Unit-2

Electrical Circuit Analysis

Prepared by:
Jigar Sarda
M & V Patel Department of Electrical Engineering
CHARUSAT
[email protected]
 2

Content
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

Mesh Analysis & its examples

Nodal Analysis & its examples

Series- Parallel Circuit & its examples

Star- Delta Transformation & its examples

 3

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

 KCL states that “In an electrical
circuit, at any point of time, the
algebraic sum of the current in all the
conductors meeting at any point is
zero.”
 In other words, whenever two or more
conductors meet at a point then the
sum of the current flowing towards the
junction point is equal to the sum of
current flowing away from it.
 If the current entering into a junction
are assigned a positive sign, then the
current leaving the junction will be
assigned a negative sign.
 4

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

 KVL states that “the algebraic sum of the potential
differences in any loop must be equal to zero as:
ΣV = 0.”
 Since the two resistors, R1 and R2 are wired
together in a series connection, they are both part
of the same loop so the same current must flow
through each resistor.
 Thus the voltage drop across resistor, R1 = I*R1
and the voltage drop across resistor, R2 = I*R2
giving by KVL:
 5

Definition
1. Element:- It is a mathematical model of two terminal
electrical device which can be completely characterized
by its voltage and current.
 6

2. Network:- The interconnection of two or more

elements called an electric network.

3. Circuit:- If a network contains at least one closed path,

it is called and electric circuit.
4. Active element:- The element which is capable of
delivering an average power greater than zero to
some external device over an infinite time interval is
called an active element.
 7

5. Passive element:- The element which is capable only

of receiving power is called passive element.
6. Node:- The point at which two or more elements are
connected together is called as node.
7. Junction:- It is a point where three or more elements
are connected together.
8. Branch:- A section or portion of a network or circuit
which lies between two junction points is called as
branch.
9. Loop:- Any closed path in a network is called loop.
10. Mesh:- It is the most elementary form of a loop and
cannot be further divided into other loops.
 8

Mesh Analysis
• Mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown
currents.
• It is only applicable to planar circuits (a circuit
that can be drawn on a plane with no branches
crossing each other).
• A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other
loops.
• The current through a mesh is known as the mesh
current.
• Assume for simplicity that the circuit contains
only voltage sources.
 9

Mesh Analysis Steps

R2
1. Assign mesh currents i1, R1

i2, i3, … il, to the l + v1 -

+
+ v2 -
DC
Vs2 i1 v7 R7 i2
meshes, -
+ v5 - + v6 -
2. Apply KVL to each of
R5 R6
the l meshes and use R3
-
v3 DC
Vs1 i4
+
v4 R4
i3
Ohm’s law to express the +
- v +
8
-

voltages in terms of the R8

mesh currents,
3. Solve the l resulting
simultaneous equations
to find the mesh currents.
 10

Example
R1 R2

+ v1 - + v2 -
+
DC
Vs2 i1 v7 R7 i2
-
+ v5 - + v6 -

R5 R6
- +
R3 v3 Vs1 v4 R4
i3 DC
i4 -
+
- v +
8

R8
Number of nodes, n = 7 Number of loops, l = 4
Number of branches, b = 10 l  b  n 1
 11

Example R1 R2

+ v1 - + v2 -
+
DC
Vs2 i1 v7 R7 i2
-
+ v5 - + v6 -

R5 R6
- +
R3 v3 Vs1 v4 R4
i3 DC
i4 -
+
- v +
Apply KVL to each mesh 8

R8
Mesh 1: Vs2  v1  v7  v5  0
Mesh 2: v2  v6  v7  0
Mesh 3: v5  vs1  v3  0
Mesh 4: v4  v8  Vs1  v6  0
 12
Mesh 1: Vs2  v1  v7  v5  0 R1 R2

+ v1 - + v2 -
Mesh 2: v2  v6  v7  0 DC
Vs2 i1
+
v7 R7 i2
-

v5  vs1  v3  0
+ v5 - + v6 -
Mesh 3:
R5 R6
Mesh 4: v4  v8  Vs1  v6  0 R3
-
v3 i3 DC
Vs1 i4
+
v4 R4
-
+
Express the voltage in terms of the mesh - v +
8
currents:
R8
Mesh 1: Vs2  i1R1  (i1  i2 ) R7  (i1  i3 ) R5  0
Mesh 2: i2 R2  (i2  i4 ) R6  (i2  i1 ) R7  0
Mesh 3: (i3  i1 ) R5  Vs1  i3 R3  0
Mesh 4: i4 R4  i4 R8  Vs1  (i4  i2 ) R6  0
 13
Mesh 1: Vs2  i1R1  (i1  i2 ) R7  (i1  i3 ) R5  0
Mesh 2: i2 R2  (i2  i4 ) R6  (i2  i1 ) R7  0
Mesh 3: (i3  i1 ) R5  Vs1  i3 R3  0
Mesh 4: i4 R4  i4 R8  Vs1  (i4  i2 ) R6  0

Mesh 1: ( R1  R5  R7 )i1  R7i2  R5i3  Vs2

Mesh 2:  R7i1  ( R2  R6  R7 )i2  R6i4  0
Mesh 3:  R5i1  ( R3  R5 )i3  Vs1
Mesh 4:  R6i2  ( R4  R6  R8 )i4  Vs1
 14

Mesh 1: ( R1  R5  R7 )i1  R7i2  R5i3  Vs2

Mesh 2:  R7i1  ( R2  R6  R7 )i2  R6i4  0
Mesh 3:  R5i1  ( R3  R5 )i3  Vs1
Mesh 4:  R6i2  ( R4  R6  R8 )i4  Vs1

 R1  R5  R7  R7  R5 0  i1   Vs2 
    0 
  R7 R2  R6  R7 0  R6  i2    
  R5 0 R3  R5 0  i3   Vs1 
    
 0  R6 0 R4  R6  R8   i4   Vs 
 1 
 15

 R1  R5  R7  R7  R5 0  i1   Vs2 
    0 
  R7 R2  R6  R7 0  R6  i2    
  R5 0 R3  R5 0  i3   Vs1 
    
 0  R6 0 R4  R6  R8   i4   Vs 
 1 

Ri = v
R is an l x l symmetric resistance matrix

i is a 1 x l vector of mesh currents

v is a vector of voltages representing “known” voltages

 16

Writing the Mesh Equations by Inspection

R1 R2

+ v1 - + v2 -

 R1  R5  R7  R7  R5  i1   Vs2 
+
Vs2 i1 i2 0
   0 
DC
v7 R7

+ v5 -
-
+ v6 -   R7 R2  R6  R7 0  R6  i2    
  R5 0 R3  R5 0  i3  Vs1 

R5 R6     
- +
 0  R6 0 R4  R6  R8   i4   Vs 
R3 v3 i3 DC
Vs1 i4 v4 R4  1 
-
+
- v +
8

R8

•The matrix R is symmetric, rkj = rjk and all of the off-diagonal terms are negative or
zero.
The rkk terms are the sum of all resistances in mesh k.

The rkj terms are the negative sum of the resistances common to BOTH mesh k and
mesh j.

The vk (the kth component of the vector v) = the algebraic sum of the independent
voltages in mesh k, with voltage rises taken as positive.
 17

Using Cramer’s Rule

to Solve a System of Three Equations

Consider the following set of linear equations

a11 x1  a12 x2  a13 x3  b1

a21 x1  a22 x2  a23 x3  b2
a31 x1  a32 x2  a33 x3  b3
 18

Using Cramer’s Rule

to Solve a System of Three Equations

The system of equations above can be written in a

matrix form as:

 a11 a12 a13   x1   b1 

a a22    
a23   x2   b2  
 21
 a31 a32 a33   x3  b3 
 19

Using Cramer’s Rule

to Solve a System of Three Equations
Define  a11 a12 a13 
a 
   21 22 23 
A  a a
 a31 a32 a33 
 x1   b1 
 x    x2 and  B   b2 
 x3   b3 
If D  0,thenthesystemhasauniquesolution
asshownbelow(Cramer'sRule).
D1 D2 D3
x1  ,x2  ,x3 
D D D
 20

Using Cramer’s Rule

to Solve a System of Three Equations
where
a11 a12 a13 b1 a12 a13
D  a12 a22 a23 D1  b2 a22 a23
a13 a32 a33 b3 a32 a33

a11 b1 a13 a11 a12 b1

D2  a12 b2 a23 D3  a12 a22 b2
a13 b3 a33 a13 a32 b3
 21

1. Determine the mesh currents I1, I2 and I3 for the network shown
below.

1
 22

3
23
 24

2. Determine the mesh currents I1, I2 and I3 for the network shown
below.

1
 25

3
26
 27

Nodal Analysis
• Nodal analysis is a technique used to analyze circuits with

more than one voltage source.

• Based on KCL, it is used to determine the voltages of the nodes

in a circuit.

• Once you determine the node voltages, it is possible to find all

branch voltages, currents and the power supplied or absorbed

by each circuit element.

 28

3. Use nodal analysis to find voltage across 5Ω resistor, for the

network shown below.
 29

Applying KCL at node-B

30
 31

 Use nodal analysis to find voltage across 5Ω resistor,

for the network shown below.

VA=54.09 V VB=52.27 V V5=1.37 V

 32

Series- Parallel Circuits

33
 34

4. Determine the value of R so that the current supplied by the battery

is 5 A.
 35

5
 36

Current Division in Parallel Circuits

I I1 I2

R1

R2
V
 37

Voltage Division in Series Circuits

I
+ V1 -

R1
V
- V2 +

R2
 38

Star- Delta Transformation

A

Ra
Rca Rab

Rc Rb

C
B
B Rbc
C

Star Connection Delta Connection

 39

Star to Delta Transformation:

A A

Rca Rab
Ra

Rc Rb C B
B Rbc
C
 40

Star to Delta Transformation:

A
A

Ra
Rca Rab
Rc Rb
C B C B
Rbc
 41

1. For this circuit shown in fig. below calculate the current taken by
circuit.
42
43
44
 45

3. Using star- delta transformation , determine the resistance between

the terminal A & B in the given circuit.
46
47
 48

4. Calculate the current supplied by the battery in the network of fig

shown below.
49
50
 51

5. Determine the current in the 17 Ω resistor in the network shown

below.
52
53
54
 55

6. Find the resistance between terminals A and B as shown in fig

below.
56
57