Metallic
Materials
MME 291
Lecture-1
Mechanical Properties of
Materials
Courtesy: Abrar Rauf
Department of MME, BUET
Today’s Topics
▪ Material Selection- Case Study
▪ Stress- Strain Behavior
▪ Tensile Test
Reference:
1. WD Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction
Appropriate Material Selection
▪ An engineer has a
vast range of
materials at their
disposal.
▪ How do they go
about selecting the
material? – Based on
their properties.
Appropriate Material Selection
▪ Improper selection
of materials can lead
to catastrophic
disasters.
Wootton Bridge Collapse Titanic Ship Failure
Mechanical Properties
▪ For structural applications, the properties that we are interested in are mechanical
properties.
▪ Bulk Mechanical Properties:
▪ Modulus of Elasticity
▪ Yield Strength
▪ Tensile Strength
▪ Ductility
▪ Hardness
▪ Impact Strength
▪ Fracture Toughness
▪ Fatigue Strength
▪ Creep Resistance
Stress-Strain Behavior
▪ What happens when a material is loaded
with a mechanical force?
1. Tensile and Compressive Forces
2. Shear Forces
3. Torsional Forces
▪ Engineering Stress:
▪ Engineering Strain:
Stress-Strain Behavior: Modulus of Elasticity
▪ To predict a materials mechanical performance, we need to understand the relationship
between stress and strain.
▪ For a material stressed in tension, at low levels, the stress is proportional to the strain
(Hooke’s Law):
▪ Where, E is the modulus of elasticity/ Young’s modulus.
▪ The modulus is the slope of the linear stress-strain curve
▪ Higher the modulus, greater the stiffness of the material
▪ Within this linear elastic regime, all strains are recoverable
Stress-Strain Behavior: Yield Stress
▪ How long does the assumption of linear elasticity hold
true?
▪ For most metals, elastic deformation persists only to
strains of about .005
▪ Beyond this, stress is no longer proportional to strain.
▪ The material transitions from elastic deformation to
plastic deformation.
▪ Plastic deformation is permanent and non-recoverable.
▪ This transition is called ‘yielding’
▪ The stress value at which yielding occurs is called the
yield strength,
Permanent
deformation
Stress-Strain Behavior: Yield Stress
▪ How do we identify the yield point?
▪ If the transition from elastic to plastic
deformation occurs so gradually that a
sharp yield point is not identifiable, then a
convention is used to determine the yield
point.
▪ a straight line is constructed parallel to
the elastic portion of the stress–strain
curve at some specified strain offset,
usually 0.002. The stress corresponding to
the intersection of this line and the
stress–strain curve as it bends over in the
plastic region is defined as the yield
strength- more often it is called 0.2%
Proof Stress.
Atomistic Insights
▪ During elastic deformation, only
bond stretching occurs.
▪ Upon releasing the applied force,
the atoms return to their original
locations.
▪ In plastic deformation, there is
stretching, breaking and re-
arrangement of bonds along with
shearing of atomic planes.
▪ Upon release of force, the planes
remain sheared, leading to
permanent non-reversible
deformation.
Tensile and Failure Strength
▪ After yielding, stress for
plastic deformation
increases up to a maximum
point.
▪ The stress corresponding
to this point is called the
tensile strength.
▪ At this point, necking
begins, and all further
deformation becomes
confined to this neck.
▪ Fracture ultimately occurs
at the neck
Complete Stress-Strain Diagram
The Tensile Test
▪ The stress-strain
behavior of a
particular material is
experimentally
determined with the
help of the tensile
test.
▪ For a tensile test, a
standard sample must
be prepared.
▪ For example, ASTM
E8/E8M for steel.
The Tensile Test
▪ The tensile test is carried out with the help of a Universal Testing Machine.
Example Problem
▪ An Aluminum suspension rod is to withstand an applied force of 45000 lbs. To assure sufficient
safety, the maximum allowable stress on the material is limited to 25000 psi. The rod must be
at least 150 inches long but must deform elastically no more than 0.25 inches, when the force
is applied. Design an appropriate cross section for the rod.
Example Problem
Shear Modulus
The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity is the shear stiffness of a material and is defined
as the ratio of shear stress to shear strain.
Poisson's Ratio
▪ When a material is subjected to uniaxial tensile
stress in the z-direction, it elongates in the z-
direction and contracts in the lateral x and y
directions.
▪ Poisson's ratio (ν) is defined as the ratio of
lateral strain to axial strain:
