IT432 Assignment1 Maximum Marks: 5.

0
Dated: 19-9-2024
Due Date: 29-9-
2024
Student Name: Raed Alotaibi Student ID: 431103848

• What do you mean by an operating system? What are its basic functions?

- An operating system (OS) is system software that manages

computer hardware and software resources and provides

common services for computer programs.

- An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer.

■ Most of the time, there are many different computer programs running at the

same

time, and they all need to access your computer's central processing unit

(CPU), memory, and storage. The operating system coordinates all of this to make

sure each program gets what it needs.

■ It manages the computer's memory, processes, and all of its

software and hardware.

■ It also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to

speak

the computer's language.

■ Without an operating system, a computer is useless

• What is a bootstrap program in OS?

A bootstrap program in OS is the first code that executes at power on or after a

restart. It is designed to load the operating system into memory to start operations.

The program is basically stored in the firmware of the computer, and the principal

tasks it carries out include the loading of the kernel of the OS and the initialization of

its execution.

• Write all the steps to install a new copy of Windows 11 on a computer.

1. Download Windows 11 Installation Media

Go to the Windows 11 download page from Microsoft.

You can either use the Windows 11 Installation Assistant or the tool labeled Create

Windows 11 Installation Media.

Follow these steps to either simply download the ISO for Windows 11 or create a

bootable USB drive directly.

2. Create a Bootable USB Drive

You will have to create a bootable USB drive if you are going to use the ISO file:.

Use a utility such as Rufus or the Windows Media Creation Tool to make the USB

bootable with the downloaded Windows 11 ISO. Make sure the USB is formatted;

FAT32 is recommended for UEFI systems. 3. Boot the Computer from the USB Drive

Insert the bootable USB drive into your computer. Reboot the computer and tap into
the BIOS/UEFI by pressing one of those keys, Del, F2, F10, or sometimes Esc,

depending on your motherboard.

In BIOS/UEFI, set the USB drive as the first boot device in the boot order. Save

changes and exit. 4. Start Windows 11 Installation The computer will immediately

boot from the USB drive and begin the installation process of Windows 11. You will

see a Windows Setup screen. You can choose your language, time, and keyboard.

Then click "Next". Click Install Now. 5. Enter the Product Key Type in a valid product

key for Windows 11 if you have one.

You can also click I don't have a product key if you want to skip this for now.

(Windows 11 will ask for it again later or let you activate after installation.)

6. Choose the Windows 11 Edition

Pick the edition of Windows 11 that matches your product key or the one to which

you want to install.

7. License Agreement

Read the Microsoft Software License Terms and click Next.

8. Choose the Installation Type

You will be given two options: Upgrade - that keeps your files and apps, or Custom -

which is a fresh installation.

Under Custom, click the radio button next to Custom: Install Windows only

(advanced).
9. Partition Selection

Drive selection: The partition of the hard drive on which you want to install

Windows 11; this is usually Drive 0.

If the drive has an old OS or some files that you don't need, you can delete all the

partitions to start afresh. Click New if you need to create a new partition.

When the partition is selected, click Next.

10. Windows Installation Process

Now, Windows 11 will start installation. This will take some time, and it will restart

the system a couple of times during this process.

11. Initial Setup After Installation

When installation is complete, Windows 11 will automatically reboot and walk you

through initial setup on your system. This initial setup includes the likes of setting

region and language, setting up your network, either Wi-Fi or Ethernet, logging in

with a Microsoft account, which you can create during the process if you need to, and

setting privacy, including location, diagnostics, and more. 12. Completing Windows

Setup Windows 11 will take a few minutes to finalize your setup. You will then be

taken to the Windows 11 desktop.

13. Installation of Drivers and Their Updates

Go to Settings and then click on Windows Update to check if any new update is

available. Install the required drivers like chipset, graphics, etc., using the Windows

Update or by physically downloading it from the OEM website.

14. Activate Windows

If you skipped the product key at the time of installation, then go to Settings > System

> Activation and insert your product key to activate Windows 11.

• What is the difference between

• GUI and CLI

• GUI (Graphical User Interface)

• Menu-driven interface - Extremely user-friendly and hence easy to learn

• Just click mouse buttons - Can even be used by toddlers and illiterates

• Provides a pleasant visual environment – desirable feature for most users

• Easy multitasking – Open multiple windows(applications) and switch from one

to another with a simple click of the mouse

• No need to remember any complex commands

• Useful for Office applications, games, surfing the web, ATM, Household

devices (TV, Microwave, Mobile Phone) etc.

CLI (Command Line Interface)

• If you can type fast, the command line will always be faster than a keyboard

and mouse – typing speed is the only limiting factor

• For most tasks it can be a lot faster using a command line than it can be using a GUI.

• Certain tasks can be done 10 to 100 times faster (some are impossible from a GUI )

• Very flexible with the use of “switches” (options)

• Good for “expert” users - can quickly access commands

• Uses the fewest system resources

• Need to memorize the commands – learning curve is steep

• Possibility of command chaining – use pipe and other operators

• Md ccis && dir

• FAT and NTFS

The external structure of a file depends on whether

it is being created on a FAT or NTFS partition. The

maximum filename length on a NTFS partition is 256

characters, and 11 characters on FAT (8 character

name+"."+3 character

extension.) NTFS filenames keep their

case, whereas FAT filenames have no concept of

case (but case is ignored when performing a search

under NTFS Operating System). Also, there is the

new VFAT which permits 256 character filenames.

• Is it possible to make a bootable USB for installing multiple OS? If yes, write the

steps how is it possible.

Yes, it is possible. By using a lot of tools, but we are using Ventoy

Step 1. Download the tool from the Latest release from its Github Page.

Step 2. Extract the downloaded .zip file.

Step 3. Go to the extracted folder & run Ventoy2Desk.exe.

Step 4. Now, choose the USB/Pendrive that you want to use.

Step 5. Click Install, then it will warn you that all of your data will be formatted from

your USB. Click Yes if you don’t have any data, otherwise take a backup, and

continue.

Step 6. Once finished, a message of congratulations indicating that the process has

been finished will appear.

Step 7. Your USB/Pendrive will now be renamed as Ventoy, you just have to drag and

drop the ISO file to the USB drive.

Step 8. To install or test any OS, simply boot the USB drive when your computer

starts up.
 • What are the demerits of the FAT file system?

- File defragmentation

- No easy mechanism to determine free space (entire

table must be read)

• Explain the difference between Physical and logical journaling.

- Physical:

Logs a copy of every block that is about to be written to

the device, before it is written Includes a checksum of blocks to ensure that data

written is error free.

- Logical:

Only changes to the file’s metadata are stored in the

journal.

- Physical is more robust, but requires huge storage

space

• What is the difference between a Normal user and a Super administrator?

- A regular user has limited access, could execute day-to-day tasks, and modify only

his files. Whereas, the super administrator has full control over the system and will

be able to install software, change system files, manipulate all users and their

settings, including security and permissions.

 • Explain the difference between embedded OS and Real-time OS.

Embedded

– Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer

systems.

– They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy.

– They are able to operate with a limited number of resources.

– They are very compact and extremely efficient by design.

– Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.

Real-time

– A real-time operating system is an operating system that guarantees to process

events or data within a certain short amount of time.

– A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when

multitasking, it uses specialized scheduling algorithms

• What is the difference between UEFI and legacy?

Some advantages of UEFI over BIOS are support for larger hard drives over 2 TB,

faster boot times, easier to work with, and more advanced security features such as

Secure Boot.
Legacy refers to the older, less complex firmware interface. Fewer drives are

supported, and in general, booting can take a little longer, although there are many

places where it is being used on older hardware.