {8.4 graph H=CwW,F) where Wo v @ FC E. Mother Way to verby Guo Araprsove TSomovPe OF nay Suegroaphs arol cheat He \somosen oa Condy Horn Take ou vere q deqce 3 bY? G2 H lo 6 ob 8 G@EG wick - et The Diy He subgraph’ cue “i somoxpur Phar Vso muwpwr c amplie G 2H ae aso nt — Qv Cheo G &H Oe 1 Sormoyple oF not : & © Bors G CH have came Ne: D Verte, 2 edge, © Borh_ GFW hoe Sawe no O VerHice Why lege > 2 Acar 2 Gener cunqrapns win deace 2 of Corer Pees wen \Sormmpre grepee pxveiens modettes| itn parhs borred - ™ OES. et ; 7, Overy G40 %B eAQe oy _Yrapy. . 2 S peson, Jor vase pickup ,cvagnosric 10 compute Vea cat ~ aon eee wy A Par 1S a sequence op edge thar bogins ag were op agar and heaveb beOnT Vertex to “Veree aro ©9190 A the qrapn Path lengthy A parh lengto gin bem fo vN ING iSO sequence en? edges 21, @2 --— €9 &- os e £4 Se a Pat lena prom a 108 canbe |S 4 wit edge er, Sy 26, OF —_Hs0 th can we 5 WIth eolge, ei €5,05, C6 £7 Crutt: The pairs is ocair tp th begins and en a O4 sare verieex, re. UENV. : £0 Otere graph a ed ba is ao seat 16) ‘ aes Ba Loren : A pate o- crew (5 Sipe JE - ~L2Eonc Conbovn the same edge moe tao one. — oS on cred i eo rarh Ao unourecteal graph ts cauted _- ishing OO £A ik there 1s @ parh borwWeen enewy PY H — Nes we ra HA agen An undirected Arar phat St connested 12 cauiedl cseconnoeted “granny /We say tha) ve cu scernes! ao grapr wren ve remove Vertes Or edge, or bat “tO produce o _____ useonnegres! sueqraph e@ Theoresn :- AK uAdiredieal atalpts ix dated ceriasete) There 1s _O simpe path Lexween ener, por Nerlces' oy Q_conneete| unobreateo! peep ot Iathoed Conneskeol grog") Suppose A po $2 repreery 0 COMpuster NeHOOMC - Enovoing thou graph 1s connected FEUD US Wot Ony 1 computed on He _nenoove Can commun iad Hotberer v2 wooed) Qno re to umlerstanol. how seLable His newoore 1s) For insrance - LW i} SAV possi bie fOr aut compukd yO Goremun\ cate ObtEn O Outer Or communicahon 27s pars & § X Cub vespex > Remoral qa Veter ancl Corre spencung ined et ea\gen Produces A SUSGraph with More a Conne2ked ComporeutS) SUd> Vertces Qe caued cud Newnes | “The remoral cM atk Vester vor Conneeteals epra-ph PIU A sus grap Hat 1s nat conncsteo| A ok edge l bwokeze: ' AD edge whose removal Peduw oa Graph Dith Mere connectes! Component py? *he ON AII Aropo Ore coued) Ww edges He Nove Hod ds Verhcast cud eolae, represenk a5 Crsewsaad outer of wink that! canna sa) for GU Compukes fo Communtarte over Nef otf.oi venice — ©. co ©€ a edge, = fos, feed : —Y Not au graphs have att veniees ae Q Complete . e graph Kn no noe Cur ver ten, ck oo remoe OD, . ~~ Soy tego byron Aen Tk predvese, km asties - ed => Romove c 2 lea 5 | A d ce a Ky ® Connected graphs @itnout cul Nestex carted oo nan —_Séperable Qrapns % Vemex connecnvityy - Vertex connectivity GA = =n COmplale grrctph = clenated KG Go the INI user number D verica, in Nerten cut: £00 above Bird graph ne eee ee : ~ cut vertex ere fast Fa,es ( »xCay=2 2 ine Tod @1b 9) @ ACH = 4a ie [Ech Tot Tah Cy ACGs) = 3 1¢ _fayed fags fa}+ Euler & Hamiltonian paths 4+ 3p 18> ony there AO OQ city KerUigiqrad tocateol a Gn raver THe ver cuvided the nto & oa's GQ al Wee pare ac conneeteol t i imndge : Peope wondered] | Bs Ib possib& to stad fm Same locaton 19 He HORN, Fravel omy au Lamhe, Oe Without cossi oy inidge Hoice @ weltsth fo re same eran point: MM oTre sWiss mathemahcan Eute- soived this Sees Using mur grapn, CIT 36) : y ]@ aw The & Lrdge, moderral_, Sofa pe 4 Ewe ows)» An Ewer vrawt In gropn G@ ISG, ——slenple orrout containing evegs edge os G An 7 EWer path in Gis @ imple pats cenraning : 2 ge 6® Ga = Fuler Grar-abed €or aecd.eba .. @ Ge + No Euler grccok Gs oS G3 - ho Euler pab Ac#abde b @_Ge- doeng have Euter path a Qe ee ie =e rn bsve Are us = ae eid @ Bo bo Euter crow - agcbg eo ba _@) He H, = No Evter Grad @ H2 hoo Eute pows - CA beak’ ® Hy dloener_ hore Ecler p ath. *% Necess aS Cenk cendthon oes — eh Vertepo muni have even pe Pl = Exex re & Nemy Io Viokd Th Old lege 2 com @ oubag) je. Here th oegce ys ener per owl Neot then Bwter car wk ens FG B9 bes condition gukywoueuwt % Ye,© A connected mutH graph Wikh wt lent pro youre no an Euler oral ths 2am FR verhces ha Cxien leg ree ~ : 7 2 Euleron por evs its ane ong If He Nun be Fy Nerlices: With odd clegces 1S HMOC Te 19 COR SH 2 SLISIONR TE hanon orest)- BX ONO SUH Mente 29 shaving point iH _Aigoitos : , soak st Mt Pub start verten 10 \ uot st 1s emp Let _V be the Votue at top H Se I OA CNS, ==o0 Meo ada _V to He answer remove V b2om top yp S+- otnero ge, ' Innd ore} /eaAQge COTO A ow Ave Remove fk 520m graph Put seeond end st nis edge, to D- x c A B E Le stan Ne tee is A) Wa by Inthaure sroog & pum A - 4A Ee _ Step Check clearwe oy CS) olegC > = 4 #O | -. Toke an edge orm & @ geiote file 1 Gdd Oter emd yo Stack t : = 2 : : r= x i aa , T Sep 4 olegian= 2 FO Take oy ectae bem < jer cD Dp to steer : \ ai > ody> cheg (0) = Q ~o Take enge pen D let ~ DA add A to soe remove OA edge : 3 DR] Zea D " . : I AK 5 e & Step 6 oleg (AD so -. add WwW to answer Remee A bem top. Ansiects A > 3 Sep clegco =a $0 Remove © g2 DF Plow F Int sto ~ T ; ee ost : [| . E [A ] S@q deg(Py=1 Fo +, @9TEW~L edse FE jpom rath Gr % 09D F to crew & pes. 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Carj> 62 Nocs oct t Hew! = | hoo minim Vols oF So ney permanent Neote = vor a : Note Har oo 1S rade pesmout bet CUstance ony Permamen} nodese ( Pi + loa permanent nooks = ~~ From -~«' one “Pove necoredl. > Wolue boy node gh 2 mnt 50, (25+) = PD NOlo |e noo t= min ts, C w42Fy) = St Now mete Noee 'S" o> permanent PermoneM noola = i PL, ~, S$ 7 mrowA | = it Nal ve DP Nooke oe van 52, Casts) \ = =e Now moka + perarawt 4 1 Node, at wade permore} =<) STOP Now recat ' : ‘e) Mad2 permor by p , . e { macdke permorey bean fl e - pothe Pew & & legen = 62gs Di \ksko aor brn e Steps Assign label*o ho: town G4 node ‘s' and au otter Nodes an ‘oo Make ‘Ss’ Od permanent node . ber es ie. laot permenant Node . © stpo- jo ACP K) bw He costance from noodle F to OW omer Non- permenant NOdS ¢\c’ Recompute LC), lapel 5 ech nodes i oO LOK) = mind LCR, CLOP + ACPD) F e Skep 3: Eb He enoby noe Fis Made Permenaur nen STOP 1 LCH) 18 the YauUe B_shome) paso bw ‘Stot else goto step 2 Q use Dijksrros aigodine bo bind shoved path bom cloning Pony 's' pi='s Perma Noda. {Pf Lon =o , EC KI = : Node eo a@b ed t oO oe 7 Pe @&Valle bee G)= min lL, Cofoe) | = 20 booms | ‘bh = minlo, Co+55) 3-55 poms, os mn [ @, (0+ eI) = © ‘As min Loe, Cor |= #5 eve min [ @,, Cora) = ©. bys mate 'a' 00 permanant by 6) Permandl noe: [Saf Lont Pemaut p= Q Noe ss @ bc ait | Oko K Oo we Value ber "b= min [ss, (20 $3) =(65) You per C= min [ ©, (904 w= lor 4) your or “ot min Cts) Crotqny = 40 Nu for “t= Nn Pwo, oe) _ mate © permenart Noote S Aa 6b c Qt Oo 96 6 jor we we Permanent node TS, a, ot Joe permenant Nocke p= b Vore be “cl = mio [192, ¢ 5St 1) = lor & é Vouu bor ‘d' = min li 46, (os¢ 4p = by Your: be "t= min {a, (55 hay = © WOALe yermenah nooks - FaresNas permanent noote p- Nok s A Yb Cc aA it Oo 20 S 2 Fe @ ' ———— > Nowe per t= min Tioe, (75+) ) a(ea) Noe bes “Ls min Tow, Cet J= 160 make tc! permenant dy ®@® Permanent noote = Jara,s, cia Note s a 6 «© aA L NOUR, O° 2 SF Now as els ~ a “yor k= mo Co, cr Say) motce "Tt permawttr iy oy Sera @- +-c-6@-<« Eo Planoe acorns House 4 House o House 3 a Breonos Gas wakes ; Given % noues @ S Peo % omenene, maciedl 2 graph Sit PoSsibe to drow aw conreios 19a Saye ple So thah no edg2, Cresys eCo0h ole4D _ Grapn k4 +HiA qraprs ts _cavleol planar th Can be draw i4 tHe PIAre wi Hout ore edge, cro SSinA © App li cations loner _a-aph Bireebenic cir wd} clan Gnreg. A_ planar Fepr&enaHn oy A gap splits plane into P08 10 chug og an uh zouncled asprin ESSe Ewer sound sclahonswp bore eolge, veri BIC | For on Planor grape vaity “et _regions ie else TN! Veties c ws e-v42rGraph colening, +e © @ Colom Qa simple graph is He Assign ment a g Qa color to Each Verter Hre_gr.pn 80 Whar no tur Adjacent Srertrees ave assigned the same color e Th CGmomaktc oun a Arapn ye we Leas, : Num ber B, @iory Needed or colori OD wis Oprah. K__ Four cdlox* theorem :- Tre ohromahc Number % Q planar Alorn fs No areatee than 4 KG) =3 MG) =4 A) s Trees * | A Hee ic Connecteo} Unodbreekeal Graph that ho no simpie Orcwt, = Te, No¥ a hoe —_Thesren ' pen UPL okol Arapr \s O he Up Hoe is ——Unlaue Paty berr one to Neal o>Tecge is recta away hom the Rooled bee | A rool tres @ he in am J Ore Yeder } clesign ated ma oe ener We can busin unokol Wee yo 700teaA lap C008! an venexr © Oo aor N. e thal Uppercut Choice? 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