Background of the Study
One of the most disturbing natural disasters that occurs globally is flooding. According
to the World Health Organization (WHO) it is the most frequent natural disaster, and it has
already affected billions of people worldwide. Flood occurs due to rapid snow melting in snow-
prone countries, heavy rainfalls, ocean waves or tsunamis, and tropical cyclones in coastal
areas. Thus, flood is known to be dangerous and destructive — causing significant short-term
and long-term disturbance to individuals, communities, economy, and environment
thoroughly.
Correspondingly, flooding is the most common natural disaster that is occurring in
Southeast Asia. Its frequent occurrence impacted thirteen percent (13%) of the population in
the ASEAN region, as stated by Syifa, M. (2020). In accordance with it, an assessment
conducted by Chen, A. et al. (2020) using a DFO large flood data archive, shows that a large
area in Southeast Asia, particularly the Mainland Southeast Asia, experienced a significant
increase in flood occurrence from the year 1985 to 2018. Aside from that, the Philippines, a
country made up of islands located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, is also always at risk of
experiencing natural disasters too. As a matter of fact, 5.4 million people in the Philippines had
been affected by a storm that occurred in 2020, while 8,600 houses were roughly destroyed due
to major natural disasters in the year 2023 (Statista, 2024). In addition to that, Jha, S. et al.
(2018) mentioned that typhoons in the Philippines, as its most frequent natural hazard, occur
twenty (20) times a year, with constant flooding as well.
Floods in the Philippines is a common problem and it results from a mix of factors such
as intense rainfall, typhoons, and insufficient infrastructure. This affects different parts of the
country repeatedly — causing severe disturbance and complications, especially for vulnerable
and disadvantaged families — like most countries around the world often experience too.
The intense rainfall effects and worsening flooding incidents in the globe, including the
Philippines, have impacted a wide range of communities. Yet, it is evident that disadvantaged
and vulnerable groups such as low-income earners, students, business owners, employees, and
priority groups like persons with disability and senior citizens are the populations who happen
to face the most negative effects from flooding due to their frail capabilities, and inevitable
damages and disruptions to their activities and lives.
An international study by Hallegate S. et al. (2020) shows that most of the marginalized
groups experience more disturbing impacts on flooding in terms of hazards, exposure,
vulnerability, and socioeconomic resilience due to poverty and their economic status or social
class. These factors push the community to live in disaster-risk areas, exacerbate their
vulnerability, and decrease their ability to cope with and recover from asset and well-being
losses as disadvantaged and vulnerable groups. In relation to this, a local study of Israel, D. et
al. (2014) shows that the occurrence of frequent flooding and typhoons from Pasay City in
Metro Manila contributes to the worsening of poverty of the marginalized groups. This creates
significant impact and negative effects on the income of households — forcing the
disadvantaged and vulnerable groups to practice several coping strategies in response to the
natural disaster they are experiencing.
Furthermore, most natural disasters including floods, affect education for children and
adolescents by damaging school structures and displacing families. In these harsh conditions,
most children have no option but to discontinue their studies temporarily and even permanently
to provide and support for the immediate needs of their family, as mentioned by Kousky, C.
(2016). Likewise, a study conducted by Ardales, G. et al. (2017) concluded that the delivery of
education to the 84 percent of their respondents from the primary level and the 68 percent from
the secondary level are greatly affected by flood occurrence in different school areas in Los
Baños and Bay Laguna. Cancellation and disruption of regular classes, physical damages due
to flood, and the conversion of school grounds into evacuation are the main reasons influencing
the response of the respondents.
Also, floods can cause various negative impacts to business owners as well, particularly
to entrepreneurs that own small-and-medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). According to
Wedawatta G. et al. (2014), SMEs who may be unprepared and vulnerable to the range of both
direct and indirect impacts can experience direct and indirect impact of floods. This includes
property and stock damage, disrupted supply chains, access issues, and decreased sales; which
may lead to increase in operational costs, reduction of customer access, and loss of good
income. This is supported by Sarreal E. et al. (2021) stating that MSME or Micro, Small, and
Medium Enterprise within the Philippines which contribute to a large portion of the country's
economic development is one of the most vulnerable groups to frequent natural disasters
including flood. Considering the MSMEs are smaller and less capable compared to large
multinational companies, it is evident that these kinds of enterprises have lesser financial and
technical resources that give them less protection in natural disasters, and increase their chance
of experiencing hazards.
Thus, according to the study conducted by Sun, Q. et al. (2022), several factors such as
impact to employment, labor income, gross regional domestic product, and work disruption
can be encountered by employees who work for local or large firms due to the unfavorable
impact of flooding such as business relocation. Additionally, employees who use public
transportation especially in urban areas like Metro Manila in the Philippines, were proven to
face more difficulty in commuting during the rainy season where flood is relevant. This causes
them to adjust their traveling or departure time affecting the travel behavior of the employees
(Abad, R. et al., 2018). Hence, this may affect not only the productivity of the employees and
their job itself, but also their other priorities and commitment outside the workplace.
Other than that, people living with disability (PWDs) and the elderly are included in
the population of the most affected during disasters. Their continuous pre-existing medical
conditions and disability in physical and mental aspects increase their risks during emergencies.
These challenges not only make them more vulnerable during the crisis; but also put them in a
very poor standing when it comes to recovery (Obnial, J. et al., 2023). Proportionately, a
systematic review of Mendis, K. et al. (2023) using the PRISMA guidelines identified that
women, children, people with disabilities, and intersectional groups of the vulnerable and
disadvantaged community experiences fifty-seven (57) challenges in social, health, political,
economic, infrastructural, and communication categories in post-disaster context. This study
supports that the impact of natural disasters like flood to marginalized groups does not only
come in hand for a short period of time, rather it also creates long-term effects for the group
in different aspects.
While provinces within the Philippines, such as Bataan, equally suffers from different
effects of natural disasters, especially as a peninsula area that's prone from urban and coastal
flooding (Think Hazard). Several articles and news from different flooding events in Bataan
were written, addressing how often does its municipalities and lone city re-encounter floods
and the conflicts it brings.
In an article published by Philippine News Agency (PNA) and written by Esconde E.
(2018), during the heavy rains caused by Typhoons Josie on July 2018, the entire Province of
Bataan was declared under a state of calamity after it experienced flash floods brought by
Habagat or Southwest Monsoon. Different municipalities were submerged in flood including
barangays and villages under Samal, Hermosa, Mariveles, Dinalupihan and Balanga City. The
flooding incident resulted in suspension of classes and work in government offices in Bataan.
Additionally, in July 2024, the municipalities of Bagac, Mariveles, Abucay, Orani, and the city
of Balanga suffered and reported flooding incidents once again due to rainfall brought by
Typhoon Carina and Habagat. Esconde E. (2024) disclosed in an article of Punto! Central
Luzon, where Bagac and Mariveles experienced a more than 1-feet deep flood in some
barangays. While some barangay in Abucay and Balanga City encountered 2-3.75 feet of flood.
Flooding was reported to Hermosa and Samal as well, where some portions of rice fields had
been submerged in water caused by heavy rainfalls. These incidents caused a temporary electric
power outage in some parts of Bataan during the typhoon. Similarly, when Severe Tropical
Storm Enteng entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) in September of 2024, some
portions of Bataan was recorded to experience chest-deep flooding based on the article
authored by Serquina, M.C. (2024) and published by GMA Integrated News. During the natural
calamity, some areas of Hermosa and Dinalupihan were severely flooded including Brgy.
Almacen and another nine (9) barangays within Dinalupihan town. The residents of Hermosa
believe that the flood their barangay experienced was due to its catch-basin location — where
the flood that subsides on other areas flows to their area afterwards. On the other hand, residents
that were affected in Dinalupihan are convinced that it is not only the storm that worsened the
flood that they experienced, but it was the clogged drainage system on their barangay. In
response, the Local Government Unit of Dinalupihan was said to form a program that would
widen the problematic drainage system.
With the articles given, it is an apparent observation that Bataan really does suffer from
the hazards of flooding. However, assessing the impacts of it, primarily to disadvantaged and
vulnerable groups, have not yet clearly studied and identified, even to the most flood-affected
municipality or area. According to the Ecological Profile of Bataan Province created by CLSU
in "Project Safe", Hermosa has the largest flood-prone land area with 5,330.30 hectares
susceptible to floods. Thus, Barangay Almacen is one of the areas that is most exposed to
flooding all over the municipality of Hermosa.
In August 2018, Barangay Almacen including other barangays in Hermosa experienced
a more than neck-deep flood due to high tides and continuous rain. This forced the residents to
use fishing boats as their only transportation vehicle at that time, as stated by Esconde E. (2018)
in a Philippine News Agency (PNA) article. Similar event happened in July of 2021, where in
Brgy. Almacen experienced four-feet-deep water, and encountered the use of boats as their
mode of transportation. Nevertheless, there's no evacuation that occurs within the mentioned
barangay, in accordance with the article authored by Esconde E. (2021) in PNA. Then, in July
2023, severe flood was reported once again in the barangay of Almacen caused by heavy rains
that fall in the Province of Bataan due to Southwest Monsoon that is strengthened by the former
Philippine typhoon, Egay. Residents temporarily left their homes and went to evacuation areas
after the flood reached their houses (GMA Integrated News, 2023).
Certainly, it is beyond doubt that people of Almacen know all too well the threat of
flooding in its barangay, especially when the rainy season arrives. In view of its flat terrain
location and close proximity to Almacen River, disadvantaged and vulnerable
residents including the PWDs, the elderly, the poor, the student populace, business persons
and employees often throw their lives into chaos in times when flood occurs or when the river
bursts its banks. During flood, or anytime the river floods, these groups are displaced, they
have to run for their lives, for their property, leaving their normal day activities and jobs. These
damages hinder the running of various aspects of people's lives, such as schools, hospitals, and
markets affecting livelihood, education, and health.
Apart from the health risks, the mental implications are huge. There is always that
element of fear and anxiety whenever there are floods that further stress the already pressured
living among the minority poor. There is a significant loss of income as well as property
resulting in further penetration into poverty especially with the desperation of those with
reliance on the easily flooded vulnerable small businesses.
Therefore the goal of this study is to further analyze the existing socioeconomic impact
of floods to the vulnerable and disadvantaged households in Barangay Almacen, Hermosa,
Bataan — a locality that is infamous for its susceptibility to floods, and a community with a
large vulnerable population.
This study aims to assess and understand the social and economic impacts that the
disadvantaged and vulnerable group experiences during and after the occurrence of flood
within the barangay. It includes the (1) exploration of the group's resilience and their access to
basic needs and healthcare; (2) determining the income losses, property damage, and other
economic impacts associated to flood; (3) analyzing the households' coping mechanism and
adaptation strategies; (4) viewing of the perspective of the population to Local Government
Unit (LGU) interventions; and (5) formulating potential policy recommendation that the local
government of Almacen can adapt to address the socioeconomic impacts revealed in this study.
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REFERENCE SA SEMI FINAL NA COPY KO NA TAPOS KO NA IINSERT
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who.int/health-topics/floods#tab=tab_1
Syifa, M. (2020). ASEAN Risk Monitor and Disaster Management Review 2nd Edition
2020 - AHA Centre. AHA Centre. https://ahacentre.org/publication/armor- 2nd-20
20/#
Chen A, Giese M, Chen D. (2020). Flood impact on Mainland Southeast Asia between 1985
and 2018—The role of tropical cyclones. J Flood Risk Management. 2020; 13: e12598.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12598
Statista. (2024). Number of people affected by storm Philippines 2011-2020. Statista.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1307205/philippines-number-of-people-affected-by
-storm/
Statista. (2024, March 26). Number of totally damaged houses due to natural disasters
Philippines 2012-2023. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1264058/philippin
es-number-of-totally-damaged-houses-during-natural-disasters/
Jha, S.; Martinez, A., Jr.; Quising, P.; Ardaniel, Z.; Wang, L. Natural Disasters, Public
Spending, and Creative Destruction: A Case Study of the Philippines. SSRN Electron.
J. 2018, 817, 1–26
Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Rozenberg, J., Bangalore, M., & Beaudet, C. (2020). From
Poverty to Disaster and Back: A Review of the Literature. Economics of Disasters and
Climate Change, 4(1), 223–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41885-020-00060-5
Israel, D. C., & Briones, R. M. (2014). Disasters, poverty, and coping strategies: The
framework and empirical evidence from micro/household data - Philippine case
(Discussion Paper Series No. 2014-06). Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
Kousky, C (2016) Impacts of natural disasters on children. The Future of Children, 26(1), 73–
92.
Ardales, G. Y., Espaldon, M. V. O., Lasco, R. D., Quimbo, M. A. T., & Zamora, O. B. (2016).
Impacts of floods on public schools in the municipalities of Los Baños and Bay,
Laguna, Philippines. Journal of Nature Studies, 15(1), 19-40.
Wedawatta, G., Ingirige, B. and Proverbs, D. (2014), SMEs and flood impacts. J. Flood Risk
Manage, 7: 42-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12031
Sarreal, E. R., Fernandez, P. F. B., & Orbeta, C. M. P. (2021). Flooding Experiences and
Dimensions of Organizational Resilience of MSMEs in CAMANAVA Cities in the
Philippines. In 2021 AUN-BE Conference (p. 21).
Sun, Q., Mann, J., & Skidmore, M. (2022). The impacts of flooding and business activity and
employment: A spatial perspective on small business. Water Economics and Policy,
8(03), 2140003.
Abad, R. P., & Fillone, A. (2018). Factors affecting travel behavior during flood events in
Metro Manila, Philippines. In Conference Paper.
Obnial, J. C., Velasco, J. V., Ang, H. K., Viacrusis, P. M., & Lucero-Prisno, D. E. (2023).
Disaster Response Inclusiveness to Persons with Disabilities and the Elderly in the
Philippines. In Health Disparities, Disasters, and Crises (pp. 94-110). Routledge.
Mendis, K., Thayaparan, M., Kaluarachchi, Y., & Pathirage, C. (2023). Challenges faced by
Marginalized Communities in a Post-Disaster Context: A Systematic Review of the
literature. Sustainability, 15(14), 10754. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410754
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