Tema 3

Module 1: Network Layer

Adriano Nuhani

Internet, Arkitekture dhe Protokolle

Module 8: Topics
What will I learn to do in this module?

Topic Title Topic Objective

Network Layer Explain how the network layer uses IP protocols for reliable
Characteristics communications.

IPv4 Packet Explain the role of the major header fields in the IPv4 packet.

IPv6 Packet Explain the role of the major header fields in the IPv6 packet.

Explain how network devices use routing tables to direct packets to a

How a Host Routes
destination network.

Router Routing Tables Explain the function of fields in the routing table of a router.
1.1 Network Layer
Characteristics
Network Layer Characteristics
The Network Layer
• Provides services to allow end devices to exchange
data
• IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6 (IPv6) are the
principle network layer communication protocols.
• The network layer performs four basic operations:

• Addressing end devices

• Encapsulation
• Routing
• De-encapsulation
Network Layer Characteristics
IP Encapsulation
• IP encapsulates the transport layer
segment.
• IP can use either an IPv4 or IPv6
packet and not impact the layer 4
segment.
• IP packet will be examined by all
layer 3 devices as it traverses the
network.
• The IP addressing does not change
from source to destination.
Note: NAT will change addressing,
but will be discussed in a later
module.
Network Layer Characteristics
Characteristics of IP
IP is meant to have low overhead and may be described as:
• Connectionless
• Best Effort
• Media Independent
Network Layer Characteristics
Connectionless
IP is Connectionless
• IP does not establish a connection with the destination before sending the packet.

• There is no control information needed (synchronizations, acknowledgments, etc.).

• The destination will receive the packet when it arrives, but no pre-notifications are sent by IP.

• If there is a need for connection-oriented traffic, then another protocol will handle this
(typically TCP at the transport layer).
Network Layer Characteristics
Best Effort
IP is Best Effort
• IP will not guarantee delivery of the
packet.
• IP has reduced overhead since there
is no mechanism to resend data that
is not received.
• IP does not expect
acknowledgments.
• IP does not know if the other device
is operational or if it received the
packet.
Network Layer Characteristics
Media Independent
IP is unreliable:
• It cannot manage or fix undelivered or
corrupt packets.
• IP cannot retransmit after an error.
• IP cannot realign out of sequence
packets.
• IP must rely on other protocols for these
functions.
IP is media Independent:
• IP does not concern itself with the type
of frame required at the data link layer
or the media type at the physical layer.
• IP can be sent over any media type:
copper, fiber, or wireless.
Network Layer Characteristics
Media Independent (Contd.)
The network layer will establish the
Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU).
• Network layer receives this from
control information sent by the data
link layer.
• The network then establishes the
MTU size.
Fragmentation is when Layer 3 splits the
IPv4 packet into smaller units.
• Fragmenting causes latency.
• IPv6 does not fragment packets.
• Example: Router goes from Ethernet
to a slow WAN with a smaller MTU
1.2 IPv4 Packet
IPv4 Packet
IPv4 Packet Header
IPv4 is the primary communication protocol for the network layer.
The network header has many purposes:
• It ensures the packet is sent in the correct direction (to the destination).
• It contains information for network layer processing in various fields.
• The information in the header is used by all layer 3 devices that handle the packet
IPv4 Packet
IPv4 Packet Header Fields
The IPv4 network header characteristics:
• It is in binary.
• Contains several fields of information
• Diagram is read from left to right, 4 bytes per
line
• The two most important fields are the source
and destination.

Protocols may have may have one or more

functions.
IPv4 Packet
IPv4 Packet Header Fields
Significant fields in the IPv4 header:

Function Description
Version This will be for v4, as opposed to v6, a 4 bit field= 0100

Differentiated Services Used for QoS: DiffServ – DS field or the older IntServ – ToS or Type of Service

Header Checksum Detect corruption in the IPv4 header

Time to Live (TTL) Layer 3 hop count. When it becomes zero the router will discard the packet.
Protocol I.D.s next level protocol: ICMP, TCP, UDP, etc.

Source IPv4 Address 32 bit source address

Destination IPV4 Address 32 bit destination address
1.3 IPv6 Packets
IPv6 Packets
Limitations of IPv4
IPv4 has three major limitations:
• IPv4 address depletion – We have basically run out of IPv4 addressing.
• Lack of end-to-end connectivity – To make IPv4 survive this long, private addressing and
NAT were created. This ended direct communications with public addressing.
• Increased network complexity – NAT was meant as temporary solution and creates
issues on the network as a side effect of manipulating the network headers addressing.
NAT causes latency and troubleshooting issues.
IPv6 Packets
IPv6 Overview
• IPv6 was developed by Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF).
• IPv6 overcomes the limitations of IPv4.

• Improvements that IPv6 provides:

• Increased address space – based on
128 bit address, not 32 bits
• Improved packet handling –
simplified header with fewer fields
• Eliminates the need for NAT – since
there is a huge amount of addressing,
there is no need to use private
addressing internally and be mapped to
a shared public address
IPv6 Packets
IPv4 Packet Header Fields in the IPv6 Packet Header
• The IPv6 header is simplified,
but not smaller.
• The header is fixed at 40 Bytes
or octets long.
• Several IPv4 fields were
removed to improve
performance.
• Some IPv4 fields were removed
to improve performance:
• Flag
• Fragment Offset
• Header Checksum
IPv6 Packets
IPv6 Packet Header
Significant fields in the IPv6 header:

Function Description
Version This will be for v6, as opposed to v4, a 4 bit field= 0110

Traffic Class Used for QoS: Equivalent to DiffServ – DS field

Flow Label Informs device to handle identical flow labels the same way, 20 bit field

Payload Length This 16-bit field indicates the length of the data portion or payload of the IPv6
packet
Next Header I.D.s next level protocol: ICMP, TCP, UDP, etc.

Hop Limit Replaces TTL field Layer 3 hop count

Source IPv4 Address 128 bit source address

Destination IPV4 Address 128 bit destination address
IPv6 Packets
IPv6 Packet Header (Cont.)
IPv6 packet may also contain extension headers (EH).
EH headers characteristics:
• provide optional network layer information

• are optional

• are placed between IPv6 header and the payload

• may be used for fragmentation, security, mobility support, etc.

Note: Unlike IPv4, routers do not fragment IPv6 packets.

1.4 How a Host Routes
How a Host Routes
Host Forwarding Decision
• Packets are always created at the source.

• Each host devices creates their own routing table.

• A host can send packets to the following:

• Itself – 127.0.0.1 (IPv4), ::1 (IPv6)
• Local Hosts – destination is on the same LAN
• Remote Hosts – devices are not on the same LAN
How a Host Routes
Host Forwarding Decision (Cont.)
• The Source device determines whether the destination is local or remote

• Method of determination:
• IPv4 – Source uses its own IP address and Subnet mask, along with the destination IP
address
• IPv6 – Source uses the network address and prefix advertised by the local router
• Local traffic is dumped out the host interface to be handled by an intermediary device.

• Remote traffic is forwarded directly to the default gateway on the LAN.

How a Host Routes
Default Gateway
A router or layer 3 switch can be a default-gateway.
Features of a default gateway (DGW):
• It must have an IP address in the same range as the rest of the LAN.
• It can accept data from the LAN and is capable of forwarding traffic off of the LAN.
• It can route to other networks.
If a device has no default gateway or a bad default gateway, its traffic will not be
able to leave the LAN.
How a Host Routes
A Host Routes to the Default Gateway
• The host will know the default
gateway (DGW) either statically or
through DHCP in IPv4.
• IPv6 sends the DGW through a
router solicitation (RS) or can be
configured manually.
• A DGW is static route which will be
a last resort route in the routing
table.
• All device on the LAN will need the
DGW of the router if they intend to
send traffic remotely.
How a Host Routes
Host Routing Tables
• On Windows, route print
or netstat -r to display
the PC routing table
• Three sections
displayed by these two
commands:
• Interface List – all
potential interfaces and
MAC addressing
• IPv4 Routing Table
• IPv6 Routing Table
1.5 Introduction to Routing
Introduction to Routing
Router Packet Forwarding Decision
What happens when the router receives the frame from the host device?
Introduction to Routing
IP Router Routing Table
There three types of routes in a router’s routing table:

• Directly Connected – These routes are automatically added by the router, provided the interface is
active and has addressing.
• Remote – These are the routes the router does not have a direct connection and may be learned:
• Manually – with a static route
• Dynamically – by using a routing protocol to have the routers share their information with each other
• Default Route – this forwards all traffic to a specific direction when there is not a match in the
routing table
Introduction to Routing
Static Routing
Static Route Characteristics:
• Must be configured manually

• Must be adjusted manually by the

administrator when there is a change
in the topology

• Good for small non-redundant

networks
• Often used in conjunction with a
dynamic routing protocol for
configuring a default route
Introduction to Routing
Dynamic Routing
Dynamic Routes Automatically:
• Discover remote networks

• Maintain up-to-date information

• Choose the best path to the

destination

• Find new best paths when there is a

topology change
Dynamic routing can also share static
default routes with the other routers.
Introduction to Routing
Introduction to an IPv4 Routing Table
The show ip route command shows the
following route sources:
• L - Directly connected local interface IP
address
• C – Directly connected network
• S – Static route was manually configured
by an administrator
• O – OSPF
• D – EIGRP
This command shows types of routes:
• Directly Connected – C and L
• Remote Routes – O, D, etc.
• Default Routes – S*
1.6 Module Practice and Quiz
Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module?
• IP is connectionless, best effort, and media independent.
• IP does not guarantee packet delivery.
• IPv4 packet header consists of fields containing information about the packet.
• IPv6 overcomes IPv4 lack of end-to-end connectivity and increased network complexity.
• A device will determine if a destination is itself, another local host, and a remote host.
• A default gateway is router that is part of the LAN and will be used as a door to other
networks.
• The routing table contains a list of all known network addresses (prefixes) and where to
forward the packet.
• The router uses longest subnet mask or prefix match.
• The routing table has three types of route entries: directly connected networks, remote
networks, and a default route.
Module 2: Address
Resolution
Module Objectives
Module Title: Address Resolution

Module Objective: Explain how ARP and ND enable communication on a network.

Topic Title Topic Objective

MAC and IP Compare the roles of the MAC address and the IP address.

ARP Describe the purpose of ARP.

Neighbor Discovery Describe the operation of IPv6 neighbor discovery.

2.1 MAC and IP
MAC and IP
Destination on Same Network
There are two primary addresses assigned to a device on an Ethernet LAN:
• Layer 2 physical address (the MAC address) – Used for NIC to NIC communications
on the same Ethernet network.
• Layer 3 logical address (the IP address) – Used to send the packet from the source
device to the destination device.
Layer 2 addresses are used to deliver frames from one NIC to another NIC on the same
network. If a destination IP address is on the same network, the destination MAC address
will be that of the destination device.
MAC and IP
Destination on Remote Network
When the destination IP address is on a remote network, the destination MAC address is
that of the default gateway.
• ARP is used by IPv4 to associate the IPv4 address of a device with the MAC address
of the device NIC.
• ICMPv6 is used by IPv6 to associate the IPv6 address of a device with the MAC
address of the device NIC.
2.2 ARP
ARP
ARP Overview
A device uses ARP to determine the
destination MAC address of a local
device when it knows its IPv4 address.

ARP provides two basic functions:

• Resolving IPv4 addresses to MAC
addresses
• Maintaining an ARP table of IPv4
to MAC address mappings
ARP
ARP Functions
To send a frame, a device will search its ARP table for a destination IPv4 address and a
corresponding MAC address.
• If the packet’s destination IPv4 address is on the same network, the device will
search the ARP table for the destination IPv4 address.
• If the destination IPv4 address is on a different network, the device will search the
ARP table for the IPv4 address of the default gateway.
• If the device locates the IPv4 address, its corresponding MAC address is used as the
destination MAC address in the frame.
• If there is no ARP table entry is found, then the device sends an ARP request.
ARP
Removing Entries from an ARP Table
• Entries in the ARP table are not permanent and are removed when an ARP cache
timer expires after a specified period of time.
• The duration of the ARP cache timer differs depending on the operating system.
• ARP table entries can also be removed manually by the administrator.
ARP
ARP Tables on Networking Devices
• The show ip arp command displays the ARP table on a Cisco router.
• The arp –a command displays the ARP table on a Windows 10 PC.

R1# show ip arp

Protocol Address Age (min) Hardware Addr Type Interface
Internet 192.168.10.1 - a0e0.af0d.e140 ARPA GigabitEthernet0/0/0

C:\Users\PC> arp -a

Interface: 192.168.1.124 --- 0x10

Internet Address Physical Address Type
192.168.1.1 c8-d7-19-cc-a0-86 dynamic
192.168.1.101 08-3e-0c-f5-f7-77 dynamic
ARP
ARP Issues – ARP Broadcasting and ARP Spoofing
• ARP requests are received and processed by every device on the local network.
• Excessive ARP broadcasts can cause some reduction in performance.
• ARP replies can be spoofed by a threat actor to perform an ARP poisoning attack.
• Enterprise level switches include mitigation techniques to protect against ARP attacks.
2.3 Copper Cabling
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Messages
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) protocol provides:
• Address resolution
• Router discovery
• Redirection services
• ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitation (NS) and Neighbor Advertisement (NA)
messages are used for device-to-device messaging such as address
resolution.
• ICMTPv6 Router Solicitation (RS) and Router Advertisement (RA) messages
are used for messaging between devices and routers for router discovery.
• ICMPv6 redirect messages are used by routers for better next-hop selection.
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery – Address Resolution
• IPv6 devices use ND to resolve
the MAC address of a known
IPv6 address.
• ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitation
messages are sent using
special Ethernet and IPv6
multicast addresses.
2.4 Module Practice and Quiz
Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module?
• Layer 2 physical addresses (i.e., Ethernet MAC addresses) are used to deliver the data link frame
with the encapsulated IP packet from one NIC to another NIC on the same network.
• If the destination IP address is on the same network, the destination MAC address will be that of
the destination device.
• When the destination IP address (IPv4 or IPv6) is on a remote network, the destination MAC
address will be the address of the host default gateway (i.e., the router interface).
• An IPv4 device uses ARP to determine the destination MAC address of a local device when it
knows its IPv4 address.
• ARP provides two basic functions: resolving IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses and maintaining a
table of IPv4 to MAC address mappings.
• After the ARP reply is received, the device will add the IPv4 address and the corresponding MAC
address to its ARP table.
• For each device, an ARP cache timer removes ARP entries that have not been used for a
specified period of time.
• IPv6 does not use ARP, it uses the ND protocol to resolve MAC addresses.
• An IPv6 device uses ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery to determine the destination MAC address of a
local device when it knows its IPv6 address.
Module 3: Basic Router
Configuration
Module Objectives
Module Title: Basic Router Configuration

Module Objective: Implement initial settings on a router and end devices.

Topic Title Topic Objective

Configure Initial Router Settings Configure initial settings on an IOS Cisco router.

Configure Interfaces Configure two active interfaces on a Cisco IOS

router.
Configure the Default Gateway Configure devices to use the default gateway.
3.1 Configure Initial Router
Settings
Configure Initial Router Settings
Basic Router Configuration Steps
• Configure the device name. Router(config)# hostname hostname

• Secure privileged EXEC Router(config)# enable secret password

mode. Router(config)# line console 0
Router(config-line)# password password
• Secure user EXEC mode. Router(config-line)# login

• Secure remote Telnet / SSH Router(config)# line vty 0 4

access. Router(config-line)# password password
Router(config-line)# login
• Encrypt all plaintext Router(config-line)# transport input {ssh | telnet}
passwords.
Router(config)# service password encryption
• Provide legal notification and
Router(config)# banner motd # message #
save the configuration. Router(config)# end
Router# copy running-config startup-config
Configure Initial Router Settings
Basic Router Configuration Example
• Commands for basic router R1(config)# hostname R1
R1(config)# enable secret class
configuration on R1. R1(config)# line console 0
R1(config-line)# password cisco
• Configuration is saved to R1(config-line)# login
NVRAM. R1(config-line)# line vty 0 4
R1(config-line)# password cisco
R1(config-line)# login
R1(config-line)# transport input ssh telnet
R1(config-line)# exit
R1(config)# service password encryption
R1(config)# banner motd #
Enter TEXT message. End with a new line and the #
***********************************************
WARNING: Unauthorized access is prohibited!
**********************************************
R1(config)# exit
R1# copy running-config startup-config
3.2 Configure Interfaces
Configure Interfaces
Configure Router Interfaces
Configuring a router interface includes issuing the following commands:

Router(config)# interface type-and-number

Router(config-if)# description description-text
Router(config-if)# ip address ipv4-address subnet-mask
Router(config-if)# ipv6 address ipv6-address/prefix-length
Router(config-if)# no shutdown

• It is a good practice to use the description command to add

information about the network connected to the interface.
• The no shutdown command activates the interface.
Configure Interfaces
Configure Router Interfaces Example
The commands to configure interface G0/0/0 on R1 are shown here:

R1(config)# interface gigabitEthernet 0/0/0

R1(config-if)# description Link to LAN
R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:10::1/64
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config-if)# exit
R1(config)#
*Aug 1 01:43:53.435: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0, changed state to down
*Aug 1 01:43:56.447: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0, changed state to up
*Aug 1 01:43:57.447: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0,
changed state to up
Configure Interfaces
Configure Router Interfaces Example (Cont.)
The commands to configure interface G0/0/1 on R1 are shown here:

R1(config)# interface gigabitEthernet 0/0/1

R1(config-if)# description Link to R2
R1(config-if)# ip address 209.165.200.225 255.255.255.252
R1(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:db8:feed:224::1/64
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config-if)# exit
R1(config)#
*Aug 1 01:46:29.170: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1, changed state to down
*Aug 1 01:46:32.171: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1, changed state to up
*Aug 1 01:46:33.171: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1,
changed state to up
Configure Interfaces
Verify Interface Configuration
To verify interface configuration use the show ip interface brief and
show ipv6 interface brief commands shown here:

R1# show ip interface brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
GigabitEthernet0/0/0 192.168.10.1 YES manual up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/1 209.165.200.225 YES manual up up
Vlan1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

R1# show ipv6 interface brief

GigabitEthernet0/0/0 [up/up]
FE80::201:C9FF:FE89:4501
2001:DB8:ACAD:10::1
GigabitEthernet0/0/1 [up/up]
FE80::201:C9FF:FE89:4502
2001:DB8:FEED:224::1
Vlan1 [administratively down/down]
unassigned
R1#
Configure Interfaces
Configure Verification Commands

The table summarizes show commands used to verify interface configuration.

Commands Description

show ip interface brief Displays all interfaces, their IP addresses, and their current
show ipv6 interface brief status.
show ip route Displays the contents of the IP routing tables stored in
show ipv6 route RAM.
show interfaces Displays statistics for all interfaces on the device. Only
displays the IPv4 addressing information.
show ip interfaces Displays the IPv4 statistics for all interfaces on a router.

show ipv6 interfaces Displays the IPv6 statistics for all interfaces on a router.
Configure Interfaces
Configure Verification Commands (Cont.)
View status of all interfaces with the show ip interface brief and show ipv6 interface
brief commands, shown here:

R1# show ip interface brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
GigabitEthernet0/0/0 192.168.10.1 YES manual up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/1 209.165.200.225 YES manual up up
Vlan1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
R1#

R1# show ipv6 interface brief

GigabitEthernet0/0/0 [up/up]
FE80::201:C9FF:FE89:4501
2001:DB8:ACAD:10::1
GigabitEthernet0/0/1 [up/up]
FE80::201:C9FF:FE89:4502
2001:DB8:FEED:224::1
Vlan1 [administratively down/down]
unassigned
R1#
Configure Interfaces
Configure Verification Commands (Cont.)
Display the contents of the IP routing tables with the show ip route and show ipv6
route commands as shown here:
R1# show ip route
< output omitted>
Gateway of last resort is not set
192.168.10.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/0
L 192.168.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/0
209.165.200.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C 209.165.200.224/30 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/1
L 209.165.200.225/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/1
R1#

R1# show ipv6 route

<output omitted>
C 2001:DB8:ACAD:10::/64 [0/0]
via GigabitEthernet0/0/0, directly connected
L 2001:DB8:ACAD:10::1/128 [0/0]
via GigabitEthernet0/0/0, receive
C 2001:DB8:FEED:224::/64 [0/0]
via GigabitEthernet0/0/1, directly connected
L 2001:DB8:FEED:224::1/128 [0/0]
via GigabitEthernet0/0/1, receive
L FF00::/8 [0/0]
via Null0, receive
R1#
Configure Interfaces
Configure Verification Commands (Cont.)
R1# show interfaces gig0/0/0
Display statistics for all GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is up, line protocol is up
interfaces with the show Hardware is ISR4321-2x1GE, address is a0e0.af0d.e140 (bia a0e0.af0d.e140)
Description: Link to LAN
interfaces command, as Internet address is 192.168.10.1/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit/sec, DLY 100 usec,
shown here: reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
Keepalive not supported
Full Duplex, 100Mbps, link type is auto, media type is RJ45
output flow-control is off, input flow-control is off
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:00:01, output 00:00:35, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Input queue: 0/375/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue: 0/40 (size/max)
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
1180 packets input, 109486 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 84 broadcasts (0 IP multicasts)
0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles

<output omitted>

R1#
Configure Interfaces
Configure Verification Commands (Cont.)
R1# show ip interface g0/0/0
Display IPv4 statistics for GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is up, line protocol is up
router interfaces with the Internet address is 192.168.10.1/24
Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255
show ip interface Address determined by setup command
command, as shown here: MTU is 1500 bytes
Helper address is not set
Directed broadcast forwarding is disabled
Outgoing Common access list is not set
Outgoing access list is not set
Inbound Common access list is not set
Inbound access list is not set
Proxy ARP is enabled
Local Proxy ARP is disabled
Security level is default
Split horizon is enabled
ICMP redirects are always sent
ICMP unreachables are always sent
ICMP mask replies are never sent
IP fast switching is enabled
IP Flow switching is disabled

<output omitted>

R1#
Configure Interfaces
Configure Verification Commands (Cont.)
R1# show ipv6 interface g0/0/0
Display IPv6 statistics for GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is up, line protocol is up
router interfaces with the IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is
FE80::868A:8DFF:FE44:49B0
show ipv6 interface No Virtual link-local address(es):
command shown here: Description: Link to LAN
Global unicast address(es):
2001:DB8:ACAD:10::1, subnet is 2001:DB8:ACAD:10::/64
Joined group address(es):
FF02::1
FF02::1:FF00:1
FF02::1:FF44:49B0
MTU is 1500 bytes
ICMP error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds
ICMP redirects are enabled
ICMP unreachables are sent
ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1
ND reachable time is 30000 milliseconds (using 30000)
ND NS retransmit interval is 1000 milliseconds

R1#
3.3 Configure the Default
Gateway
Configure the Default Gateway
Default Gateway on a Host
• The default gateway is used
when a host sends a packet to a
device on another network.
• The default gateway address is
generally the router interface
address attached to the local
network of the host.
• To reach PC3, PC1 addresses a
packet with the IPv4 address of
PC3, but forwards the packet to
its default gateway, the G0/0/0
interface of R1.
Note: The IP address of the host and the
router interface must be in the same network.
Configure the Default Gateway
Default Gateway on a Switch
MEDIA IS WORKING ON A
• A switch must have a CORRECTED VERSION OF THE
default gateway address
GRAPHIC FROM 10.3.2.
configured to remotely IT IS WRONG ON AR, AND ON THE
manage the switch from
GLOBAL BUG LIST
another network.
• To configure an IPv4
default gateway on a
switch, use the ip default-
gateway ip-address STOP
global configuration
command.
3.4 Module Practice and Quiz
Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module?
• The tasks that should be completed when configuring initial settings on a router.
• Configure the device name.
• Secure privileged EXEC mode.
• Secure user EXEC mode.
• Secure remote Telnet / SSH access.
• Secure all passwords in the config file.
• Provide legal notification.
• Save the configuration.
• For routers to be reachable, the router interfaces must be configured.
• Using the no shutdown command activates the interface. The interface must also be
connected to another device, such as a switch or a router, for the physical layer to be
active. There are several commands that can be used to verify interface configuration
including the show ip interface brief and show ipv6 interface brief, the show ip route
and show ipv6 route, as well as show interfaces, show ip interface and show ipv6
interface.
Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module (Cont.)?
• For an end device to reach other networks, a default gateway must be configured.
• The IP address of the host device and the router interface address must be in the
same network.
• A switch must have a default gateway address configured to remotely manage the
switch from another network.
• To configure an IPv4 default gateway on a switch, use the ip default-gateway ip-
address global configuration command.
Thank You