A training course in road design and surveying
works
Prepared by :
Eng. Dahshal Hussein Al-Dahshali
Eng. Hisham Rajeh Algobery
Cross-Sectional Elements
1.1 Width of Traveled Way
Lanes for moving traffic preferably should be [3.0 to 3.3 m] wide, and in industrial
.areas they should be [3.6 m] wide
1.2 Curbs
Curb indicates the boundary between the carriage way and the shoulder or islands or
footpaths. Different types of curbs
1.3 Side walk
1.4 Median
Is the area between opposing lanes of traffic, excluding turn lanes, used in urban road
and suburban areas can be defined by pavement marking. ( 3 – 12 m ) wide
1.5. Shoulders
Shoulders are provided along the road edge and are intended for accommodation of
stopped vehicles, serve as an emergency lane for vehicles and provide lateral support
for base and surface courses
1.6 Cross Slope
is the cross slope provided to raise middle of the road surface in the transverse
direction to drain off rain water from road surface. The objectives of providing
camber are:
• Surface protection especially for gravel and bituminous roads
• Sub-grade protection by proper drainage
• Quick drying of pavement which in turn increases safety
1.7 Right of way
Road land width (also termed the right-of-way) is the land acquired for road
construction purposes and provision of utilities along the length of road
1.8 Cross section in mountainous
Sight distances
General
Sight distances of sufficient length should be provided so that drivers can control the
operation of their vehicles to avoid striking an unexpected object on the traveled way
Type of sight distance
Stopping sight distance (SSD).
SSD is the minimum sight distance available on a highway at any spot having
sufficient length to enable the driver to stop a vehicle traveling at design speed, safely
.without collision with any other obstruction
The stopping sight distance is the sum of lag distance and the braking distance
SSD = lag distance + braking distance
Lag distance = Vt
𝑾𝒗𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐
From kinetic energy = =
𝟐𝒈 𝟐
Work don for stop = f x W x L
Work don for stop = kinetic energy
𝑾𝒗𝟐
=fxWxL
𝟐𝒈
,At level
𝒗𝟐
Braking distance =
𝟐𝒈𝒇
𝒗𝟐
SSD = + 𝒗𝒕
𝟐𝒈𝒇
Where v is the design speed in m/sec, t is the reaction time in seconds, g is the
acceleration due to gravity and f is the coefficient of friction. The coefficient of
friction f
,At grade
n = grade %
𝒗𝟐
SSD = 𝒗𝒕 +
𝟐𝒈(𝒇 ±𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝒏 )
Passing Sight Distance for Two-Lane Highways (PSD)
The passing sight distance is the minimum sight distance required on a two – way
highway that will permit a driver to complete a passing maneuver without colliding
.with an opposing vehicle and without cutting off the passed vehicle
,Where
d1 = initial maneuver distance d3 = clearance distance
d2 = left lane distance d4 = opposing veh. distance
VA = speed of passing vehicle Km/h
m = Different speed of passed and passing vehicle, 15 – 19 Km/h
.t1 = Maneuver time, 3.6 – 4.5 sec
.t2 = left lane time, 9.3 – 11.5 sec
a = Acceleration rate, 2.25 – 2.41Km/h/sec
Intersections Sight Distance
At these intersections, visibility should be provided on the principle that the drivers
of vehicles on either highway are able to sight the intersection and the intersecting
.highway in good time to be able to halt their vehicles if that becomes essential
𝒗𝟐
SSDa = + 𝒗𝒕
𝟐𝒈𝒇
𝒗𝟐
SSDb = + 𝒗𝒕
𝟐𝒈𝒇
From Tringle
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑆𝑆𝐷𝑎
=
𝑎 𝑆𝑆𝐷𝑏
