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in

Course Name: Linear integrated circuits (EC-3451)

Course outcomes:
CO213.1.Apply knowledge of differential amplifiers, current sources in
analyzing basic building blocks of operational amplifiers.
CO213.2. Elucidate and design linear and non-linear applications of operational
amplifiers.

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CO213.3. Analyze complex analog circuits using analog multipliers and PLL
CO213.4. Design different types of ADC and DAC.

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CO213.5. Understand and analyze special function IC’s such as IC 555, IC 723,
switching regulator, power amplifier, isolation amplifier, fiber optic IC.

UNIT I eri
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BASICS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 9
Current mirror and current sources, Current sources as active loads,
Voltage sources, VoltageReferences, BJT Differentialamplifier with active
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loads, Basic information about op-amps–Ideal Operational Amplifier

General operational amplifier stages-and internal circuit diagrams of IC
741,DC and AC performance characteristics, slew rate, Open and closed
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loop configurations.
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PART-A
1. Define an Integrated circuit. (Remember)
An integrated circuit(IC) is a miniature, low cost electronic circuit consisting of active
and passive components fabricated together on a single crystal of silicon. The active
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components are transistors and diodes and passive components are resistors and capacitors.
2. Mention the advantages of integrated circuits over discrete components.
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(May 2010),[NOV/DEC 2013], [MAY/JUNE 2014 ][NOV/DEC 2014] (Remember)

*Miniaturization and hence increased equipment density.

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*Cost reduction due to batch processing.

*Increased system reliability due to the elimination of soldered joints.
*Improved functional performance.
*Matched devices. *Increased operating speeds.
*Reduction in power consumption.
3. Define sheet resistance. (Remember) (May 2010)
Sheet resistance is defined as the resistance in ohms /square offered by the diffused
area.

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4. What is the use of buried n+ layer in monolithic IC transistor? (Remember)

(MAY2010)

The buried n+ layer provides a low resistance path in the active collector region for
the flow of current
5. What are the two common methods for obtaining integrated capacitors? (Remember)
(May 2010)
• Monolithic junction capacitor
• Thin-flim capacitor
6. What is active load? Where it is used and why? (Understand) (MAY/JUNE 2010)

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The active load realized using current source in place of the passive load in the
collector arm of differential amplifier makes it possible to achieve high voltage gain without

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requiring large power supply voltage.
7. Why open loop OP-AMP configurations are not used in linear Applications?
(Understand)

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(May 2010)
The open loop gain of the op-amp is not a constant and it varies with changing the
temperature and variations in power supply. Also the bandwidth of the open loop op-amp is
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negligibly small. For this reasons open loop OP-AMP configurations are not used in linear
applications.
8. Define virtual ground of a OP-Amp? (Remember) (May/June
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2010)
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A virtual ground is a ground which acts like a ground. It is a point that is at the fixed
ground potential (0v), though it is not practically connected to the actual ground or common
terminal of the circuit.
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9. Define input offset voltage. (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2013]

A small voltage applied to the input terminals to make the output voltage as zero when the
two input terminals are grounded is called input offset voltage.
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10. Define input offset current. State the reasons for the offset currents at the input of
the op-amp. (Remember)
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The difference between the bias currents at the input terminals of the op-amp is called
as input offset current. The input terminals conduct a small value of dc current to bias the
input transistors. Since the input transistors cannot be made identical, there exists a difference
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in bias currents.
11. Define CMRR of an op-amp. (Remember) (DEC 09)
The relative sensitivity of an op-amp to a difference signal as compared to a common
–mode signal is called the common –mode rejection ratio. It is expressed in decibels.
CMRR= Ad/Ac
12. What are the applications of current sources? (Remember)

Transistor current sources are widely used in analog ICs both as biasing elements and
as load devices for amplifier stages.

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13. What is the advantage of widlar current source over constant current source?
(Understand)
Using constant current source output current of small magnitude(micro amp range) is
not attainable due to the limitations in chip area. Widlar current source is useful for obtaining
small output currents. Sensitivity of widlar current source is less compared to constant current
source.
14. Mention the advantages of Wilson current source. (Remember)
(i) Provides high output resistance.
(ii) Offers low sensitivity to transistor base current
15. Define sensitivity (Remember)

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Sensitivity is defined as the percentage or fractional change in output current per
percentage or fractional change in power-supply voltage.
16. What are the limitations in a temperature compensated Zener-reference source?

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(Understand)
A power supply voltage of at least 7 to 10 V is required to place the diode in the

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breakdown region and that substantial noise is introduced in the circuit by the avalanching
diode
17. In practical op-amps, what is the effect of high frequency on its
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performance?(Remember)
The open-loop gain of op-amp decreases at higher frequencies due to the presence of
parasitic capacitance. The closed-loop gain increases at higher frequencies and leads to
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instability.
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18. What is the need for frequency compensation in practical op-amps? (Remember)
Frequency compensation is needed when large bandwidth and lower closed loop gain
is desired. Compensating networks are used to control the phase shift and hence to improve
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the stability.
19. Define slew rate. (Remember) (MAY 2010), [MAY/JUNE 2014] [MAY/JUNE 2015]
The slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of output Voltage caused by a
step input voltage. An ideal slew rate is infinite which means that op-amp’s output voltage
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should change instantaneously in response to input step voltage.

20. Why IC 741 is not used for high frequency applications? (Understand)
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IC741 has a low slew rate because of the predominance of capacitance present in the
circuit at higher frequencies. As frequency increases the output gets distorted due to limited
slew rate.
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21. What causes slew rate? (Understand) (DEC 09), [MAY/JUNE

2015]
There is a capacitor with-in or outside of an op-amp to prevent oscillation. The
capacitor which prevents the output voltage from responding immediately to a fast changing
input.
22. What happens when the common terminal of V+ and V- sources is not grounded?
(DEC 09) (Understand)
If the common point of the two supplies is not grounded, twice the supply voltage will
get applied and it may damage the op-amp.

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23. What is an integrated circuit? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2010]

IC is a miniature low cost electronic circuit consisting of active and passive
components that are irreparably joined together on a single crystal chip of silicon.
24. What is current mirror? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2010]
A constant current source (current mirror) uses a transistor in the active mode of
operation where the collector current is relatively independent of the collector voltage.
25. Define slew rate and CMRR. [NOV/DEC2010],[APR/MAY 11]&[APR/MAY 2013
,APR/MAY2015] (Remember)
Slew rate is the maximum rate of change of output voltage caused by a step input

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voltage.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of differential mode gain to common mode gain.

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26. Why are active loads preferred than passive loads in the input stage of an
operational amplifier? (Understand) [NOV/DEC 2010]
A large value of resistance requires large chip area.

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27. Name the different methods used in fabrication of integrated resistors. (Remember)
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[APR/MAY 2011/ Nov / Dec 2012]
Diffused resistor, Epitaxial resistor, pinched resistor & Thin film resistor.
28. What are the two requirements to be met for a good current source? (Remember)
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[APR/MAY 2012]
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Transistors should be matched in order to have same Vbe.

29. State the limitations of discrete circuits. (Remember) [APR/MAY 2013]
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Operating speed is low due to parasitic capacitance effect.

Power consumption is more.
30. What is meant by monolithic IC? (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2014]
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An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a

microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor
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material, normally silicon.

31. What are the characteristics of an ideal op-amp? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2015]
 Infinite open-loop gain G = Vout / 'v
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 Infinite input impedance Rin, and so zero input current.

 Zero input offset voltage.
 Zero output impedance.
 Infinite bandwidth with zero phase shift and infinite slew rate.
32. A differential amplifier has a differential voltage gain of 2000 and common mode
gain of 0.2. Determine CMRR in db. (Apply) [APR/MAY 2015]
CMRR= 20 LOG [2000/0.2] =80 dB

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33. Mention two advantages of active load over passive load in an operational amplifier.
[Nov / Dec 2015](Remember)
34. Define input bias current and input offset current of an operational amplifier. [Nov /
Dec 2015] (Remember)
Input Bias Current:
Ideally, no current flows into the input terminals of an op amp. In practice, there are
always two input bias currents, IB+ and IB-
Input bias current IB=IB+ (-) IB-

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2
Input Offset Current:
One of the practical op –amp limitations that the input bias current for the two inputs

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may be slightly different. Even though the inputs are designed to be symmetrical, slight
differences which occur in the manufacturing process may give slightly different bias

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currents. This offset current is typically on the order of a tenth of the input bias current, with
10nA being a representative offset current for a 741.
Input Offset Current Ios= |IB+ (-) IB-|
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35. The output of an operational amplifier is 5V peak sine wave whose slew rate is
0.5V/μs. Find the maximum allowable frequency of the signal. [R (2008) Nov / Dec 2015]
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(Apply)
En

fm =S/2πVm
Given S=0.5V/µs V m=5V
fm=0.5*10 /2π*5=1.59*10-08
-6
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36. Find the maximum frequency for sine wave output voltage 10V peak to Peak with
an op-amp whose slew rate is 1V/µs. (Apply) [APR/MAY 2016]
fm =S/2πVm
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Given S=1V/µs V m=10V

fm=1*10-6/2π*10=1.59*10-08
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37. Differentiate the ideal and practical characteristics of an op-amp. [APR/MAY 2016]
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(Analyze)

Ideal operational amplifier are characterized by

 Infinite gain
 Infinite input resistance
 Zero output resistance (order of 10’s of ohms)
 Infinite bandwidth (practically restricted by slew rate)
 Linear irrespective of entire analog signal range No offsets and, so on.

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Practical operational amplifier are characterized by

 Input resistance is of the of mega ohm Order due to differential stage at the front end
 Output resistance order of tens of ohms.
 Practically bandwidth of Opamp restricted by slew rate.

PART-B
1. Explain the method of improving CMRR. (Understand) (16)
2. (a) Write a note on Widlar biasing circuit. (4) (Remember) [Apr „11]

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(b) Explain the various circuits used to provide constant current bias in a
differential amplifier. (12) (Understand)

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3. Explain the method of improving the CMRR using active load. (16) (Understand)
[May‟03]
4. Explain the operation of differential amplifier and give its differential gain, common
mode gain and CMRR. (Understand) (16)
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5. Draw and explain the basic band gap reference circuit. (Understand) (16)
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6. Derive the slew rate equation for an op-amp. (16) (Apply) [Nov‟02]
7. Explain in detail about the frequency compensation applied to operational amplifiers.
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(Understand)
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8. (a) Explain the method of improving the slew rate of an op-amp. (12) (Understand)
(b) Draw and explain briefly the equivalent circuit of an op-amp. (Understand) (4)
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9. Draw and explain the internal block diagram of an op-amp. (16) (Understand)
10. Define and explain slew rate. What is full-power bandwidth? Also explain the
methods adopted to improve slew rate [10] (Understand) [Apr‟11]
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11. Define output off-set voltage. Explain methods of nullify offset voltage (6)
(Understand) [Apr „11]
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12. (i) Define CMRR. Draw the circuit of an Op-amp differential amplifier and give the
expression for CMRR. (8) (Apply)
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(ii) Define Slew Rate. Explain the cause of slew rate and derive an expression for Slew
rate for an op-amp voltage follower. (8) (Apply) [APR/MAY 2010]
13. Draw the circuit diagram of the output stage of the IC 741 OP AMP and explain its
operation with clearly indicating the protection mechanisms indicated. (Apply)
[NOV/DEC 2010]
14. With neat circuit diagram explain the operation of [MAY/JUN 2012]
(i) Voltage reference circuit using temperature compensation
(ii) Voltage reference circuit using avalanche diode reference (Understand)
16. (i) List and explain the non-ideal DC characteristics of an operational amplifier.

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(Understand)
[NOV/DEC 2014], [APR/MAY 2015]
(ii) Explain the AC characteristics of an operational amplifier [MAY/JUN 2012],
[NOV/DEC 2014] (Understand)
17. Compare different configurations of Differential Amplifier. [May/June 2013]
(Analyze)
18. For a dual input, balanced output differential amplifier, Rc = 2.2kΩ, Re =4.7kΩ,
Rs1 = Rs2 = 50 Ω. The supply voltages are + 10V. The hfe for the transistor is 50.
Assume silicon transistors and hie = 1.4kΩ. Determine the operating point values,

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differential gain common mode gain and CMRR. (Apply) [May/June 2013]
19. State the advantages of Integrated circuits over discrete components.

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[May/June 2013] (Understand)
20. Explain the working of BJT Differential Amplifier with Active Load. (Understand)

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21. Write down the characteristics and respective values of an ideal operational
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amplifier. (Understand) [NOV/DEC2 013]
22. Explain the internal circuit diagrams of IC 741.Discuss its AC and DC performance
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Characteristics. (Understand) [MAY/JUNE 2014]

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23. With simple schematic of differential amplifier explain the function of operational
amplifier? (8) (Understand) [APR/MAY 2015]
24. With the neat diagram, explain the input side of the internal circuit diagram of
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IC741. (16). (Apply) [Nov / Dec 2015]

25. What is the need for the frequency compensation in an OPAMP? With a suitable
illustration, explain the pole-zero frequency compensation technique. (16)
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(Understand) [Nov / Dec 2015]

26. Draw the circuit diagram of a basic current mirror and explain its operation (8)
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(Analyze)[R (2008) Nov / Dec 2015]

27. With a schematic diagram, explain the effect of RE on CMRR in differential
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amplifier.(4) [APR/MAY 2016] (Analyze)

28. Discuss about the methods of improve the CMRR.(12). (Analyze)
[APR/MAY 2016]
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

1. For the DC level shifter shown in Fig 1, Determine the level shift between input and output

voltages. (PO1)(REMEMBER)

2. Obtain the level shift Vo for the circuit shown in Fig. 2. (PO1)(REMEMBER)

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3. A differential Amplifier has i) CMRR=1000 and ii)CMRR = 10,000.The first set of inputs

is V1=100µV and V2=-100µV.The second set of input is V1=1100µV and V2=

900µV.Calculate the percentage difference in output voltage obtained for the two sets of

input voltages and also comment on this. (PO2)(ANALYZE)

4. Design a i) constant current source ii) Widlar current source for generating a constant

current of Io=10µA.Assume Vcc=10V, Vbe=0.7 V, β=125, VT=25Mv.Find R1.Justify which

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circuit can be used for generating small current? (PO2) (PO3)(ANALYZE &CREATE)

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5. Design a differential Amplifier for a differential gain of 5000 and CMRR 100.If the inputs

are 290µV and 250 µV, Find the output voltage. (PO3)(CREATE)

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6. An operational amplifier has a slew rate of 2V/µs. If the peak output is 15 V, What is the

power bandwidth? (PO1) (REMEMBER)

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7, An operational amplifier has a slew rate of 35V/µs. How long will it take for the output to
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change from 0 to 15V? (PO1) (REMEMBER)

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8.The output of an opamp voltage follower is a triangular wave for a square wave input of

frequency 2MHz and 8Vpp amplitude. What is the slew rate of opamp? (PO1)
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(REMEMBER)

9. Design a simple current source to provide an output current of 150µA.Assume

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Vcc=5V,Vbe=0.6 V, β=125. (PO3) (CREATE)

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10.A peak to peak input signal of 400mV has to produce a peak to peak undistorted output

voltage of 3V with a rise time of 4µs.Can IC741 be used for such application.? Justify. (PO1)
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(REMEMBER)

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UNIT – II
APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 9
Sign Changer, Scale Changer, Phase Shift Circuits, Voltage Follower, V-to-
I and I-to-V converters,adder, subtractor, Instrumentation amplifier,
Integrator, Differentiator, Logarithmic amplifier,Antilogarithmic
amplifier, Comparators, Schmitt trigger, Precision rectifier, peak detector,
clipper and clamper, Low-pass, high-pass and band-pass Butterworth
filters.

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PART-A

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1. Mention some of the linear applications of op – amps. (Remember) (DEC 09)
Adder, subtractor, voltage –to- current converter, current –to- voltage converters,

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instrumentation amplifier, analog computation, power amplifier, etc are some of the linear op
amp circuits.
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2. Mention some of the non – linear applications of op-amps (Remember)
Rectifier, peak detector, clipper, clamper, sample and hold circuit, log amplifier, anti
–log amplifier, multiplier are some of the non – linear op-amp circuits.
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3. What are the areas of application of non-linear op- amp circuits? (Remember)
1. Industrial instrumentation
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2. Communication
3. Signal processing
4. What is voltage follower? (Remember) (MAY 2010)[MAY/JUNE 2014]
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A circuit in which output follows the input is called voltage follower.

5. What is the need for an instrumentation amplifier? (Remember)
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In a number of industrial and consumer applications, the measurement of physical

quantities is usually done with the help of transducers. The output of transducer has to be
amplified So that it can drive the indicator or display system. This function is performed by
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an instrumentation amplifier.
6. List the features of instrumentation amplifier: (Remember)
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1. High gain accuracy

2. High CMRR
3. High gain stability with low temperature co-efficient
4 Low dc offset
1. Low output impedance

7. What are the applications of V-I converter? (Remember)

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1. Low voltage dc and ac voltmeter

2. LED
3. Zener diode tester
8. Define Band pass filter. (Remember) (MAY 2010)
The band pass filter is the combination of high and low pass filters, and this allows a
specified range of frequencies to pass through.
9. Write transfer function of op amp as an integer. (Remember) [MAY 2010]
The transfer function of the integer is IAI=1/WR1cf

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10. What do you mean by a precision rectifier? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2015]
The major limitation of ordinary diode is that it cannot rectify voltages below the cut

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– in voltage of the diode. A circuit designed by placing a diode in the feedback loop of an op
– amp is called the precision diode and it is capable of rectifying input signals of the order of

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millivolt.
11. Write down the applications of precision diode. (Remember)
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1. Half - wave rectifier
2. Full - Wave rectifier
3. Peak – value detector
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En

4. Clipper
5. Clamper
12. Define Logarithmic and antilogarithmic amplifier. (Remember) (MAY 2010)
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When a logarithmic PN junction is used in the feedback network of op-amp, the

circuit exhibits log or antilog response. The logarithmic amplifier is a current to voltage
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converter with the transfer characteristics v0=vi In(If/Ii) Antilog amplifier is a decoding
circuit which converts the logarithmically encoded signal back to the original signal levels as
given by vl=vR10-kvi
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13. Differentiate Schmitt trigger and comparator. (Remember) (MAY 2010)

Comparator.
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1.It compares the input signal with references voltage then yields the output voltage .
comparator output need not to be square wave
2. It need not consist of feedback
Schmitt trigger
1. It operates between two reference points namely UTP&LTP.
2. It employs positive feedback
3. Its output is square wave.

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14. List the applications of Log amplifiers: (Remember)

1. Analog computation may require functions such as lnx, log x, sin hx etc. These
functions can be performed by log amplifiers
2. Log amplifier can perform direct dB display on digital voltmeter and spectrum
analyzer
3. Log amplifier can be used to compress the dynamic range of a signal
4. Comparator output need not to be square wave
15. Write down the condition for good differentiation. (Remember)

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1.For good differentiation, the time period of the input signal must be greater than or
equal to Rf C1

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2. T> =R f C1 Where, R f is the feedback resistance
3. C f is the input capacitance
16. What is a comparator? (Remember)

eri (MAY 2010)

A comparator is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one input of an
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op amp with a known reference voltage at the other input. It is an open loop op - amp with
output +Vsat.
17. What are the applications of comparator? (Remember)
g

1. Zero crossing detectors

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2. Window detector
3. Time marker generator
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4. Phase detector
18. What is a Schmitt trigger? (Remember) (DEC 09, MAY 10)
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Schmitt trigger is a regenerative comparator. It converts sinusoidal input into a square

wave output. The output of Schmitt trigger swings between upper and lower threshold
voltages, which are the reference voltages of the input waveform.
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19. What is a Schmitt trigger? (Remember) (DEC 09, MAY 10)

Schmitt trigger is a regenerative comparator. It converts sinusoidal input into a square
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wave output. The output of Schmitt trigger swings between upper and lower threshold
voltages,
20. Which are the reference voltages of the input waveform? (Remember)
i. RC phase shift oscillator
ii. Wein bridge oscillator
21. What are the characteristics of a comparator? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2015]
1. Speed of operation

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2. Accuracy
3. Compatibility of the output
22. What is a filter? (Remember)
Filter is a frequency selective circuit that passes signal of specified band of
frequencies and attenuates the signals of frequencies outside the band
23. What are the demerits of passive filters? (Remember)
Passive filters works well for high frequencies. But at audio frequencies, the inductors
become problematic, as they become large, heavy and expensive. For low frequency

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applications, more number of turns of wire must be used which in turn adds to the series
resistance degrading inductor’s performance ie, low Q, resulting in high power dissipation.

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24. What are the advantages of active filters? (Remember)
Active filters used op- amp as the active element and resistors and capacitors as
passive elements.

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25. Give the schematic of op-amp based current to voltage converter. [APR/MAY
2010](Apply)
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26. Draw the circuit diagram of differentiator and give its output equation
[APR/MAY 10] (Apply)
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27. Compare the performance of inverting and non-inverting operational amplifier

configurations.(Analyze) [NOV/DEC 2010]
En

Inverting Amplifier:
Gain = -Rf / Ri Input resistance = Ri
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Non Inverting Amplifier:

Gain = 1+Rf / Ri Input resistance = Very large (∞)
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28. Why is frequency compensation required in operational amplifier?

[NOV/DEC 2010] (Understand)
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To improve Stability of the circuit.

29. How do the precision rectifiers differ from the conventional rectifier
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[APR/MAY 2011] [NOV/DEC 2014], [APR/MAY 2015] (Understand)

To rectify voltage below the cut in voltage (0.7V) of a diode.
30. What are the important features of an instrumentation amplifier
[APR/MAY 2011] (Remember)
High gain accuracy, High CMRR, Low DC offset & low output impedance.

31. What is comparator? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2012]

It is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one input of an op-amp with
a known reference at other input.

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32. Give an application of an Inverting Amplifier. (Remember) [May / June 2013]

Scale changer, inverting summer.
33. Draw and write equation of an integrator using an op-amp. (Remember)
[NOV/DEC 2010]
1 t
R1Cf 0
V 0(t )  Vi(t )dt  V 0(0)

34. Give one application of voltage follower, Schmitt Trigger, Clamper and Peak
Detector. (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2013]

.in
Voltage follower- Buffer
Schmitt Trigger – Squarer circuit
Clamper – Analog TV receivers

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Peak Detector – AM communication
35. Define Bandwidth of a filter? (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2014]

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Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies.
36. What is Hysteresis and mention the purpose of hysteresis in a comparator.
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(Remember) [APR/MAY 2015].
The difference between upper and lower threshold voltages in a comparator is called
hysteresis. The voltage span of hysteresis is set to be greater than the peak to peak noise
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voltage. Therefore there will not be any incorrect variations due to noise signals.
En

37. Determine the output voltage for the circuit shown in figure 1 when [Nov / Dec 2015]
(Apply)
a.Vin=-2V and
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b.Vin=3V Given V cc=+-10V e+=1.5 e - =V in

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w.
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38. Design and sketch an operational amplifier subtractor circuit. (Analyze)

[R (2008) Nov / Dec 2015]

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39. What is the difference between basic comparator and Schmitt trigger? (Remember)

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[R (2008) Nov / Dec 2015]
In electronics, a Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit with hysteresis implemented

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by applying positive feedback to the noninverting input of a comparator or differential
amplifier. ... In the non-inverting configuration, when the input is higher than a chosen
threshold, the output is high.

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40. Draw the circuit diagram of a comparator. Mention its applications. [APR/MAY 2016]
g ine
En

(Remember)
Applications of Comparator:
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Threshold Detector, Zero Crossing Detector and Schmitt Trigger

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PART-B
1. Design a fourth order Butterworth LPF having a upper cutoff frequency of 1 KHz.
(Analyze)
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2. Design a square wave oscillator for f0 = 1 KHz using 741 op-amp and a DC supply
voltage of +/-12V. (Analyze)(Understand)
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3. a) Discuss the working of instrumentation amplifier . Name two applications of the

same. (10) (Understand) [May‟06]
4. Discuss in detail the working of a RC phase shift oscillator. (Understand)
5. Design Wien Bridge oscillator of 1 KHz frequency. (Analyze)

6. Design an op – amp Schmitt trigger with VUT= 2V, VLT= -4V & the output swings
b/w +10V. If the i /p is 5 sin wt, plot i/p & o/p waveforms. (Analyze)

7. a) Compare the RC phase shift and Wien bridge oscillator. (Analyze) (8)

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b) Design a RC phase shift oscillator and a Wien bridge oscillator of frequency 1

KHz. (Assume C= 0.01 F). (8) (Analyze) [Nov‟05]
8. With diagram explain the operation of inverting and non-inverting amplifier. (Apply)
9. Draw the circuit diagram of a second order Butterworth active LPF and derive its
transfer function. (Apply) [ECE Jun‟07]
10. Draw an instrumentation amplifier whose gain is controlled by adjustable gain and
explain its Working concept. (Apply) [EEE May‟08]
11. Explain the circuit operation of logarithmic amplifier with two op-amps.
[EEE May‟08] (Understand)

.in
12. With neat circuit, explain the operation of Schmitt trigger. (Understand)
[ECE May‟08]

ng
13. Explain about positive and negative clipper. (Understand)
14. Explain about zero crossing detector and peak detector. (Understand)

eri
15. With the help of circuits and necessary equations, explain how log and antilog
computations are performed using IC741. (Analyze) [Apr „11]
16. Explain the operation of the following op-amp applications. [Apr „11]
ine
1. Scale Changer (4)
2. Voltage follower (4)
g

3. Non-Inverting adder (4)

En

4. Integrator (4) (Understand)

17. (i) Design a first order Low-pass filter for cut-off frequency of 2 KHz and pass-band
gain of 2. (8) (Analyze) [APR/MAY 2010]
arn

(ii) Explain a positive clipper circuit using an Op-amp and a diode with neat
diagrams . (Understand)
18. (i) Design a circuit to implement V0=0.545V3+ 0.273V4−1.25V1−2V2.[APR/MAY
Le

2010] (Analyze)
(ii) Draw and explain a simple Op-amp differentiator. Mention its limitations.
w.

Explain with a neat diagram how it can be overcome in a practical differentiator.

Design an Op-amp differentiator that will differentiate an input signal with maximum
ww

frequency f max =100Hz. (Analyze)

19. With relevant circuits, explain the following applications of OPAMP.
[NOV/DEC 2010]
(i) Voltage to current converters
(ii) Multiplier (Understand)
20. (i) Explain the steps involved in the design of a band pass filter using OPAMP.
(ii) Write a note on Schmitt trigger.
[NOV/DEC 2010] (Understand)

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21 (i).Sketch the basic circuit using op amp to perform the mathematical operation of
differentiation and explain? What are the limitations of an ordinary op-amp
differentiator? Draw and explain the operation of a practical differentiator that will
eliminate the limitations. (Analyze)
(ii) Draw and explain the circuit of a voltage to current convertor if the load is
(1) Floating (2) Grounded (Apply) [MAY/JUN 2012]
22. (i) Explain the working of OP-AMP based Schmitt trigger circuit. (Understand)
[MAY/JUN 2012] [APR/MAY 2015]

.in
(ii)Design OP-AMP based second order active low pass filter with cut off frequency
2 kHz. (Analyze)

ng
23. a) i) What do you understand by an Instrumentation Amplifier?(Remember)
ii) State the requirements of a good Instrumentation Amplifier. (Remember)

eri
iii) Draw the circuit diagram and explain the working of Instrumentation
Amplifier. (Understand)
ine
iv) Mention the specific advantages of three op-amp Instrumentation Amplifier circuit.
(Remember) [May / June 2013]
g

24. i) What do you understand by an Integrator? (Understand)

En

ii) Draw and explain an ideal active op-amp Integrator circuit. (Understand)
iii) Draw the I/O waveforms for integrator (Apply)
arn

1) Step input signal.

2) Square wave input signal
Le

3) Sine wave input signal.

Derive the expression for change in output voltage. (Apply)
w.

iv) List the applications of practical Integrator. (Remember)

v) Design a practical integrator circuit with a dc gain of 10, to integrate a square
ww

wave of 10 KHz. (Analyze) [May / June 2013]

25. Explain the working of i) Instrumentation Amplifier ii) Schmitt Trigger
[NOV/DEC 2013], [NOV/DEC 2014], [APR/MAY 2015] (Understand)
26. Explain the working of i) Precision Full wave rectifier ii) Integrator
[NOV/DEC 2013], [NOV/DEC 2014] (Understand)
27. With the neat diagram explain logarithmic amplifier and Antilogarithmic Amplifier
[MAY/JUNE 2014], [APR/MAY 2015] (Apply)
28. With neat diagram explain the application of op amp as precision rectifier, Clipper,
and Clamper. (Understand) [MAY/JUNE 2014]

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29. Explain in detail about V –I and I-V convertor. (Understand) [APR/MAY 2015]
30. Design a wide band pass filter with fL= 400Hz, fH= 2 kHz and a pass band gain of
4.Find the value Q of the filter. (Analyze) [APR/MAY 2015]
31. Determine the rate of change of the output voltage in response to the first input
pulse as shown below for the integrator. The output voltage is initially zero. Also
describe the output after the first pulse. Draw the output waveform.(8) (Apply)
[APR/MAY 2015]

.in
ng
eri
32. Explain in detail about the V to I and I to V converters. (Understand) (8)
ine
[APR/MAY 2015]
33. With a neat circuit diagram, explain the working of the precision rectifier. (8)
g

(Understand) [Nov / Dec 2015]

En

34. Explain the application of operational amplifier as differentiator. (8)

(Understand)[Nov / Dec 2015]
35. Mention two advantages of active filter over passive filter. Also design a second
arn

order low pass filter using operational amplifier for the upper cut off frequency of 2
kHz. Assume the value of capacitor to be 0.1μF. (8) (Apply) [Nov / Dec 2015]
36. With a neat circuit diagram explain the working of voltage to current converter.(8)
Le

(Apply) [Nov / Dec 2015]

w.

37. Explain the working of an op-amp differentiator and derive its output equation. (8)
(Apply) [R2008 Nov / Dec 2015]
ww

38. What is the need for V to I and I to V converter? How are they realized using op-
amp? (8) (Understand) [R2008 Nov / Dec 2015]
39. What is the purpose of a precision rectifier? How are they realized using op-amp?
Explain (8) (Understand) [R2008 Nov / Dec 2015]
40. Draw the regenerator comparison circuit and obtain expression for UTP and LTP
(8) (Apply) [R2008 Nov / Dec 2015]
41. Draw the circuit diagram of an instrumentation amplifier and explain its operation.
List few applications. (12) (Apply) [APR/MAY 2016]

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42. How an op-amp can be used as an Log amplifier (4) (Understand) [APR/MAY
2016]
43. Design a second order high pass Butterworth filter having cut off frequency of
5Khz. (6) (Analyze) [APR/MAY 2016]
44. What is a precision rectifier? With circuit schematic explain the working principle
of full wave rectifier. (6) (Understand) [APR/MAY 2016]
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

1. Using IC741,design a capacitor coupled non inverting amplifier circuit to operate with a

.in
24v supply. The voltage gain is 100,output amplitude is 6V and lower cut –off frequency is to
be 100 Hz to drive a minimum load resistance of 5.6kΩ. (PO3)(CREATE)

ng
2. For the instrumentation amplifier using two ideal opamp shown in Fig.1 verify the
equation (PO2)(UNDERSTAND)

eri
Vo = (1 + R2/R1 + 2R2/R3 ) (V2-V1)
3. Prove that the voltage gain and input resistance with feedback of an inverting amplifier is
ine
given by
Avf = ( - Arf) / (R1(1+A)+ Rf) and Rif = (R1+ Rf/(1+A)) ║Ri (PO2)(ANALYZE)
g

4. Design an adder circuit using an opamp to get the output expression as Vo= -
En

(0.1V1+V2+10V3). (PO3)(CREATE)
5. Design an opamp differentiator that will differentiate an input signal with Fmax=100 Hz.
(PO3)(CREATE)
arn

Draw the output waveform for a sinewave of 1V peak at 100 Hz applied to the differentiator.
6. Consider the lossy integrator.For component values R1=10K, Rf= 100K, Cf=10nF,
Le

Determine the lower limit of integration. (PO1)(REMEMBER)

7. Design a second order butterworth Low pass filter having upper cut off frequency 1 KHz.
w.

(PO3)(CREATE)
8. Find the output voltage vo of the given circuit when input Vi=10mV,Vi=100 mv and
ww

Vi=1V. (PO1)(REMEMBER)
9. Design a circuit to implement Vo =0.545V3+0.273V4- 1.25 V1- 2V2. (PO3)(CREATE)
10. Calculate Vo of the output current in given circuit if E1 equals i)+5V ii) – 2V.
For each situation, state if the opamp sources or sinks. (PO2)(ANALYZE)

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UNIT – III
ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND PLL 9
Analog Multiplier using Emitter Coupled Transistor Pair-Gilbert
Multiplier cell–Variable trans conductance technique, analog multiplier ICs and
their applications, Operation of the basic PLL, Closed loop analysis, Voltage
controlled oscillator, Monolithic PLL IC 565, application of PLL for AM
detection, FM detection, FSK modulation and demodulation and Frequency
synthesizing

.in
PART-A

ng
1. List the basic building blocks of PLL(Remember)
1. Phase detector/comparator

eri
2. Low pass filter
3. Error amplifier
4. Voltage controlled oscillator
ine
2. Define FSK modulation. (Remember) (MAY 2010)
FSK is a type of frequency modulation, in which the binary data or code is transmitted
by means of a carrier frequency that is shifted between two fixed frequencies namely mark
g

(logic1) and space frequency (logic 0).

3. What is analog multiplier? (Remember) (MAY 2010)
En

A multiplier produces an output v0, which is proportional to the product of two

inputs vx and vy V0= kvxvy
arn

4. List out the various methods available for performing for analog multiplier.
(Remember)
• Logarithmic summing technique
• Pulse height /width modulation technique
Le

• Variable Tran’s conductance technique

• Multiplication using gilbert cell
• Multiplication technique using Trans conductance technique
w.

5. Mention some areas where PLL is widely used. (Remember) (DEC 2009)
1. Radar synchronizations
ww

2. Satellite communication systems

3. Air borne navigational systems
4. FM communication systems
5. Computers.
6. What are the three stages through which PLL operates? (Remember)
1. Free running
2. Capture
3. Locked/ tracking
7. Define lock-in range of a PLL. (Remember) (MAY 2010)
[Nov / Dec 2015]

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The range of frequencies over which the PLL can maintain lock with the incoming
signal is called the lock-in range or tracking range. It is expressed as a percentage of the VCO
free running frequency.
8. Define capture range of PLL. (Remember) (MAY 2010)
[Nov / Dec 2015]
The range of frequencies over which the PLL can acquire lock with an input signal is
called the capture range. It is expressed as a percentage of the VCO free running frequency.
9. Define Pull-in time. (Remember) [R2008Nov / Dec 2015]

.in
The total time taken by the PLL to establish lock is called pull-in time. It depends on
the initial phase and frequency difference between the two signals as well as on the overall
loop gain and loop filter characteristics.

ng
10. Write the expression for FSK modulation. (Remember) (MAY 2010)
∆vf=f2-f1/k0

11. Define free running mode. (Remember)

eri
An interactive computer mode that allows more than one user to have
(MAY 2010)
ine
Simultaneous use of a program.
12. For perfect lock, what should be the phase relation between the incoming signal and
VCO output signal? (Understand)
The VCO output should be 90 degrees out of phase with respect to the input signal.
g

13. Give the classification of phase detector: (Remember)

En

1. Analog phase detector.

2. Digital phase detector
14. What is a switch type phase detector? (Remember)
arn

An electronic switch is opened and closed by signal coming from VCO and the input
signal is chopped at a repetition rate determined by the VCO frequency. This type of phase
detector is called a half wave detector since the phase information for only one half of the
Le

input signal is detected and averaged.

15. What is a voltage controlled oscillator? (Remember)
Voltage controlled oscillator is a free running multivibrator operating at a set
w.

frequency called the free running frequency. This frequency can be shifted to either side by
applying a dc control voltage and the frequency deviation is proportional to the dc control
ww

voltage.
16. Define Voltage to Frequency conversion factor. (Remember)
Voltage to Frequency conversion factor is defined as,
Kv = fo / Vc= 8fo /Vcc
Vc is the modulation voltage
fo-frequency shift

17. What is the purpose of having a low pass filter in PLL? (Remember)
*It removes the high frequency components and noise.

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*Controls the dynamic characteristics of the PLL such as capture range, lock-in range,
band-width and transient response.
*The charge on the filter capacitor gives a short- time memory to the PLL
18. Discuss the effect of having large capture range. (Understand)
The PLL cannot acquire a signal outside the capture range, but once captured, it will
hold on till the frequency goes beyond the lock-in range. Thus, to increase the ability of lock
range, large capture range is required. But, a large capture range will make the PLL more
susceptible to noise and undesirable signal.

19.Mention some typical applications of PLL: (Remember)

.in
[APR/MAY 2015]
• Frequency multiplication/division
• Frequency translation

ng
• AM detection
• FM demodulation

eri
• FSK demodulation.

20. What is a compander IC? Give some examples. (Remember) (DEC 2009)
ine
The term companding means compressing and expanding. In a communication
system, the audio signal is compressed in the transmitter and expanded in the receiver.
Examples: LM 2704-LM 2707; NE 570/571.
g
En

21. What are the merits of companding? (Remember)

*The compression process reduces the dynamic range of the signal before it is
transmitted.
arn

*Companding preserves the signal to noise ratio of the original signal and avoids non
linear distortion of the signal when the input amplitude is large.
*It also reduces buzz, bias and low level audio tones caused by mild interference.
Le

22. What is a VCO? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2010]

VCO is a free running multivibrator which operates at free running frequency.
w.

23.Draw the relation between the capture ranges and lock range in a PLL. (Apply)
[APR/MAY 2010]
ww

24. What is lock range and capture range of PLL? [NOV/DEC 2010] [NOV/DEC 2013]
(Remember)
Range of frequencies over which PLL can maintain lock with the incoming signal is
called lock range. Range of frequencies over which PLL can acquire lock with the incoming
signal is called capture range.
25. With reference to a VCO, define voltage to frequency conversion factor Kv.
(Remember) [APR/MAY 2011]
Kv = ∆fo / ∆Vc
26. What are the advantages of variable transconductance technique? (Remember)

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[APR/MAY 2012]
1. Provides four quadrant operation.
2. Good accuracy.
3. High speed operation.
4. Less error.
27.VCO is called v-f converter? why? (Understand)
[APR/MAY 2012]
The frequency deviation is directly proportional to the dc control voltage and hence it

.in
is called a V-f converter.
28. A PLL frequency multiplier has an input frequency of “f” and a decade counter is
included in the loop. What will be the frequency of the PLL output?

ng
[May / June 2013](Apply)
Output of PLL = 10f

eri
29. Mention any two applications of PLL. (Remember) [May / June 2013]
Frequency Translation & AM Detection.
30. What is meant by Frequency synthesizing. (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2013]
ine
Large number of desired frequencies can be produced from a single crystal controlled
oscillator
32. What is the need for Frequency Synthesizer. (Remember) [MAY/JUNE 2014]
g

To produce precise series of frequencies from a stable crystal oscillator

En

33. What is the function of phase detector in PLL? (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2014]
The phase detector produces a DC or low frequency signal which is proportional to
the phase difference between the input signal and VCO output signal
arn

34. Under what condition the gilbert cell will function as a multiplier? (Remember)
[APR/MAY 2015]
When both the input to the gilbert cell are very small, it will work as a multiplier.
35. How do you convert a basic multiplier to a squaring and square root circuit?
Le

(Understand)
[APR/MAY 2015]
w.

When the input is connected to both the terminals of the multiplier IC, it will act as a
squaring circuit
36. Mention two application of analog multiplier. (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2015]
ww

Gilbert cell ,two and four quadrant multiplier.

37. With the equations, show how is a multiplier cab be used for finding phase angle
difference between two signals. (Remember) [R2008 Nov / Dec 2015]
38. What is four quadrant multiplier? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2016]
39. Draw the circuit diagram of PLL circuit using as a FM detector. [APR/MAY 2016]

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.in
PART-B

ng
1. Draw and explain the block diagram of PLL IC 565. (Understand)
[NOV/DEC 2013]
2. Draw and explain the operation of VCO IC 566 and derive the expression for f o.

eri
(Understand) [Nov‟05]

3. a) Derive the expression for capture range and lock range of PLL. (10)(Apply)
ine
b) Derive the expression for voltage to frequency conversion factor of VCO. (6)
(Apply) [Nov‟07]
4. Explain the application AM detector and FSK demodulator using PLL. (Understand)
g

5. Explain various types of phase detectors used in PLL. (Understand)

En

6. a) Explain the application frequency synthesizer using PLL.(8) (Understand)

b) What is the function of LPF in PLL? (8) (Remember) [Nov‟05]
arn

7. Draw and explain the block diagram of PLL IC 565 and derive its transfer function.
(Understand)
8. Draw and explain the operation of VCO IC 566 and derive the expression for f o.
Le

(Understand) [Nov‟05]
9. a) Derive the expression for capture range and lock range of PLL. (10)
w.

(Apply) [APR/MAY 2015][Nov‟07]

b) Derive the expression for voltage to frequency conversion factor of VCO. (6)
ww

10. Explain about Analog multiplier IC. (Apply) [APR/MAY 2015]

11. Sketch and explain the following applications of multipliers. [Apr „11]
1. Squaring (4)
2. Finding square root (4)
3. Frequency doubler (4)
4. Phase angle detector (4) (Understand)
12. (i) With a neat diagram explain the variable transconductance technique in analog
multiplier and give its output equation. (8) (Apply)

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(ii) Briefly explain the working of voltage controlled oscillator. (8) (Understand)
[APR/MAY 2010]
13. What are important building block of phase locked loop (PLL) explain its Working?
(Understand) [APR/MAY2010] [APR/MAY 2015]
14. Draw the functional block schematic of a NE565 PLL and explain the roles of the
low pass filter and VCO. Derive the expression for the capture range and lock in range
of the PLL. (Understand) [NOV/DEC 2010]
15. With suitable block diagram, explain the operation of 566 voltage controlled
oscillator. Also derive an expression for the frequency of the output waveform

.in
generated. (Apply) [NOV/DEC 2010]
16.(i)List and define the various performance parameters of a multiplier IC.

ng
(Remember) [MAY/JUN 2012]
(ii) How the multiplier is used as the voltage divider? (Understand)

eri
(iii) How the multiplier is used as the frequency doubler? (Understand)
17. (i) Explain with neat block diagrams how PLL is used as
ine
(i) AM detector [NOV/DEC 2014]
(ii) FM detector [NOV/DEC 2013][NOV/DEC 2014]
g

(iii) Frequency synthesizer (iv) FSK Demodulation

(Understand) [MAY/JUN 2012] , [MAY/JUNE 2014]
En

18. a) i) What do you mean by variable Trans conductance Analog multiplier?

(Remember)
arn

ii) State the advantages of variable Tran‟s conductance technique for analog
multiplication. (Remember)
iii) Draw the circuit and explain the working of one quadrant variable Trans
Le

conductance analog multiplier. (Understand) [May / June 2013]

19. Draw the block diagram and explain principle of working, characteristics and
w.

applications of
i) Frequency synthesizer.
ww

ii) Frequency shift keying (FSK) Demodulator. (Understand) [May / June 2013]
20. Explain the working of Gilbert Multiplier cell (Understand) [NOV/DEC 2013]
21. Explain the principle of operation of PLL? (Understand) [NOV/DEC 2013]
22. Explain the working of Analog Multiplier using emitter coupled transistor pair.
Discuss the application of analog multiplier IC. (Understand) [MAY/JUNE 2014]
[NOV/DEC 2014]
23. Explain the application of VCO for FM generation. (6) (Understand)
[APR/MAY 2015]

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24. With neat simplified internal diagram, explain the working principle of Operational
Tran‟s conductance amplifier. (OTA).(10) (Understand)
[APR/MAY 2015]
25. Define capture range and lock range. Explain the process of capturing the lock and
also drive for capture range and lock range. (16) (Apply)
[APR/MAY 2015]
25. Derive the expression for the capture range and lock range of Phase Locked (16)
[NOV/DEC 2015] (Apply)
26. Explain the application of PLL as (16) [NOV/DEC 2015]

.in
(i).Frequency synthesizer
(ii)AM demodulator and

ng
(iii) FM demodulator (Understand)
27. Explain the working of Analog Multiplier using emitter coupled transistor with
circuit diagram. (8) (Understand)
eri [R2008NOV/DEC 2015]
28. Describe how a PLL could be used as a voltage controlled oscillator. (8) (Analyze)
ine
[R2008 NOV/DEC 2015]
29. Draw the basic schematic of the PLL and explain its operation. (8) (Understand)
g

[R2008 NOV/DEC 2015]

En

30. Explain the functional diagram the FSK modulation and demodulation operations
using PLL‟s (8) (Understand) [R2008 NOV/DEC 2015]
arn

31. Explain the working principle of four quadrant variable form trasconductance
multiplier. (Understand) [APR/MAY 2016]
32. Discuss the principle of operation of NE565 PLL circuit. (10) (Understand)
Le

[APR/MAY 2016]
33. How can PLL be modeled as a frequency multiplier? (6)(Understand)
[APR/MAY 2016]
w.
ww

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ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
1. Design a VCO having the maximum range of 1KHz.Assume power supply
Vcc=15V.Required pulse width should not exceed 100µs. (PO3)(CREATE)
2. Design PLL 565 as a FSK demodulator in telephone data transmission.
(PO3)(CREATE)
3. Design a PLL circuit using IC565 to get free running frequency of 4.5 KHz.,Lock
range of 2 KHz, Capture Range of 100Hz.Assume supply voltages of ±10Vare
available.Show diagram with all component values. (PO3)(CREATE)

.in
4. In basic multiplier circuit,calculate the output voltage Vo with input voltages Vi=4V
and reference voltage Vref=10V. (PO1)(REMEMBER)
5. For a VCO circuit,assume R2=2.2KΩ ,R1=R3 = 15K and C1= 0.001µF.Assume

ng
Vcc=12V. Determine i) output frequency ii)the change in output frequency if
modulating input Vc is varied from 7 to 8V. (PO2)(ANALYZE)

eri
6. Determine the change in dc control voltage Vc during lock, if input signal frequency
fs=20KHz,the free running frequency is 21KHz and voltage to frequency transfer
coefficient of VCO is 4 KHz/V. (PO1)(REMEMBER)
ine
7. A PLL IC565 connected as an FM demodulator has R1=10KΩ, C1= 0.01µF and C2=
0.04µF.The supply voltage is +12 V. Determine the i) Free running frequency ii)
Lock in range iii) Capture range. (PO1)(REMEMBER)
g

8. In the given circuit V+= 12V,R2= 1.5K,R1=R3=10K and C1= 0.001µF. i) Determine
En

nominal frequency of output. Ii) Compute modulation in output frequencies if Vc is

varied between 9.5 and 11.5V. iii) Draw square wave output waveform if the
modulating input is a sinewave. (PO2)(UNDERSTAND)
arn
Le
w.
ww

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UNIT – IV

ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS 9

Analog and Digital Data Conversions, D/A converter–specifications-
weighted resistor type, R-2RLadder type, Voltage Mode and Current-Mode
R2RLadder types-switches for D/A converters, high speed sample-and-hold
circuits, A/D Converters–specifications-Flash type-Successive Approximation
type-Single Slope type–Dual Slope type-A/D Converter using Voltage-to-Time
Conversion-Over-sampling A/D Converters.

.in
PART-A

ng
1. Name the essential parts of a DAC. (Remember) (MAY 2010)
• Drive motors
• Analog devices

eri
• Deglitcher
• Filter
2. Write down the drawback of weighted D/A converter. (Remember)
ine
The main disadvantage of binary weighted D/A converter is the requirement of wide
range of resister values. As the length of the binary word is increased .the range of resister
values needed also increases.
g

3. List the broad classification of ADCs. (Remember)

En

1. Direct type ADC.

2. Integrating type ADC.
4. List out the direct type ADCs. (Remember) (DEC 2009)
arn

1. Flash (comparator) type converter

2. Counter type converter
3. Tracking or servo converter
Le

4. Successive approximation type converter

5. List out some integrating type converters. (Remember)
1. Charge balancing ADC
w.

2. Dual slope ADC

6. What is integrating type converter? (Remember)
An ADC converter that perform conversion in an indirect manner by first changing
ww

the analog I/P signal to a linear function of time or frequency and then to a digital code is
known as integrating type A/D converter.
7 .Explain in brief the principle of operation of successive Approximation ADC.
(Remember)
The circuit of successive approximation ADC consists of a successive approximation
register (SAR), to find the required value of each bit by trial & error. With the arrival of
START command, SAR sets the MSB bit to 1. The O/P is converted into an analog signal &
it is compared with I/P signal. This O/P is low or High. This process continues until all bits
are checked.

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8. What are the main advantages of integrating type ADCs? (Remember)

a. The integrating type of ADC’s do not need a sample/Hold circuit at the input.
b. It is possible to transmit frequency even in noisy environment or in an isolated
form.
9. Where are the successive approximation type ADC‟s used? (Remember)
The Successive approximation ADCs are used in applications such as data loggers &
instrumentation where conversion speed is important.
10. What is the main drawback of a dual-slop ADC? (Remember) (DEC 2009)
The dual slope ADC has long conversion time. This is the main drawback of dual
slope ADC

.in
11. State the advantages of dual slope ADC. (Remember) (DEC 2009)
It provides excellent noise rejection of ac signals whose periods are integral multiples
of the integration time T.

ng
12. Define conversion time. (Remember) (DEC 2009)
It is defined as the total time required to convert an analog signal into its digital

eri
output. It depends on the conversion technique used & the propagation delay of circuit
components. The conversion time of a successive approximation type ADC is given by
T(n+1) where T---clock period Tc---conversion time n-- --no. of bits
ine
13. Where are the successive approximation type ADC‟s used? (Remember)
The Successive approximation ADCs are used in applications such as data loggers &
g

instrumentation where conversion speed is important.

En

14. What is the main drawback of a dual-slop ADC? (Remember)

(DEC 2009)
arn

The dual slope ADC has long conversion time. This is the main drawback of dual
slope ADC
15. State the advantages of dual slope ADC (Understand)
(DEC 2009)
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It provides excellent noise rejection of ac signals whose periods are integral multiples
of the integration time T.
w.

16. Define conversion time. (Remember) (DEC 2009)

It is defined as the total time required to convert an analog signal into its digital
output. It depends on the conversion technique used & the propagation delay of circuit
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components. The conversion time of a successive approximation type ADC is given by

T(n+1)
where T---clock period
Tc---conversion time
n----no.of bits
17. Define resolution of a data converter. (Remember) (MAY 2010)
The resolution of a converter is the smallest change in voltage which may be
produced at the output or input of the converter. Resolution (in volts)= VFS/2n-1=1 LSB
increment. The resolution of an ADC is defined as the smallest change in analog input for a
one bit change at the output.

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18. Define accuracy of converter. (Remember) (MAY 2010)

Absolute accuracy:
It is the maximum deviation between the actual converter output & the ideal converter
output.
Relative accuracy:
It is the maximum deviation after gain & offset errors have been removed. The
accuracy of a converter is also specified in form of LSB increments or % of full scale voltage.
19. What is settling time? (Remember)
It represents the time it takes for the output to settle within a specified band ±½LSB
of its final value following a code change at the input (usually a full scale change). It depends

.in
upon the switching time of the logic circuitry due to internal parasitic capacitance &
inductances. Settling time ranges from 100ns. 10Ws depending on word length & type circuit
used.

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20. Explain in brief stability of a converter: (Understand)
The performance of converter changes with temperature age & power supply

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variation. So all the relevant parameters such as offset, gain, linearity error & monotonicity
must be specified over the full temperature & power supply ranges to have better stability
performances.
ine
21. What is meant by linearity? (Remember)
The linearity of an ADC/DAC is an important measure of its accuracy & tells us how
close the converter output is to its ideal transfer characteristics. The linearity error is usually
g

expressed as a fraction of LSB increment or percentage of full-scale voltage. A good

En

converter exhibits a linearity error of less than ±½LSB.

22. What is monotonic DAC? (Remember)
A monotonic DAC is one whose analog output increases for an increase in digital
arn

input.
23. What are the specifications of D/A converter? (Remember)
The specifications are accuracy, offset voltage, monotonicity, resolution, and settling
time.
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24. What is a sample and hold circuit? Where it is used? [MAY/JUNE2014],

w.

[NOV/DEC 2014] (Remember)

A sample and hold circuit is one which samples an input signal and holds on to its last
sampled value until the input is sampled again. This circuit is mainly used in digital
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interfacing, analog to digital systems, and pulse code modulation systems.

25 .Define sample period and hold period. (Remember) (DEC 2009)
The time during which the voltage across the capacitor in sample and hold circuit is
equal to the input voltage is called sample period. The time period during which the voltage
across the capacitor is held constant is called hold period.
26. Which is the fastest ADC and why? (Remember) (MAY 2010)
Simultaneous type A/D converter (flash type A/D converter) is the fastest because
A/D conversion is performed simultaneously through a set of comparators.

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27. What are the advantages and disadvantages of R-2R ladder DAC? (MAY2010)
(Remember)
Advantage:
• Easier to build
• Number of bits can be expanded by adding more sections.
Disadvantage:
• More power dissipation makes heating, which in turns develops non-linearties in
DAC.
28. Give the disadvantages of flash type A/D converter. (Remember) (MAY
2010)

.in
The simultaneous type A/D converter is not suitable for A/D conversion with more
than 3 or 4 digital output bits. Then (2n- 1) comparators are required for an n-bit A/D
converter and the number of comparators required doubles for each added bit.

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29. Define quantization error. (Remember)
In A/D converter the smallest digital step is due to the LSB and it can be made

eri
smaller only by increasing the number of bits in the digital representation. This error is called
quantization error.
30. Define Dither. (Remember)
ine
It is a very small amount of random noise (white noise) which is added to the input
before A/D conversion to improve the performance of A/D converter.
31. Define Delta modulation. (Remember)
g

Delta modulation is a technique in which derivative of the signal is

En

Quantized. The delta modulation shows slope overload for fast input signals and their
performance is dependent on input signal frequency.
32. Define slope overload noise and granular noise. (Remember)
arn

Slope overload noise is introduced due to the use of a step size delta is too small to
follow some portions of the waveform with a step size. Granular noise results from using a
step size that is too large in parts of the Waveform having a small slope.
Le

33. Define resolution of a data converter.[APR/MAY 2010] , [NOV/DEC 2010]&

[APR/MAY2011], [NOV/DEC 2014] (Remember)
Resolution of a converter is a smallest change in voltage which may be produced at
w.

the output.
34. Give the advantages of integrating type ADC. (Remember)
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[APR/MAY 2010]
Integrating type ADC perform conversion in an indirect manner by first changing the
analog input signal to a linear function of time or frequency and then to digital code. Here
accuracy is more.
35. Compare and contrast binary ladder and R-2R ladder DAC? (Analyze)
[NOV/DEC 2010]
Binary ladder DAC:
Requires wide range of resistor values.
R-2R ladder DAC:

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Only two resistor values are required.

36. Define conversion time of DAC. (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2010],
[APR/MAY2011]
It is the total time required to convert digital signal into analog signal.
37. Define following performance parameters of D/A converters: (Remember)
[APR/MAY2011]
Accuracy:
It is the maximum deviation between the actual converter output and the ideal
converter output.

.in
Monotonicity: [APR/MAY2015]
Monotonic DAC is the one whose analog output increases for an increase in
digital input.

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38. Which is the fastest ADC? State the reason. (Understand) [APR/MAY 2011]
Flash type ADC is the fastest ADC as the conversion takes place simultaneously
rather than sequentially.

eri
39. Define settling time of D/A converter. (Remember) [APR/MAY 2012]
Time taken for the output to settle within specified band + ½ LSB of its final value.
ine
40. What is the main drawback of dual slope ADC (Remember) [APR/MAY 2012]
Long conversion time
g

41. Mention any two specifications of a D/A converter. (Remember)[May / June 2013]
En

Accuracy & Resolution.

42. For an n-bit flash type A/D converter, how many comparators are required? State
the disadvantage of that type of converter.[May / June 2013] (Understand)
arn

2n – 1.
43. State the principle of single slope A/D Converter (Understand) [NOV/DEC 2013]
It uses a integrator to generate a sawtoothwafeform which is then compared against the
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analog input by a comparator

44. Give any two advantages of SA type ADC (Remember) [MAY/JUNE 2014]
Efficient
w.

Conversion speed is more

45. What is over sampling? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2015]
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Oversampling converters sample the analog signal at a rate much higher than the
sampling rates normally required with nyquist converters.
46. What would be produced by a DAC whose output range is 0-10v and whose input
binary number is 10111100 (for a 8 bit DAC)? (Apply) [APR/MAY 2015]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
V0 = 10V [1/2 +0/2 +1/2 +1/2 +1/2 +1/2 +0/2 +0/2 ]
= 10[47/64]
= 7.34 V
47. Determine the number of comparators and resistors required for 8 bit flash type
ADC. (Apply) [NOV/DEC 2015]

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48. Mention two advantages of R-2R ladder type Digital to Analog converter when
compared to weighted resistor type Digital to Analog Converter. (Remember)
[NOV/DEC 2015]
49. Why is an interval R-2R ladder network DAC better than R-2R ladder DAC?
(Remember) [R2008 NOV/DEC 2015]

50. Which is the fastest ADC and Why? (Remember) [R2008 NOV/DEC 2015]
51. A 12 bit D/A converter has resolution of 20mV/LSB. Find the full scale output

.in
voltage. (Apply) [APR/MAY 2016]
52. Draw the binary ladder network of DAC. If the value of the smaller resistance is

ng
10k, what is the value of the other resistance? (Apply) [APR/MAY 2016]

PART-B
eri
1. Draw and explain the functional diagram of the successive approximation ADC
ine
converter. (Understand) [Nov‟06]
2. Explain the operation of R-2R ladder type DAC and the weighted resistor type DAC.
(Understand) [Nov‟05][Apr „11]
g

3. a) Draw and explain the operation of sample and hold circuits. (Understand) (8)
En

b) Explain the operation of voltage to time converter. (Understand) (8)

4. Explain the principle of operations. (16) [MAY/JUNE 2014][Nov‟03]
arn

a) Single slope ADC converter.

b) Dual slope ADC converter. (Understand)
5. Explain the working of flash ADC. (Understand)
Le

[NOV/DEC 2014][MAY/JUNE2014][APR/MAY 2015]

6. An 8 bit DAC produces an output voltage „0v‟ corresponds to an input
w.

sequence‟00000000‟.if the DAC is connected for a basic increment of 10mv.

What is the output when input is „11111111‟? (Apply) [EEE May‟08]
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7. a) A dual slope ADC uses a 16 bit counter and a 4 MHz clock rate. The
Maximum input voltage is =10V. The maximum integrator output voltage should be -8V
when the counter has cycled through 2n counts. The capacitor used in the integrator is
0.1μF. Find the value of the resistor R of the integrator. If the analog signal is = 4. 129
V, find the corresponding binary number. (Apply) (8)
8. How many bits are required to design a DAC that can have a resolution of 5mV? The
ladder has =8V full scale. (Analyze) (8)
9. Explain delta sigma modulation with required diagram. (Understand) (16)
10. What are the limitations in weighted resistor type D/A converters and explain how
this problem can solve in R-2R ladder type D/A converters. (Understand)

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[NOV/DEC 2013][Apr „11]

11. (i) Explain the working of R-2R ladder DAC. (8) (Understand)
(ii) Explain the working of success approximation ADC. (8) (Understand)
[APR/MAY 2010]
12. (i) A dual slope ABC uses a 16-bit counter and a 4 MHz clock rate. The maximum
input voltage is +10V. The maximum integrator output voltage should be -8V when the
counter has recycled through n 2 counts. The capacitor used in the integrator is0.1μF.
Find the value of resistor R of the integrator. (Apply) (8)
(ii) What is a sample and hold circuit? Briefly explain its construction and application.
[APR/MAY 2010] (Understand)

.in
13. Describe the operation of dual slope and successive approximation type ADC. What
are the advantages of dual slope ADC? (Understand)
[NOV/DEC 2013][NOV/DEC 2010], [APR/MAY 2015]

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14.(i) Explain voltage mode and current mode operations of R-2R ladder type DAC
(Understand) [APR/MAY 2015]

eri
(ii) Discuss the operation of sample and hold circuit with circuit diagram.
[NOV/DEC 2010] (Understand) [APR/MAY 2015]
15.(i) Explain the following type of electronic switches used in D/A converter with
ine
suitable diagrams (1) Totem pole MOSFET switch (2) CMOS inverter as switch
(Understand) [MAY/JUN 2012]
g

(ii) Explain the working of R-2R ladder DAC, by taking example of a 3 bit DAC
circuit. Sketch the corresponding equivalent circuits and hence obtain the equation for
En

output . (Apply) [NOV/DEC 2013]

16.(i)With neat circuit diagram and wave form of output, explain the working of dual
arn

slope A/D converter. (Understand) [NOV/DEC 2013][MAY/JUN 2012]

(ii) Give a table of comparison of Flash, Dual slope and successive approximation
ADC‟s in terms of parameters like Speed, Accuracy, resolution and input hold
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time.(Analyze)
17. (i) Compare single slope ADC and dual slope ADC. (Analyze)
w.

(ii) Draw the circuit and explain the working of dual slope A/D converter. (Apply)
(iii) For a particular dual slope ADC, t1 is 83.33 ms and the reference voltage is
100mV.
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Calculate to if
1) V1 is 100 mv and

2) 200 mv. (Apply)

18. Draw the block diagram and explain the working of:
i) Charge Balancing VFCS
ii)Voltage to Time converter. (Understand) [May / June 2013]

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19. Explain the weighted resistor type and R-2R type DAC. (Understand)
[NOV/DEC 2014]
[MAY/JUNE 2014] [APR/MAY 2015]
20. What are oversampling data convertors? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2015]
21. With a neat block diagram, explain the working of Successive Approximation type
Analog to Digital Converter. Also determine the conversion time of 8bit and 16 bit
Successive Approximation type Analog to digital Converter if its clock frequency is
50Hz. [NOV/DEC 2015] (Apply)
22. With a neat block diagram, explain the working of two bit flash type analog to
digital Converter. (Understand) [NOV/DEC 2015]

.in
23. Design a suitable D/A converter to convert 8-bit binary input in parallel form.
Binary „0‟corresponds to 0V and binary „1‟ to 5V.Maximum output is +5V.Assume any
other data that may be required. Explain its operation. (10) (Understand)

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[NOV/DEC 2015]
24. Write a note on high speed sample and hold circuits (6) (Understand) [NOV/DEC

eri
2015]
25. With circuit diagram explain the operation of a flash type A/D Converter. (8)
(Understand) [NOV/DEC 2015]
ine
26. Compare the properties of Successive Approximation type and dual slope type
converter (8) (Analyze) [NOV/DEC 2015]
g

27. Explain the successive approximation type A/D converter. (12) (Understand)
En

[APR/MAY 2016]
28. Narrate the function of analog switches. (4) (Remember) [APR/MAY 2016]
arn

29. State the significance of using high speed sample and hold circuits. Explain its
working principle. (12) (Understand) [APR/MAY 2016]
30. Compare the performance of various DACS. (4)(Analyze) [APR/MAY 2016]
Le

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
w.

1. The basic step of a 9 bit DAC is 10.3 mV. If 000000000 represents 0V, what output is
produced if the input is 101101111? (PO1)(REMEMBER)
2. Calculate the values of LSB, MSB and full scale output for an 8 bit DAC for 0-10 V range.
ww

(PO1)(REMEMBER)
3. What output voltage would be produced by a D/A converter whose output range is (0-10)V
and whose binary input is i) 10(for 2 bit DAC) ii) 0110(4 bit DAC) iii) 10111100 (8 bit
DAC). (PO1)(REMEMBER)
4. A Dual slope ADC uses a 16 bit counter and a 4MHz clock rate. The maximum input
voltage is 10 V. The maximum integrator output voltage should be -8V when the counter has
cycled through 2n counts. The capacitor used in the integrator is 0.1µF.Find value of resister
R of the integrator. Also find equivalent digital number for analog signal Va= 4.129V. (PO1)

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(REMEMBER)
5. Compare the resolutions of 3 ½ DVM(digital voltmeter) and 4 ½ DVM which are
commonly used in Laboratory. (PO2)(UNDERSTAND)
6. Consider R-2R 4 bit converter and assume feedback resistance Rf of opamp is variable, the
resistance R=10K and Vr=10V.Determine the value of Rf that should be connected to
achieve the following output condition. (PO1)(REMEMBER)
i). The value of 1 LSB at the output is 0.5 V
ii). The analog output of 6V for a binary input of 1000.
iii). The full scale output voltage of 12 v.

.in
iv). The actual maximum output voltage of 10V.
7. A R-2R ladder network has 10 V reference voltage.The DAC produces a short circuit
current of 1.875mA when a digital code 1111 is applied.Design a DAC for the above

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condition and Check the magnitude of short circuit current for an input code 1100.
(PO3)(CREATE)

eri
8. Find step size and analog output for 4 bit R-2R ladder DAC when input is 0111 and
1111.Assume Vref = +5V. (PO1)(REMEMBER)
9. A 10 bit A/D converter has an input voltage of -10V to +10 V. What is the resolution and
ine
percentage resolution. (PO1)(REMEMBER)
10. An A/D converter has a conversion time of 1µs.Calculate the maximum frequency at
which it can be used. (PO1)(REMEMBER)
g
En
arn

UNIT - V
WAVEFORM GENERATORS AND SPECIAL FUNCTION ICS 9
Sine-wave generators, Multivibrators and Triangular wave
generator, Saw-tooth wave generator,ICL8038 function generator, Timer
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IC 555, IC Voltage regulators–Three terminal fixed and adjustable voltage

regulators-IC 723 general purpose regulator-Monolithic switching
w.

regulator, Switched capacitor filter IC MF10, Frequency to Voltage and

Voltage to Frequency converters, Audio Power amplifier, Video Amplifier,
Isolation Amplifier, Opto-couplers and fibre optic IC.
ww

PART-A

1. Mention some applications of 555 timer (DEC 2009) (Remember)

*Oscillator
*pulse generator
*ramp and square wave generator
*mono-shot multivibrator
*burglar alarm
*traffic light control.

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2 . List the applications of 555 timer in monostable mode of operation: [NOV/DEC „13]
(Remember)
*Missing pulse detector
*Linear ramp generator
*Frequency divider
*Pulse width modulation.
3. List the applications of 555 timer in Astable mode of operation: (Remember)
(MAY/JUNE2010)[NOV/DEC 2013]

*FSK generator

.in
*Pulse-position modulator
4. What is a voltage regulator? (Remember) (MAY 2010)
A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a stable dc voltage

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independent of the load current, temperature, and ac line voltage variations.
5. Give the classification of voltage regulators: (Remember) (MAY 2010)

eri
*Series / Linear regulators
*Switching regulators.
6. What is a linear voltage regulator? (Remember)
ine
Series or linear regulator uses a power transistor connected in series between the
unregulated dc input and the load and it conducts in the linear region .The output voltage is
controlled by the continuous voltage drop taking place across the series pass transistor.
g

7. What is a switching regulator? (Remember)

En

Switching regulators are those which operate the power transistor as a high frequency
on/off switch, so that the power transistor does not conduct current continously.This give
improved efficiency over series regulators.
arn

8. What are the advantages of IC voltage regulators? (Remember)

*low cost
*high reliability
*reduction in size
Le

*excellent performance
9. Give some examples of monolithic IC voltage regulators: (Remember)
w.

78XX series fixed output, positive voltage regulators

79XX series fixed output, negative voltage regulators
723 general purpose regulators.
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10. What is the purpose of having input and output capacitors in three terminal IC
regulators? (Remember)
A capacitor connected between the input terminal and ground cancels the Inductive
effects due to long distribution leads. The output capacitor improves the transient response.

11. Define line regulation. (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2013], [NOV/DEC 2014]

Line regulation is defined as the percentage change in the output voltage for a change
in the input voltage. It is expressed in mill volts or as a percentage of the output voltage.

12. Define load regulation. (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2014]

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Load regulation is defined as the change in output voltage for a change in load current. It
is expressed in millivolts or as a percentage of the output voltage.

13.What is meant by current limiting? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2015]

Current limiting refers to the ability of a regulator to prevent the load current from
increasing above a preset value.
14. Give the drawbacks of linear regulators: (Remember)
*The input step down transformer is bulky and expensive because of low line
frequency.
*Because of low line frequency, large values of filter capacitors are required to

.in
decrease the ripple.
*Efficiency is reduced due to the continuous power dissipation by the
transistor as it operates in the linear region

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15.What is the advantage of monolithic switching regulators? (Remember)
(MAY 2010)

eri
*Greater efficiency is achieved as the power transistor is made to operate as low
impedance switch. Power transmitted across the transistor is in discrete pulses rather than as a
steady current flow.
ine
*By using suitable switching loss reduction technique, the switching frequency can be
increased so as to reduce the size and weight of the inductors and capacitors.
16. What is an opto-coupler IC? Give examples. (Remember) (MAY 2010)
g

[MAY/JUNE 2014]
En

Opto-coupler IC is a combined package of a photo-emitting device and a photo

sensing device. Examples for opto-coupler circuit: LED and a photo diode, LED and photo
arn

transistor, LED and Darlington.

Examples for opto-coupler IC: MCT 2F, MCT 2E.
17. Mention the advantages of opto-couplers: (Remember)
*Better isolation between the two stages.
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*Impedance problem between the stages is eliminated.

*Wide frequency response.
w.

*Easily interfaced with digital circuit.

*Compact and light weight.
*Problems such as noise, transients, and contact bounce are eliminated.
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18. What is an isolation amplifier? Mention it‟s application. (Remember) (MAY/JUNE

2010) [APR/MAY 2016]
An isolation amplifier is an amplifier that offers electrical isolation between its input
and output terminals.
19. What is the need for a tuned amplifier? (Remember) (MAY 2009)
In radio or TV receivers, it is necessary to select a particular channel among all other
available channels. Hence some sort of frequency selective circuit is needed that will allow us

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to amplify the frequency band required and reject all the other unwanted signals and this
function is provided by a tuned amplifier.
20. Give the classification of tuned amplifier: (Remember)
(i) Small signal tuned amplifier
*Single tuned
*Double tuned
*Stagger tuned
(ii) Large signal tuned amplifier.

21. Write the frequency of oscillation (f0) equation for triangular wave generator

.in
(Remember) .
(MAY10)
f0=R3/4R1C1R2

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22. How frequency to voltage converted on OP-AMPS. (Understand)
(MAY 2010)

eri
A Frequency to voltage converter produces an output voltage, whose amplitude is a
function of frequency of the input signal. The input signal may be a sine wave, a square wave
or a pulse train. The F/V converter is essentially an FM detector or discriminator.
ine
23. What is video amplifier? (Remember)
(MAY/JUNE 2010)
The video or wideband amplifiers are designed to provide a relatively flat gain versus
g

frequency response characteristics for the range of frequencies required to transmit video
En

information.
24. Define Multivibrators. Mention its types. (Remember) (MAY/JUNE 2010)
[MAY/JUNE 2014]
arn

Multivibrators are regenerative circuits, which are mainly used in timing applications.
Based on their operational characteristics they can be classified into •AstableMultivibrators
• MonostableMultivibrators
• BistableMultivibrators
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25. Define AstableMultivibrators. (Remember)

The astableMultivibrators toggles between one state and the other without the
w.

influence of any other external control signal. It is also called as free running multivibrator.
26. Define MonostableMultivibrators(Remember)
The monostablemultivibrator or one –shot requires an external signal called a trigger
ww

to force the circuit into a quasi-stable state for a particular time or delay.
27. What is audio amplifier? (Remember)
The amplifier receives an input from signal source or from a transducer and gives out
an amplified signal to the output device is called an audio amplifier.

28. Define AstableMultivibrators. (Remember)

The astableMultivibrators toggles between one state and the other without the
influence of any other external control signal. It is also called as free running multivibrator.
29. Define MonostableMultivibrators. (Remember)

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The monostablemultivibrator or one –shot requires an external signal called a trigger

to force the circuit into a quasi-stable state for a particular time or delay.
30. What is audio amplifier? (Remember)
The amplifier receives an input from signal source or from a transducer and gives out
an amplified signal to the output device is called an audio amplifier.
31. What are the three different wave forms generated by ICL8038? (Remember)
[APR/MAY 2010]
Sine wave, Square wave & Triangular wave.
32. What is meant by thermal shutdown applied to voltage regulators? (Remember)

.in
[NOV/DEC 2010]
The IC has a temperature sensor which turns off the IC when it becomes too hot. The

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output current will drop and remain there until IC has cooled significantly.
33. What is an opto-coupler IC? Mention its applications. (Remember)

eri
[APR/MAY 2011]
It is combined package of LED and Photodiode.
34. Define the duty cycle in Astablemultivibrator using IC 555. (Remember)
ine
[APR/MAY 2011]
Duty cycle = ( Rb / Ra+2Rb)*100
g

35. What are the limitations of three terminal regulators(Remember)

[APR/MAY 2012]
En

1. No short circuit protection.

2. Output voltage is fixed.
arn

36. What is switched capacitor filter. (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2013]

A switched capacitor filter is a three terminal element which consists of capacitors,
Le

periodic switches and op-amps whose open circuit voltage transfer function represents filter
characteristics.
37. Give the formula for period of oscillations in an op-amp as table circuit.
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(Remember)
[May/June 13]
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T = 2RC ln(1+β / 1-β)

38. Define duty cycle of a periodic pulse wave form. (Remember)
[May / June 2013]
Duty cycle = (Rb / Ra+2Rb)*100
39. State the two conditions for oscillations? (Understand) [APR/MAY 2015]

1. The loop gain is equal to unity in absolute magnitude and

2. The phase shift around the loop is zero or an integer multiple of 2π

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40. Draw the functional diagram of 723 regulator?(Apply) [APR/MAY

2015]

.in
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41. What is the purpose of connecting a capacitor at the input and the output side of an
IC voltage regulator? (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2015]

eri
g ine
En
arn

The figure above shows the application of LM340 IC as a voltage regulator. Pins 1, 2,
and 3 are the input, output and ground.
Le

When there is quite a distance (in cms) from the IC to the filter capacitor of the
unregulated power supply, there may occur unwanted oscillations within the IC due to lead
inductances within the circuit. In order to remove this unwanted oscillation, the capacitor C1
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has to be placed as shown in the circuit. Capacitor C2 is sometimes used to improve the
transient response of the circuit.
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Any device in the LM 340 series needs a minimum input voltage at least 2 to 3 V
greater than the regulated output voltage. Otherwise, it will stop regulating. Furthermore,
there is a maximum input voltage because of excessive power dissipation.

42. Mention two applications of frequency to voltage converter. (Remember)

[NOV/DEC 2015]

1. Frequency to voltage converter in tachometers.

2. Frequency difference measurement.

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43. Write the advantages of switching regulator over series voltage regulators.
(Remember)
[R2008 NOV/DEC 2015]

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ng
44. List any two features of a fiber optic IC. (Remember) [R2008 NOV/DEC
2015]
eri
45. A Hartely oscillator L1=10mH, L2=5mH and C=200pF.Calculate the frequency
ine
oscillation. (Apply) [APR/MAY 2016]
fr=1/2π √(LTC)
LT=L1+L2=15mH fr =91.93 kHz
g

PART-B
En

1. Explain in detail the function of 555 timer in astable mode and derive the expression
for frequency of oscillation. (Understand) [Nov‟06]
2. Explain in detail the function of 555 timer in monostable and derive the expression
arn

for frequency of oscillation. (Analyze) [APR/MAY 2015]

3. Draw the internal functional diagram of 555 timer and explain briefly about each pin.
(Apply) [May‟03]
Le

4. a) Draw and explain the astable operation using 555 to achieve 50% duty cycle and
derive the expression for the frequency of Oscillation. (Apply)
b) Write short notes on Optocouplers? (Remember)
w.

5. Design a adjustable voltage regulator using IC 723 to obtain positive low voltage and
high voltage. (Analyze) [APR/MAY 2015]
6. Explain briefly about [Nov‟07]
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(a) Power amplifiers (5)

(b) Tuned amplifiers (5)
(c) Video amplifiers (6)
7. Draw & explain the internal diagram of IC LM723 voltage regulator. [ECENov‟07]
(Understand)
8. With necessary diagrams explain the operation and applications of LM380 IC.
[EEE May‟08] (Understand)
9. Explain the current limiting and current boosting feature of IC LM723. (Understand)

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10. With neat diagram explain the working of step down switching regulator.
[ECE Jun‟06] (Understand)
11. Explain about the function generator using IC 8038. [APR/MAY 2015]
(Understand)
12. Explain about opto coupler. What are its advantages? (Understand)
13. Draw & explain the internal diagram of IC LM317 voltage regulator. (Understand)
14. Draw and explain the principle of saw tooth generator. (Understand)
15. Draw and explain the operation of a triangular wave generator. [APR/MAY 2015]
(Understand) [Apr „11]

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16. With suitable diagram, explain the working of a switched capacitor filter. Also
explain how resistor can be realized using switched capacitor filter. (Understand)

ng
[Apr „11]
17. With necessary diagrams, explain the operation of frequency to voltage converter.

eri
ine (Understand) [Apr „11]

18. With a neat diagram, explain the working of step down switching regulator.
(Understand) [Apr „11]
19.(i) How is voltage regulators classified? Explain a series voltage regulator.
g

(Understand)
En

(ii) What is an optocoupler? Briefly explain its characteristics. (Understand)

[APR/MAY 2010]
20.(b) With a neat circuit diagram and internal functional diagram explain the working
arn

of 555 timers in astable mode. (Understand) [APR/MAY 2010]

21. (i) How can the current drive capability be increased while using three terminal
voltage regulators? (Understand) [NOV/DEC 2010]
Le

(ii) Design an adjustable voltage regulator circuit using LM317 for the following
specifications: (Analyze)
Input dc voltage = l3.5 V
w.

Output DC voltage = 5 to 9 V
Load current (maximum) =1 A
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22. Describe the working of IC723 voltage regulator and explain the importance of
current limiting techniques. (Understand) [NOV/DEC 2010]
23. Sketch the functional block diagram of the following and explain their working
principle (i) IC555 Timer (ii) General purpose voltage
regulator (Understand) [NOV/DEC 2013] [MAY/JUN 2012]
24.(i)Explain the working principle of isolation amplifier. (Understand)
[NOV/DEC2013][MAY/JUN 2012]
(ii) Explain the principle of operation of optocouplers . (Understand) [NOV/DEC
2013]

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25. State the advantages of IC voltage regulator. Explain the features and internal
structure of general purpose Linear IC 723 Regulator. Design a regulator using IC 723
to meet the following specifications: Vo = 5V, Io = 100 mA, Vin = 15 + 20 %, Isc = 150
mA, Vsense = 0.7V. (Analyze)
[May/June 2013]
26. Write detailed notes on the following (Remember)
i) Low noise op-amps.
ii) Integrated Fiber optic system. [May / June 2013]

.in
27. Explain the working of Monostable Multivibrator. (Understand)
[APR/MAY 2015][NOV/DEC 2013]

ng
28. Describe the operation of astable multivibrator using op amp. (Understand)
[NOV/DEC 2014]

eri
29. Explain the operation of switching regulator using op-amp. (Understand)
[NOV/DEC 2014]
30. Briefly describe monolithic switching regulators. (Understand) [APR/MAY 2015]
ine
31. Design a phase shift oscillator to oscillate at 100Hz (Analyze) [APR/MAY 2015]
32. Describe monostablemultivibrator with necessary diagrams and derive for ON time
g

and recovery time. (Understand) [APR/MAY 2015]

En

33. With a neat functional diagram, explain the working of 555 timer as monostable
multivibrator and derive an expression for the frequency of oscillation with relevant
waveforms. (16) (Apply) [NOV/DEC 2015]
arn

34. With a neat circuit diagram, explain the working of voltage regulator using
operational amplifier .(16) . (Understand) [NOV/DEC 2015]
Le

35. Draw the functional diagram for a low voltage regulator using IC723 and explain its
operation. (8) (Understand) [R2008NOV/DEC 2015]
36. State the production circuit used in voltage regulators and explains them with
w.

characteristic curve. (8) (Understand) [R20008 NOV/DEC 2015]

37. Describe the astable mode of operation of IC555 timer and discuss any two
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applications. (8) (Understand) [R2008NOV/DEC 2015]

38. Explain how opto-couplers can be used in circuits for isolation.(6)
(Understand) [R2008NOV/DEC 2015]
39. Briefy write the working principle and functionalities of LM 380 audio amplifier. (8)
(Understand) [APR/MAY 2016]
40. Draw the schematic of a linear IC saw tooth waveform generator and explain the
circuit operation (8) (Apply) [APR/MAY 2016]
41. Summarize the working principle of IC723 general purpose voltage regulator. (12)
[APR/MAY 2016] (Understand)

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42. A 555 timer is configured in as table mode with RA =2k ohm RB=6k ohm and
C=0.1μF.Determine the frequency of oscillation. (4)(Apply) [APR/MAY 2016]
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

1.If an IC 555 timer is used to generate a Ramp voltage with constant collector current of 1
mA, Vcc=15V and C=0.1µF,What would be the slope of the ramp generated? How much is
the peak value of the ramp generated? What is the duration of the Ramp?
(PO1)(REMEMBER)
2. Design a square wave oscillator so that Fo= 1KHz.The op amp is IC741 with dc supply

.in
voltage ±15V. (PO3)(CREATE)
3. Design a triangular wave generator so that Fo= 2KHz and Vo = &Vpp. The opamp is
IC1458/772 and supply voltages are ±15V. (PO3)(CREATE)

ng
4. Using MF5 design a second order butterworth LPF with a cut off frequency of 500Hz and a
passband gain of -2. Assume +5V power supply and CMOS clock (PO3)(CREATE)

eri
5. How a monostable multivibrator can be used as a divide by 2 network considering the
frequency of input trigger as 2 KHz. (PO1)(REMEMBER)
ine
6. Design an adjustable voltage regulator to satisfy the following specifications. Use LM317
regulator. Output voltage Vo = 5-12 V, Output current Io = 1 A. (PO3)(CREATE)
g

7. The teletypewriter uses the frequencies 1070Hz and 1270 Hz for its MODEM. Design the
FSK generator circuit for this application. (PO3)(CREATE)
En

8. Using opamp design a phase shift oscillator to oscillate at 100Hz. (PO3)(CREATE)

9. Design a timer which should turn on heater immediately after pressing a push button and
arn

should hold heater in ON state for 6 Seconds. (PO3)(CREATE)

10. Design an Astable multivibrator circuitwhich will flash the electric bulb such that its on
time will be 4 seconds and off time will be 2 Seconds. (PO3).(CREATE)
Le
w.
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